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The situation caused by COVID-19 has shown several vulnerabilities in the attitudes and habits of modern society, inducing the need to adopt new behaviors that will directly impact daily activities. The quickly spreading virus contaminates the surfaces of handles and objects, and subsequent contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth is one of the main contagion factors. There is an urgent need to rethink how we interact with the most-touched surfaces, such as door handles in public places with a high flux of people. A revision was performed of the most-used door handles to develop a proposal that could be applied to already existing models, thus avoiding the need for their total replacement. Through interaction between engineering, design, and ergonomics, an auxiliary hands-free door opener device was developed, following iteration improvement from an initial static geometry and culminating in a dynamic system aiming to provide greater ergonomic comfort in its use. The development followed a methodology using 3D modelling supported by 3D printing of the various components to accurately understand their functioning. In addition, the finite element method supported the prediction of the structural behavior of the developed systems. The final models were produced through CNC machining and submitted to functional validation tests with volunteers. The developed HFDO demonstrated relevant differentiation from the existing models on the market: for its geometry and material, but mainly for its strong emphasis on the interaction between the object and the user, resulting from the dynamic component in its use/manipulation.

Günümüzde, teknolojinin ilerlemesi ve bu ilerlemenin beraberinde getirdiği gelişmeler sonucunda üretim döngüsünü kolaylaştıran makinelerin yaygınlaşması, çeşitli üretim yöntemleri ve malzemeler ile üretici firmaların pazara ve buna bağlı olarak son kullanıcıya daha düşük maliyetli ve yüksek kaliteli ürünler sunabilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Böyle bir endüstriyel üretim ortamında rekabet eden firmalar için, kullanıcının hayatına dokunan ve günlük yaşamlarını kolaylaştıracak özellikleri ürünlerine entegre etmeleri ve katma değerli ürünler ile pazara çıkmaları öncü markalar arasında olmaları açısından kaçınılmaz adımlar haline geldiği görülmektedir. Üretim yöntemlerinde ve alternatif malzemelerde gözlemlenen ilerlemenin paralelinde, ürünlerin temel işlevlerine ek veya bu temel işlevleri iyileştirecek yenilikçi fikirlerin de eş zamanlı olarak geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Lokal ve global pazarda, özellikle dayanıklı tüketim malları üretimi gerçekleştiren firmaların bahsedilen geliştirme ve iyileşmeleri planlaması ve hayata geçirmesi diğer ürün gamlarına kıyasla daha zorlayıcı bir çalışma konusu olmaktadır. Bunun nedeni, tüketicilerin dayanıklı tüketim mallarını satın alma kararlarını; ürünlerin kullanım ömrü, sunduğu özellikler ve bu özelliklerin uzun vadeli senaryo ve faydaları, fiyat/performans dengesi gibi etkenlere dayalı olarak veriyor olmalarıdır. Dayanıklı tüketim malları içerisinde ise derin dondurucu, sektörde maliyet odaklı ürünler kategorisinde ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Pazardaki benzerleri ile rekabet edebilmesi için, ürünlere maliyet odağından sapmadan tüketicilerin gözünde rakiplerinden ayrıştıracak yenilikler eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Tüketicilerin satın alma kararlarını etkileyecek olan bu yeniliklerin ihtiyaçlarını analiz ederek ortaya çıkarılabilmesi günümüz koşullarında çeşitli yöntemlerle yapılmaktadır ve doğru fikir geliştirme yöntem seçiminin ürün veya proje çıktılarını doğrudan etkilediği gözlemlenmektedir. Geliştirilmesi gereken fikirlerin kullanıcı tarafında katma değerli, firma tarafında ise kolay ve düşük maliyet ile uygulanabilirliği temel kavramlar olarak çalışmaların merkezinde konumlandırılmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, derin dondurucuların günümüze kadar endüstriyel üretim ortamında pazara çıkarken genel olarak temel mühendislik çözümleri ile geliştirme yapılan bir ürün olduğu göz önünde bulundurularak, rekabette fark yaratmak için ürün veya ürün ek özelliği fikirlerinin kullanıcı odaklı yaklaşım ve düşük maliyet hedefi ile geliştirilmesi, temel amaç olarak belirlenmiştir.) Bu amacı odağına alan çalışmada, Arçelik A.Ş. Garage&Maker Lab. bünyesinde gerçekleştirilen ve 3 günü kapsayan 'sandık tipi derin dondurucu için yeni fikir geliştirme' çalıştayı 'Tasarım Düşüncesi'(Design Thinking) yaklaşımı ile temellendirilerek kullanıcı odaklı bir şekilde tüm detaylarıyla işlenmiştir. 