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The current state of research in operational oceanography in leading countries of the world and the prospects of this trend in Russia, as well as ways to intensify it, are analyzed. The history of the formation of the fundamentals and principles of operational monitoring of the ocean in the Soviet Union in the 1970s‒1980s is considered, and the leadership of Soviet oceanologists in this process is shown. The development of the system of the operational monitoring of the ocean and its seas, as well as the main operational marine forecast systems, is reviewed. The structure of the Black Sea Marine Forecast Center, which was created under the RAS Marine Hydrophysical Institute in accordance with European standards, is discussed in detail, and prospects to develop domestic marine forecast systems are discussed.

Improving the technological process should be aimed at fulfillment of the requirements posed by all of the interested parties. The new standards ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and project of the standard ISO 45001 introduce to the integrated scope the term of operational control, which application should limit the risk of not fulfilling the requirements. Therefore, the aim of the study was to prepare the operational monitoring model within the occupational safety. The proposed methodology poses the guidance for the risk assessment of the process as well as for the identification of the key technological features and parameters, which as the operational parameters of the process, should undergo supervision.

The growing importance of oil spill detection as part of a rapid response system to oil pollution requires the ongoing development of algorithms. The aim of this study was to create a methodology for improving manual classification at the scale of entire water bodies, focusing on its repeatability. This paper took an object-oriented approach to radar image analysis and put particular emphasis on adaptation to the specificity of seas like the Baltic. Pre-processing using optimised filters enhanced the capability of a multilevel hierarchical segmentation, in order to detect spills of different sizes, forms and homogeneity, which occur as a result of shipping activities. Confirmed spills detected in ENVISAT/ASAR images were used to create a decision-tree procedure that classifies every distinct dark object visible in SAR images into one out of four categories, which reflect growing probability of the oil spill presence: look-alikes, dubious spots, blurred spots and potential oil spills. Our objective was to properly mark known spills on ASAR scenes and to reduce the number of false-positives by eliminating (classifying as background or look-alike) as many objects as possible from the vast initial number of objects appearing on full-scale images. A number of aspects were taken into account in the classification process. The method’s performance was tested on a group of 26 oil spills recorded by HELCOM: 96.15% of them were successfully identified. The final target group was narrowed down to about 4% of dark objects extracted from ASAR images. Although a specialist is still needed to supervise the whole process of oil spill detection, this method gives an initial view, substantial for further evaluation of the scenes and risk estimation. It may significantly accelerate the pace of manual image analysis and enhance the objectivity of assessments, which are key aspects in operational monitoring systems.

The safety of mining and tunneling operations considerably depends on availability of the most reliable and timely information on the stress-strain behavior of the “tunnel lining – containing rock massif” system and ground surface. Such information may be received by means of geotechnical monitoring using automated systems. The tasks to be solved as a part of the geotechnical monitoring are related to the assessment of the state of structural units to be built, containing rock massif, ground surface and buildings that fall within the construction-affected area. The need for preserving the buildings and facilities on ground surface gives the priority for the use of automated systems when determining the deformation of soil body starting from the outline of underground facilities and up to the ground surface. The obtained monitoring results allow, in the process of construction, making adjustments to the technological parameters of the mining and tunneling operations, to the parameters of the support setting and the tunnel lining construction technology, developing recommendations how to mitigate adverse effect on the environment. An example of the successful integration of the operational monitoring in an automated process control system is the tunnels of the Adler – Alpica Service section. There are 3 motor-road tunnels and 6 railroad tunnels in this section. During the construction, the lining of all tunnels was provided with control and measurement instrumentation to determine the stress-strain behavior of the “tunnel lining – containing rock massif” system and the seismic monitoring. The primary processing of the controlled parameters is done directly in the tunnels, then they are sent via a fiber-optic network to the geotechnical monitoring server located in the Operations Control Center. After the final processing, the data bank is updated. When the controlled parameters exceed the acceptable levels, an operator has the possibility to see, in the on-line mode, a specific location on the route, from where a signal is generated.

The problem associated with the current location’s determination of the transport unit moving on the pre-planned route is observed. Criteria to be followed when solving this problem are designated. An algorithm allowing the operational monitoring of the movement with the possibility of immediate alert the dispatcher about timetable's adherence is proposed.

Comparing today's control rooms or cockpits to those of about 30 years ago clearly shows huge differences in hard- and software, making changes in psychological requirements more than reasonable. To identify changes in ability requirements for operators in future aviation is of some concern when learning about solutions envisaged with large scale programs like NextGen or SESAR. However, as systems evolve step by step and sometimes without much notice, it might be that in retrospect requirement changes are assessed as being only of minor magnitude, whereas prospective ratings tend to over-interpret changes as they might be perceived as endangering one's competence and routines. In this study, it is reported what more than 300 air traffic controllers and pilots described as perceived changes in ability requirements when comparing today's aircraft or system with the one they have been trained for initially. Results were showing different pictures for the professions compared; however operational monitoring, information ordering, selective attention, time sharing and vigilance were always among the requirements with the highest perceived changes since initial training. Results will help to increase the understanding of past changes in ability requirements as perceived by job incumbents.

