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Productivity studies in the AEC industry has gained significant attention in the past decade, however the impact from actual industry application has not kept up. This could be attributed to the focus on construction productivity instead of engineering productivity. This paper presents a systematic literature review on engineering design productivity in AEC industry focusing on design research method applications.

Enterprises evolve continuously, usually gradually, but sometimes rapidly in the face of disruptive events. The purpose of this study is to analyze the transformation process of the design consultancy in the face of challenges presented by advanced technology, economic change, and systemic shifts by applying selected methods and tools from the ARIES (Architecting Innovative Enterprise Strategy) framework. The study uses IDEO as an example to discuss the organizational structure of design consultancies, and describes how IDEO has evolved in the context of change. This study illustrates some emerging challenges that the design consulting industry is facing now and will face in the future, and how these challenges will affect organizational culture and structure, the design consulting process, the recruiting criteria, and the designers, as well as envisioning possible paths for the future of design consultancy.

Industrial design as profession has begun to expand its scope in business practices with the recent developments in design management, design thinking, and technology. However, curricula of industrial design studio remain traditional and mainly focuses on designing products. In fact, design management and design thinking go beyond product design and expand design’s scope to establishing business strategies, design innovation and service design by positioning humans and their needs at the center. Besides, the technological shift happened through Industry 4.0 enables to adapt IT hardware into systems, products and services, and make them smart and unified. To keep up with these paradigm changes and prepare our students to the rapidly changing business environment, we initiated a Smart Product Service System (Smart-PSS) design project with the 3rd-grade students of Bahçeşehir University in the 2019-2020 Spring semester during which online education had just become a part of our lives. In this article, we present three student projects as case studies of Smart-PSSs designed in three stages as system design, product design, and interface design. As a result, students gain a more holistic approach toward the design process, acknowledge the new expansions of industrial design, and its transformative role for businesses.

Research and applications related to Virtual Reality (VR) in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Facility Management (AEC/FM) industry are steadily increasing, being considered as one of the current trends in digital innovation. A convergence is currently on-going between Building Information Modelling (BIM), VR implementation and the soft landings principles, which highlight the need for a smooth transition from design to operation through the early involvement of clients and end-users. In particular, immersive virtual environments could allow stakeholders to experience the full-scale representation of a virtual facility prototype in an intuitive and engaging manner through immersion and sense of presence, promoting feedback collection during usability-focused design review meetings. On the other hand, despite the renewed interest in immersive VR, both technological and procedural challenges to its effective implementation still exist. The latter are within the scope of this study, which aims to address them in a systematic way as a comprehensive guideline for clients and design teams. This study describes the development of a VR-aided usability-focused design review session protocol for implementing immersive VR when clients and end-users are involved in design review meetings. It is the result of an inductive approach associated with qualitative research methods for data collection and data analysis. A case study has been selected as a main research method for facing the first step into the research problem. A further iteration of data collection and analysis was adopted to guarantee the validity of the research, including talks with experts and literature comparison. Finally, the session protocol has been developed in the form of a process map representing all the necessary phases and activities to consider for the effective adoption of immersive VR to evaluate design intents with clients and end-users. As a comprehensive summary, the session protocol fills a gap in the research on the adoption of virtual reality in the AEC industry, which was lacking a prescriptive and structured process to drive the effective use of this technology in collaborative meetings and decision-making processes.

PurposeThis article addresses the lack of formal design guidance that supports flexibility within the architectural and engineered systems of manufacturing facilities through the development of a taxonomy and associated terminology.Design/methodology/approachThis research performed a comparative analysis of 15 manufacturing facilities located both within the United States (73 percent of cases) and internationally (27 percent of cases). These case studies provided details on how and where flexibility was incorporated into the design of a manufacturing facility. Specific consideration was given to the primary design features that enabled a decoupling of the facility from the manufacturing process. These design features were then clustered to identify main design strategies that enable flexibility.FindingsBy grouping the design features together and creating a common vocabulary, three coherent design approaches for flexible facilities were identified, each having a different potential for responding to short-term and long-term changes. These include general purpose, scalable, and dedicated facilities.Research limitations/implicationsBy delineating three high-level strategies for early flexible facility design, this research synthesizes a conceptual understanding of flexibility with practical and implementable designs. This synthesis provides an incremental advance to a complex challenge for researchers. It also provides decision support to design teams by aiding in project definition, when flexibility is desirable. This research is primarily limited by the number of cases reviewed. With more cases, additional facility design strategies may be identified.Practical implicationsThe findings in this research allow for a basic understanding of how a flexible facility can be designed with only limited or vague information about the product and manufacturing processes contained within. The development of terminology associated with each facility design strategy provides standardization for the discussion and implementation of flexibility early in the design process. In doing so, flexible designs become easier to create and more efficient to implement.Originality/valueThis research provides the first synthesized approach for considering flexible facility design strategies within the manufacturing sector.