'Sandık Tipi Derin Dondurucu' ürünü özelinde; kullanıcı odaklı ve düşük maliyetle entegre edilebilecek ürün fikri geliştirme ve bu fikir geliştirme sürecinin çıktısı olarak seçilen tasarım fikrinin ürüne uygulanabilmesi için gereken mekanizmanın konstrüksiyon sistematiğine uygun olarak oluşturulması anlatılmıştır. Tasarım Düşüncesi metodolojisinin seçilmesinin ve uygulanmasının amacı, iyileştirme ve yeni fikir geliştirme genel başlığı altında 'tanımsız' olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz problemin Tasarım Düşüncesi adımlarını kullanarak, çalıştaya katılan ve üründeki teknik geliştirmeleri yapan mühendislerin ilk aşamada 'teknik perspektiften' uzaklaşarak son kullanıcı olarak tanımlanan hedef kitlenin mevcut ve muhtemel gereksinimlerini belirlemelerini sağlamak, çalışmanın ileri adımlarında ise `tanımlı` hale gelen problemlerin çözümlerinin ve alternatif fikirlerin teknik olarak uygulanabilmesi için yeniden mühendislik tasarımının yapılmasını sağlamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan Tasarım Düşüncesi metodolojisinde, her sürecin sonunda yenilikçi fikirler çıkmayabilir veya çıkan fikirler çeşitli nedenlerle özellikle yatırım maliyetlerinin bir hayli yüksek olduğu dayanıklı tüketim malları sektöründe uygulamaya uygun olmayabilir. Bu çalışmanın en önemli faydalarından biri; probleme Tasarım Düşüncesi metod basamaklarının uygulanıp, çalışmanın devamında fikirlerin mühendislik tasarımı ile üretime uygun olarak hazırlanması maliyet açısından hayata geçirilebilir derin dondurucu fikirlerinin bulunmasının ve uygulanmasının ihtimalini artırmasıdır. Böylece çalışmanın temel amacı olan düşük maliyetlerle uygulanabilecek, kullanılabilirliği ve teknik altyapısı test edilmiş, mühendisliği ve kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarını bünyesinde barındıran ürün veya ek özellik konseptlerine ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 'sandık tipi derin dondurucu' ürünü için Arçelik A.Ş. Garage&Maker Lab bünyesinde yapılmış olan çalıştayın hazırlık ve uygulama aşaması, uygulama sonuçları, alternatifler içerisinden seçilen 'yükseltilebilir derin dondurucu sepeti' fikrinin temel gerekliliklerinin çalışılması ve konstrüksiyon tasarımı gibi adımlar tezin genel içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucu olarak Tasarım Düşüncesi metodu ile geliştirilen 'yükseltilebilir derin dondurucu sepeti' fikrinin konstrüksiyon tasarımı ve maliyet analizleri ile firma tarafından belirlenen sınırlarda üretime adapte edilebileceği görülmüştür. Nowadays, through the advancement of technology and new industrial developments, and as a result of these technological advancements; with the machines that facilitating and accelerating the production cycle, enable the manufacturing companies to offer lower cost and high-quality products to the market and consequently to the end user by virtue of various production methods and materials. For companies competing in such an industrial production environment, it is seen that it has become inevitable steps for the companies to integrate the features and solutions that should touch user lives and facilitate customers' daily routine to their existing or new products, and also get place into market with value-added products in order to reach the leading brands in the market or being a leader on market. In parallel, the progress that made in production methods and alternative materials, innovative ideas and user-centered concepts that should be add on to the basic functions of products or to improve these basic functions need to be developed simultaneously for reaching innovative approaches to survive in contemporary market. The planning and implementation of the development and improvement of these kind of ideas and innovations, is a more challenging study for companies that producing durable consumer good compared to other companies in the local and global markets. The reason of being more challenging study for companies that producing durable consumer good is because consumers make decisions while purchasing durable goods according to some basic notions such as; the life cycle of the products, the features of product and the long-term scenario and benefits of these features, price/performance balance etc. Among the durable consumer good products, the deep freezer is one of the top cost-oriented products category in the sector and because of this in order to be able to compete with counterparts in the market, it is necessary to add innovations, ideas and concepts to the products or product features for distinguishing from competitors in the perspective of consumers without deviating from the cost focus which is very important concern for deep freezer market. It is clearly seen that analyzing the needs and context of these innovations, which will affect the purchasing decisions of the consumers, is carried out in various ways in contemporary conditions and the selection of right idea development method directly affects the products or project outputs. The ideas that need to be developed should be value-added in the user side and should be suitable for easy and low-cost manufacturing in the manufacturer side, and these two notions should be located at the center of the project goals, so the project should involve both valuable ideas and technical consideration to reach valuable outputs. From this point of view, in this study the main objective is specified as 'to develop the product or product add-on ideas that will make a difference in the competition with a user-centered approach and low-cost improvement'. While taking into consideration that the deep freezers has been generally developed with basic engineering solutions while going to the market in industrial production environment until today; it is very crucial footstep that generating ideas with user-centered or user-driven approach that is an evaluation process focuses on various user characteristics, user needs and wishes, existing and ideal usage scenarios etc. Besides, it is suitable and efficient practice to generate with participants from different discipline to specify user requirements and for seeing these requirements from different point of view in user-centered design approach. By way of these characteristics of user-centered approach, it will be logical to use it when generating ideas, defining problems for durable consumer products that in direct relation with users and took place almost every house in present conditions. According to these notions, aims and context, 'idea generation for chest freezer' workshop carried out on 3-days study with user-centered manner through using Design Thinking methodology within the scope of Arçelik A.