Hydropower, as a renewable energy resource, has become an important way to fit for Chinese long-term energy policy of energy transformation. Engineering–procurement–construction (EPC) has been increasingly adopted for improving hydropower project delivery efficiency in the utilization of water resources and generation of clean energy, where design plays a critical role in project success. Existing studies advocate the need to use partnering for better solutions to designs in EPC hydropower projects. However, there is a lack of a theoretical framework to systematically address design-related issues considering different participants’ interactions. This study coherently examined the causal relationships among partnering, design management, design capability, and EPC hydropower project performance by establishing and validating a conceptual model, with the support of data collected from a large-scale EPC hydropower project. Path analysis reveals that partnering can directly promote design management and design capability and exert an effect on design capability through enhancing design management, thereby achieving better hydropower project outcomes. This study’s contribution lies in that it theoretically builds the links between intra- and inter-organizational design-related activities by systematically mapping EPC hydropower project performance on partnering, design management, and design capability. These findings also suggest broad practical strategies for participants to optimally integrate their complementary resources into designs to achieve superior hydropower project performance.

The aim of the article is to present the creative company’s business model in the context of design management. The article is a literature review. The first part outlines reasons for dealing with the issues of the creative sector, including business models. It presents definitions of the creative sector and of a creative organisation/company, as well as the characteristics of the creative company’s business model. In the second part, reason for focusing on design management issues, its definitions and features are explored. The third part presents a comparison of business models of creative companies with design management. The author also attempts to establish whether any relationship between these two trends exists and what connects them. JEL: M21, Z1 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.

Calls for the digital transformation of the construction sector in part revolve around a need for productivity improvements, with a focus upon project time and cost enhancements. The purpose of this work is to provide a state-of-the-art analysis of design management (DM) usually employed to oversee design quality by coordinating design information, typically on behalf of a construction contractor. DM methods, activities, and processes with respect to the potential and underutilisation of building information modelling (BIM) are discussed. A synthesis of recent research efforts is provided identifying further emerging, disruptive, but underutilised digital tools and technologies, which when integrated with BIM, are capable of supporting DM processes. This chapter will aid practitioners and researchers in the design, implementation, and management of digital tools, and provide greater support to the DM function on modern construction projects. It will also be of use to students for a grounding in BIM and BIM-related technologies.

The special issue Sustainable innovation in minimal mass structures and lightweight architectures of the Journal of Architectural Engineering and Design Management selects the most significant topi...

Unreliable design practices on Ethiopian road construction projects have become a crucial matter concerning the late completion of road construction projects, high-cost overruns, and premature failures. The present research encompasses the revealed preference and stated preference data conducted through traditional printed questionnaires versus online Web-based cellular phone questionnaires for assessing design practice concerning design firms of road projects administered by Ethiopian Roads Authority. Online real-time application-based questionnaire has developed for the data collection and interpretation. Existing road design practices of the design firms regarding managing and evaluating information through planning, monitoring were assessed statistically and will helpful for those, involved in design management and the development of tools and practices to improve design reliability in engineering and construction industries.

The present article results from a research project, which, as the objective simplifying the research project management in communication design. This project intends to demonstrate the importance of an application of a research methodology in a professional practice context, to contribute to scientific knowledge, and at last understanding which forms the design methodology applied to research projects can help whether understanding the problem in a holistic view or with a respective solution.

BIM is the abbreviation of building information model, which is a reform and innovation in the construction industry combined with computer science and technology. This technology combines the three-dimensional model of computer and collects a large amount of data to respond to building information three-dimensionally. Compared with two-dimensional design, collaborative design in BIM environment enhances the transmission and sharing of information, realizes the work of different majors in the same model, avoids the design change and rework caused by the lack of collaborative work of designers and constructors, and realizes the high efficiency and high quality of architectural design. In this paper, computer network technology is used to establish design standards, standardize operation flow and improve cooperation mode in the process of design management. Realizing collaborative design and synchronous management is an effective way to improve design efficiency and ensure design quality. Introducing BIM into collaborative management of engineering project information will not only improve the efficiency of collaborative management of engineering projects, but also promote the research and development of BIM in the field of construction management.

Introduction of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach in Civil Engineering practices allows a design optimization through both an improved control of all the components of a project and an increased efficiency in the collaboration between all professionals involved. In Italy, major attention is being paid by scientists and professionals on this subject area, especially after the implementation of the national law DM 560/2017. This document will gradually rule the integration of BIM-based procedures for contractors in major public tenders. The present paper aims to propose a methodology for implementing an optimization dynamic model of time (4D) and costs (5D) across different project phases. To achieve this aim, the process relies on several authoring tools and 4D/5D modeling software, capable to incorporate a variety of project data in a unique and shared environment. The most effective methodology to maximize the interoperability between various codes will be presented. In this regard, a dynamic model involving an optimization-oriented approach for both the quantity surveying and the definition of the design management timeline is introduced. It is important to emphasize that these aspects are two of the major issues for the evaluation criteria in a civil engineering project. Also, this bidirectional process allows for a more accurate estimation of project costs as well as to achieve an optimized timeline of construction activities. Finally, it worth reminding that in case of constrained changes during the design phase, a dynamic model permits to effectively reiterate the process with a significant reduction of the overall computational time.

Purpose University research efforts have not been effective in developing lasting impacts on operations management in construction because of inadequate coordination between academia and industry. This study aims to describe the development of an industry–university (IU) relationship which has enabled the conduct of practically and scientifically relevant research. Design/methodology/approach Design science research was carried out between 2016 and 2019 to build a consortium between a university and 17 design, construction, technology and logistics companies for enabling process innovations in construction. The consortium conducted industry-funded research on various topics, such as takt production, lean design management, prefabrication, measurement of waste and business models supported by digitalisation. The academic and practical impacts of the consortium’s research projects were investigated through a survey and in-depth company interviews. Findings The paper presents a conceptual model for creating an IU relationship to support scientifically and practically relevant research. The model includes network architects who mobilised consortium development and a joint governance body that developed a shared long-term vision and selected research topics based on this vision. The results show that using the model’s approach, the consortium selected research topics that have led to both academic publications and process innovations in construction. Originality/value Using empirical data, this study describes how to create a win-win IU innovation relationship that enables the implementation of process innovations into the construction sector and, at the same time, the conduct of scientific research in construction management.

This study explores designers, engineers, and managers sharing their knowledge and resolving design-related issues during construction site meetings. It provides new insights into the collaboration and the expertise of the different partners. In addition, the study provides new knowledge of using LPS in the design phase and its influence on the site meeting discussions in the construction phase. The research data comprise video recordings of 17 site meetings in two BIM-based renovation projects. Based on the data, the construction managers were the most active in addressing issues; however, all partners were actively involved in the discussion and shared their expertise to address the open questions. The use of the Last Planner System in the design phase seemed to decrease the number of design-related open questions in the construction phase. The findings emphasize the need to develop more collaborative design management methods and practices for sharing each expertise.

Waste in all project processes is hindering productivity and project’s financial goals. Successful design management operations ensure error-free design documentation just in time so that production may start when scheduled with confidence for design quality. However, traditional design management processes aim to remove waste on individual design processes, thus neglecting to view the process as a whole. This research answers the question: How the project participants perceive waste in design management operations, and in which ways the waste could be eliminated? Following a design science research approach, methods applied in this research consist of a single-case study and semi-structured interviews with the project’s design-related organization as well as orientation to previous research related to waste in design management process. Several factors related to waste in design management process are identified, and potential countermeasures are proposed. A conceptual, holistically optimized design management process is presented to remove waste to support project teams’ struggle in reaching shared goals. The key aspects are a shared technical design process in combination with decentralized team-based processes, emphasizing designer’s resilience and ability to solve uncertain events by themselves. The flow between these two perspectives is acquired by a social collaboration that is initiated through trust.