Ş. Garage & Maker Lab. and whole process explained detailly in this study. In the case of 'chest freezer' product; the scope of developing the product idea that has user-oriented manner and can be integrated with low cost, and the design of the chosen idea/alternative -that the output of this idea development process- suitably with construction system to make idea applicable for production, is described respectively. The aim of selecting and implementing the Design Thinking methodology is to solve problems that can be described as 'wicked' or 'undefined' problems under the general context of new idea generation and define existing and possible needs of target user group in early stages by the engineer participants with moving away from the technical and restricted perspective through Design Thinking steps which are Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test ; in the further steps of the study, participants practice engineering design again for the alternative ideas and solutions of the problems that have turn 'defined' from 'undefined', in order to make them applicable for technically. In 'empathize' phase, empathy is established with user in order to understand how they do, what they do and why they do 'things' in their daily routines with the focus of the problem. This step helps to find the emotional, physical or technical needs of users even if they do or do not notice them and collect insight from potential audiences. In 'define' phase, the problems, needs, pain points or wishes of potential users could be identified while evaluating the data collected from empathy phase and could define a point of view for rest of the study. In 'ideate' phase, the focus must be concentrating on idea generation to find alternative and innovative solutions for user needs. It is very important and valuable phase for reaching ideas that may create a difference and value on market and adding value on products. In the 'prototype' phase, the ideas and solutions matured and prototyped for evaluating these ideas and solutions. In the 'test' phase, the prototypes experienced by users and trying to measure impact of ideas in user side. By this way, new improvements and solutions could be add on ideas/concepts by receiving feedback from users. This is the ideal process of Design Thinking methodology and innovative ideas or solutions may not come out at the end of each process, or the result ideas may not be suitable for the durable consumer goods sector, where the investment costs are quite high for various reasons. While taking this fact in consideration, the unique aspect of this study is combining Design Thinking methodology with construction design approach rather than using these approaches separately. One of the most important benefits of this study is to increase possibility of finding and accomplishing ideas that suitable for cost, usability, availability and manufacturability on chest-freezer concept; while applying the Design Thinking methodology to the undefined problem and as a result of this process defining problem, generating new concept and product ideas on defining problem and reaching solution to study; after the idea generation process combining this results with the engineering designs of ideas and the preparation of the ideas to be implemented in production. While using different but connected approaches, the study easily orients to find and reveal innovative ideas because the Design Thinking steps that mentioned before sets ground for generating ideas and then to construct whole technical features around this idea base and by means of this base the study reaches well-grounded specifications. Under favour of this integrated study, while using these well-grounded construction and road map, obtained innovative product ideas and add-on concepts that involve engineering, user needs, usability, low cost feature, tested technical details and substructures, while ensuring the main purpose and scope of the study that mentioned as 'developing the product or product add-on ideas that will make a difference in the competition with a user-oriented approach and low-cost objective' for chest freezer product category. In conclude, the main contents of this thesis is the preparation and implementation phase of the 'idea generation for chest freezer' workshop procedure carried out within the scope of Arçelik A.Ş. Garage & Maker Lab, the results of Design Thinking methodology application, and after the idea generation phase; the study of the basic requirements of the selected idea inside the alternatives that 'elevated basket with door in chest freezer', in final the design of the idea with 'Systematic Construction' approach. The whole process and each application step clearly identified and presented in chronological order. As a result of the predefined integrated study, it has been seen and approved that the idea of 'elevated basket with door in chest freezer' developed by the Design Thinking method, can be adapted to manufacturing with identified limits and conditions by the company, according to construction design and cost analysis results. 99