In Mexico, Jalisco has developed along four decades an important infrastructure to initially manufacture electronic components, and over time, being able to transition to a design sector in a joint effort between government, electronics industry and universities. As a result, product design should be included to deliver complete consumer electronics solutions while taking in consideration diverse aspects such as functionality, ease of use, brand positioning, aesthetics and emotional aspects. However, unlike transnational corporations this has not occurred to the electronic sector in Mexico. This paper will intent to explain the missing link between consumer electronics companies that are not beneficiating from the insertion of industrial design to generate complete solutions.

Sustainable trends of servitization have progressively increased over the last couple of decades. So developing product–service–system design is important for academic researchers and leading manufacturers. Design principles and customer needs typically cast the requirements at the early stages of design development. The prime objective of this study is to prioritize design requirements for domestic plumbing services. Design requirements of domestic plumbing are taken as an example to demonstrate the application of the analytic hierarchy process and rough group. We conducted in-depth interviews including exploratory surveys. We applied the analytic hierarchy process and rough group method to prioritize the design requirements and product–service components of plumbing. Altogether 34 design requirements were identified from previous studies and interactions with stakeholders for domestic plumbing. These design requirements are categorized into a hierarchical structure of product, service, and system. The results show that the most important product-related design requirements are efficiency and flexibility. Service-related design requirements are response/delivery and availability. System-related design requirements are skills and communication of plumber. The study provides a design management insight for PSS implementation in plumbing services in the domestic sector. This study includes ranking and prioritization of design requirements, which may help design managers and designers to make effective and efficient decisions on the design of product–service systems.

Design-management knowledge is of a cross-functional and multidisciplinary nature. Since the stakeholders’ realms of activities as well as their background are diverse, it is expected that their needs for knowledge-learning will also be diverse. In this context, this paper addresses a new way of learning design management knowledge. Content analysis about the learning of design-management stakeholders was conducted to identify learning objectives that can be used for developing learning approaches. The major findings of the research include: 1) 21 learning objectives with different learners in academia, business are identified; 2) understanding other fields, research, innovation, team communication, and strategic use of design were found to be the main goal in design management knowledge learning; and 3) a design criteria for needs-based learning platform was established.

There has been an awakening in recent years in the field of design research to the idea that designers can take on a number of roles other than the traditional narrow focus on products. This paper draws on existing research to explore new ways of applying design knowledge in the circular economy, and in particular in relation to the development of materials. Observations from the current EU H2020 T2C project build on this current understanding within a consortium project case study. T2C involves textile designers as well as industrial designers, manufacturers and scientists working together to develop a new fibre made from textile waste. Three new roles for designers are presented and further developed: 1) bringing new design-driven insights - hands-on materials knowledge and introducing the social context; 2) translation, interpretation and boundary spanning to bridge disciplinary barriers; and 3) introducing design tools and methods to support interdisciplinary collaboration. This research concludes that there are various ways that designers can apply their knowledge and skills to support circular materials systems other than designing products, but designers need to be better equipped to identify and practice these roles, and the nuances of different design approaches needs to be acknowledged and better understood when building multi-faceted design teams incorporating unconventional design roles.

In some industries, copying is common and extensive. Most literature on the topic focuses on legal issues and interprets copying as a problem. To better understand the copying phenomenon, this study investigates the relationship between copying and design processes in five case companies in a copying-intensive industry. The findings reveal that unlike design processes, copying processes lack early conceptual activities. Furthermore, resources and contact with the end market are found to be prerequisites for professional and strategic design processes, whereas a lack of these better suits copying processes, especially in industries with low product variety and limited design problems.

The central purpose of the research was to design a strategic management model university for the self-assessment of the careers of the three area marketing, starting from an analysis of the eight best models applied in Europe and America, is contrasted the major components to determine the essential aspects of academic excellence which form part of the proposed model. The strategic axes of Management University proposed after the mentioned analysis there are six: Management University, teaching, student progress, support, research and University Social transcendence, distributed information in 12 areas, 28 features, 111 standards of quality, 188 indicators and 937 evidences, validated by qualified informants issued by 28 opinions and documentary information.

International standards exist for evaluating building or neighborhood sustainability. Nonetheless, they are still not available for large-scale developments. Of special interest to practitioners is how to ensure that sustainability requirements of large-scale projects are well integrated in a master plan. This paper provides design managers of new eco-cities with a framework to integrate sustainability in the pre-project planning phase. A case study of a planned eco-city is investigated to delineate its pre-project planning practices, compare them to the proposed framework, and infer lessons learned. The case study highlights the importance of regular interactions between business planners and master planners to incorporate sustainability requirements at early planning phases.

Question: How can the learning of design management operations in a construction company be accelerated through feedback acquired from production? Purpose: This study examines the development and implementation of a learning process in a contractor’s design management unit. The purpose is to gain knowledge on how learning can be turned into a standardized process and of methods of accelerating the learning in a design management unit by exploiting the feedback received from the production. Research Method: The research took a design science approach, which consisted of a diagnosis of the present situation, testing & development of the formulated process, and analysis & generalization of the results. The diagnosis comprised a literature review, interviews, and active observation, while the testing phase included an intervention where the process was tested and further developed. Findings: The results indicate that while the relevancy of continuous learning is well recognized, construction organizations are incapable of effectively exploiting the best practices of knowledge management. To overcome weaknesses related to the inefficient learning practices, organizations should focus on balancing the operational and strategical viewpoints of learning, emphasize learning from failures and implement project-based communities of practice into an organization’s operations. Limitations: The study was limited to a qualitative study of a single organization. The design science approach allowed to examine the case at hand effectively, however, the generalization of the results should be further validated. Implications: The study has implications for more standardized and balanced learning processes in contactor operations. The study also provides knowledge of ways of taking a design science approach effectively in construction management research. Value for authors: Continuous learning from production's feedback has been recognized to have a significant role in lean construction development; however, the implementation of effective learning processes has been widely ineffective within organizations. Therefore, we expect the paper to be studied by lean practitioners within the academy as well as within the industry, especially by the ones who are interested in continuous learning.

Korean oil and gas contractors have recently incurred significant losses due to improper engineering performance on EPC (engineering procurement and construction) projects in overseas markets. Several previous studies have verified the significant impact engineering has on EPC construction cost and project lifecycle. However, no literature has studied the time impact engineering has on EPC projects, representing a gap in the existing body of knowledge. To fill this gap, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed with the Pertmaster, Primavera risk analysis software for three sample onshore oil and gas projects. From said simulation of all major EPC critical activities, the authors found that the engineering phase is up to 10 times as impactful as the procurement and construction phases on the overall schedule duration. In assessing the engineering activities, the authors found the piping design activities to have the greatest impact on the overall schedule performance. Using these findings, the authors present a design schedule management process which minimizes the delays of project completion in EPC projects. Said process includes the following six steps: (1) Milestone management, (2) drawing status management, (3) productivity management of engineering, (4) interface management, (5) management of major vendor documents, and (6) work front management. The findings of this paper add to the body of knowledge by confirming the design phase to be the most impactful on the overall project schedule success. Furthermore, the presented design schedule management will aid industry with successfully executing the design phase in a timely manner, including examples from case study projects for a greater understanding.

With the advent of the ABC era, face recognition technology has developed rapidly, and face recognition technology has received wide attention with the support of biological identification technology as well as image processing technology. Apartment management is an important part of the daily management work of colleges and universities, the specific management level can fully reflect the comprehensive strength of colleges and universities, at the same time, it is closely linked with the student’s life and property safety, traditional apartment management is mainly manual, which exists a lot of shortcomings and many potential pitfalls, instead, facial recognition technology with the advantages such as confidentiality, security, is the most ideal way of identification at present, this paper will focus on issues such as university apartment management, design management system based on face recognition technology, aiming to provide more support for the university apartment management.

The MATUROLIFE project seeks to develop assistive technology (AT) to support the independence of older adults by embedding ‘smart’ metallized textiles in a suite of innovative products. With an ageing European population, there is a growing need for products that support independence and reduce the health and social care burden. AT is often unsightly and stigmatizes the user resulting in high abandonment rates and too often is developed without the direct involvement of the end user. Innovations in material science provide the opportunity to develop more discrete forms of assistive technology that are embedded in everyday garments and products. This paper outlines the design approach being adopted in this complex, multidisciplinary, European project to bring together innovations in material science with design. It describes the status of the research, 12 months into the 3-year project, with an emphasis on the development of design concepts and the design approaches being adopted.