International audience; Recent advances in design theory help clarify the logic, forms and conditions of generativity. In particular, the formal model of forcing predicts that high-level generativity (so-called generic generativity) can only be reached if the knowledge structure meets the 'splitting condition'. We test this hypothesis for the case of Bauhaus (1919–1933), where we can expect strong generativity and where we have access to the structures of knowledge provided by teaching. We analyse teaching at Bauhaus by focusing on the courses of Itten and Klee. We show that these courses aimed to increase students' creative design capabilities by providing the students with methods of building a knowledge base with two critical features: 1) a knowledge structure that is characterized by non-determinism and non-modularity and 2) a design process that helps students progressively 'superimpose' languages on the object. From the results of the study, we confirm the hypothesis deduced from design theory; we reveal unexpected conditions on the knowledge structure required for generativity and show that the structure is different from the knowledge structure and design process of engineering systematic design; and show that the conditions required for generativity, which can appear as a limit on generativity, can also be positively interpreted. The example of Bauhaus shows that enabling a splitting condition is a powerful way to increase designers' generativity.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2013, Bu çalışmada, Ankastre Buzdolapları için gövde rafı ve rafları gövdeye sabitleyecek ray sistemi tasarımı yapılmıştır. Endüstriyel Tasarımcılardan gelen tasarım örnekleri plastik enjeksiyon, sac şekillendirme ve alüminyum ekstrüzyon gibi çeşitli imalat yöntemleri ile üretilebilir hale getirilmiştir. Tasarımların yatırım maliyetleri ve seri üretim parça fiyatı analizi yapılmıştır. Üretilebilir hale getirilen gövde rafı ve gövde ray tasarımları ile tasarım grupları oluşturularak, her bir tasarım grubunun sonlu elemanlar analizi ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. Sonlu elemanlar analizi UG NX Siemens PLM yazılımının NX Nastran ile çalışan simülasyon modülü yardımı ile yapılmıştır. Tasarımlar arasından seçilen bir tasarım grubu için numune çalışması yapılmıştır. Numunelere ağırlık yükleme testi, küçük ve büyük çaplı bilyalar ile darbe testleri gibi çeşitli testler yapılmıştır. Sonlu elemanlar analizi sonucunda emniyetli çıkan tasarım grubunun numune testi de olumlu sonuçlandığı gözlemlenmiştir., In this study, cabinet shelf system is designed for Build-in refrigerators. The sketches sent from the industrial designers are studied and used to design rails and shelves in terms of manufacturability using aluminum extrusion, plastic injection or sheet metal manufacturing processes. Investment price analysis and serial production price calculation has been done. Using the designs, design groups are formed. Each design groups’ finite element analysis is made using UG NX Siemens PLM software’s simulation module powered by NX Nastran. One of the design groups is chosen for sample production. Various tests like weight loading test, impact tests using a bag containing lead shots are performed as shelf strength test. It has been observed that both finite element analysis and sample tests are resulted positive., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

International audience; Many historic buildings were dismounted by natural or human actions. Archaeological studies focusing on this kind of buildings are based on in-depth analysis of on-site elements as well as fragments conserved in several places (sites, deposits, museums, etc.). This situation gives to virtual reconstruction the great interest of bringing back all the elements in the same space, thus allowing researchers to carry out a digital study of the building. Based on several surveying and representation techniques (3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, semantic structuring, image-based texturing, etc.), this research experience illustrates a complete methodology for the virtual assembling of dismounted architectures (from building parts to decoration elements) applied to the study of the Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert cloister, in France.

Engineering involvement with aesthetics is vital for the creation of innovative and successful products in today’s fast changing world. This paper discusses the nature of this involvement historically and in the present, and goes further to argue that aesthetics plays a central role in the creative process itself. Thus, if engineers are involved in the creation of products, or if they wish to become more creative, it is important that they be sensitive to the aesthetic implications of their work and also to their personal aesthetic capabilities. This paper will also examine a few of the reasons why the importance of aesthetics may be difficult for the engineering profession to acknowledge primarily based on A survey into textbooks used in educating mechanical engineers and engineering designers with the aim to identify and finally a possible paradigmatic change in the engineers approach to aesthetics is presented and discussed.