This paper briefly analyzes the connotation and characteristic of knowledge management. Elaborating the problems which exist in the present scientific research project management, analyzing the relationship between university scientific research project management and knowledge management; putting forward the knowledgeable, informatization, modernization and humanization strategy into the process of scientific research project management under the view of knowledge management, and exploring theory and method to make full use of knowledge management, establishing the comprehensive and whole process management mechanism in local university scientific research project management, so as to improve the efficiency of scientific research project management, promoting the development of local colleges and universities’ scientific research.

Design–construction interface problems impede the successful delivery of construction projects within the specified time, cost and quality. The objective of this paper is to assess the design–construction interface problems in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) construction industry. Twenty-two problems were identified through literature review. A questionnaire survey was then developed and distributed to construction professionals. Thirty-nine responses were collected from consultants, contractors and construction professionals in government authorities. The weighted average of the responses was calculated. The results reveal that the most significant interface problems in the UAE include lack of coordination inside the design firm, lack of specialist construction manager, poorly written contract, lack of project management as individual professional service and time limitation in the design phase. Moreover, the paper analysed the responses according to company role. Most of these problems are caused...

The second literary domain of design management research has to do with product design and consumer behavior. Product design refers to the process and outcomes of developing product (or service) offerings. This chapter summarizes the vast product design literature. Specifically, the literature review summarizes several product design streams: product form and consumer behavior, service design, cross-cultural design, and design analytics.

The conclusion summarizes the keys to innovating through design. Additionally, the chapter will elaborate on the future of design management as a discipline and why more than ever before, design school could be a viable decision for executives and designers looking to harness the power of design to innovate products and services so that they can transform their organizations.

Undergraduate graduation design is not only an important procedure of college students to achieve basic professional training, fulfill the train objectives, and comprehensively improve the quality of human resources, but also a good way to test the students' practical skills and research capabilities. After analyzing the current situation of the college graduation design management, a way which is based on research group management to improve the quality of the graduate design is presented in this paper. It can fully make use of the teaching resources, maximize the initiative ability of the college student, and cultivate high-quality compound talented persons.

Several methods exist for design management such as Agile project management, the Last Planner System®, and configuration in diverse variants. Construction can be realized using different degrees o ...

Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be defined as a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies generating a methodology to manage project information throughout the overall life-cycle (Succar, 2009), from the design phase, through the execution, till the operative one. Its adoption is recognized as adding value for information management optimization so the relationship with Project Management is becoming more and more interesting to identify their relationship and best practices for their perfect integration. Right now, the main experiences of BIM implementation and development emerge in the civil sector but the potentialities of BIM make its application relevant and interesting even in all other engineering sectors, with special focus on Energy and Oil&Gas industries. Nowadays, academia widely investigated the potentialities of BIM and the main barriers to its development, as well as the level of maturity of BIM in construction projects in various countries often characterized by different way of working, different type of organization, different information management workflow and role in the project delivery chain.

Indonesia strengthening school management through the implementation of School Management System Based Information Technology and Communications (SMS-ICT) is intended to improve the performance of schools to accommodate the complexities of management in a computerized system that is simple but comprehensive so that it aligns with the era of the 21st century. School Management System Based Information and Communication Technology-based standards developed 12 education, adapted from 8 national standards into the system components that support the characteristics of 21st century schools. Twelfth system components include curriculum, Personal Development, Recruitment of New Student Services and Student Development, Education Labor and Education, Infrastructure, Leadership, School Management, Financing, Evaluation, and Social Communications. Development of the system is done through the stages of systematically covering Need Assessment, System Design, System Development, Testing Limited, Reveiw and Improvement...

This chapter consists of an overview of library management history based on past core research. Library management has followed and applied business management theories around a decade later than in the business world. In the 1960s, library management also experienced a paradigm shift from the traditional management of libraries into strategic management, emulating business management. Finally, the author outlines the objectives of this book, which include (1) understanding the influence and impact of business management on libraries by examining cases where strategic management theories have been applied; and (2) describing the inherent strategies in library management by using in-depth case analysis of library management.