Modern systems of traditional and alternative energy, transport systems include powerful uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), implemented on batteries of charged electrochemical current sources — accumulators. These modules ensure the functioning of the systems in case of accidents or technological failures in the operation of main power supplies. The ability to provide the given energy modes by these modules is largely determined by the state and electrical parameters of the individual accumulators. In this paper, methods and embedded tools for operational monitoring of the main parameters of accumulators without disconnecting them from the main working circuits are considered. Current charge, activation resistances and capacitances, internal resistance and others are understood under controlled parameters. It is proposed the using of improved models and methods of active electric impulse action based on small perturbing potentiostatic tests and regularizing mathematical processing with reduction of measurements for the identification ofparameters.

The article presents a new method for predicting the reliability of the automobile starter using the AgenaRisk program and experimental research. The program allows to forecast the health status of the starter and provide service intervals of its technical condition. Simulation studies for selected faults in the electrical and mechanical circuits of the starter allowed to carry out an analysis of the parameters defining the technical condition of the starter. The scientific aim of the article was to develop and validate a diagnostic method designed for the operational monitoring of the startup circuit of a car. The aim of the experiment was to forecast the state of reliability of elements of the starter system, with the possibility of using the OBD (On-Board Diagnosis).

In view of the issue of bridge structure safety, this study pointed out the necessity and urgency to build the bridge safety operational monitoring system. The basic idea, system composition, current situation of the development and application of structural health monitoring system were summarized. Finally, the key problems and development trend of bride safety monitoring were proposed.

The surveillance programme (SP) calls upon to predict head reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material characteristics conservatively to guarantee RPV structural integrity without any compromise. General vice of existing SPs is an impossibility of SP changing and development during reactor operation (30, 60 and even more years). Up to day, approach based on initial hard nomenclature of surveillance specimens installed in capsules. Therefore, practically it is impossible to change anything in SP during RPV service life. Anachronistic principle of ahead of time, for some decades of years in advance fabrication and installation into reactor vessel the sets of surveillance specimens (SS) without taking into account quantitative and qualitative changes of norms; state of the present-day science, testing methods and technique contradict to request of RPV operational monitoring technologies innovative development during long-term light water reactor (LWR) operation. We propose to improve LWR SPs by means of passage from existing «hard» SPs to «flexible» manageable SPs (MSP) that would give the possibility of SP adaptation to requirements of time and to strengthen technical and scientific potential of investigators and researchers in the future. So, we believe that is no sense to leave present-day level of knowledge and technology in congeal state to next generation of researchers. Thus for new LWRs with the service life of 60 and more years we propose pass on from the SSs of routine nomenclature to MSP i.e., sets of archive materials coupons placed in non-hermetic containers and cooled directly by running water. It gives a perspective in case of need put into practice an innovative MSP taking into account the state-of-the-art safety standards, technical progress, present day level of science and technology.

The Water Safety Plan (WSP) is considered the preferred approach to ensure drinking water safety by the World Health Organization (WHO). This approach ideally requires extensive scientific and technical input from a multidisciplinary team of experts. However, in small- and medium-sized municipalities in Austria, financial and personnel resources are usually of very limited availability. Therefore, a spreadsheet based WSP tool was designed to facilitate the implementation of the WSP approach at these small supply units. The WSP tool comprises the relevant national Austrian guidelines, which include the key components of the WSP by the WHO. The tool provides an overview of the required steps, explains how to carry out each step and guides the user through the three key components: system and hazards assessment, control measures and operational monitoring, and management. The practical application of the WSP tool was tested at 12 water utilities over a period of three months. After this period, the tool was improved based on collected feedback from the water utilities.

For the present situation of decision-making errors and poor regulation caused by lack of operational monitoring in current development of China’s regional logistics system, the operation monitoring system of regional logistics system was designed in the paper. It consisted of index system, evaluation method, diagnosis and early-warning. By analyzing the content of operation for regional logistics system, the boundary of monitoring was defined and an index system was constructed; the grey relational grading evaluation model was introduced in monitoring and evaluation; diagnosis and early-warning could be realized by means of improved radar chart. It is expected to provide theory and methodological tool for operation monitoring of regional logistics.

Results of experiments on assessment of sensitivity of mollusc installed into the “Symbio” water toxicity operational monitoring system in respect of ions of copper (2+), zinc (2+), cadmium (2+), lead (2+) and chromium (6+).

The use of a monitoring system, designed to monitor the condition of hydroelectric plants from the vibrational, mechanical and magnetic characteristics under different operating conditions, is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of similar and different types of plants, obtained using the “ALMAZ-7010-GES” steady monitoring and diagnostics system and new sensors developed by the “DIAMECH 2000” Company, are presented.

Cost estimates for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) systems typically focus on details of the CO2 capture process and make simplistic assumptions about the cost per ton of CO2 for the transport and storage components of the system. These ad hoc assumptions ignore the large variability in the storage cost from site-to-site caused by variation in storage reservoir characteristics. Moreover, the typical costs of storage that are widely applied in CCS cost estimates do not fully consider the cost of site characterization and operational monitoring. To address this problem, we have recently developed an engineeringeconomic model for geological storage in deep saline formations. In this paper we briefly describe the newly-developed performance and cost models for CO2 storage in deep saline formations, and use these models to develop a range of cost for CO2 storage. The range of cost is explored using four cases, representing different types of potential storage reservoirs. Results from the four case studies show considerably different capital costs and, consequently, levelized costs of CO2 stored. In addition, the sensitivity of CO2 storage cost to variability and uncertainty in model input parameters for one of the case studies is examined. These results show clearly that the cost of CO2 storage in saline formations is most sensitive to factors affecting site characterization costs, which have been significantly underestimated in most past studies, and are highly dependent on future regulation of geological storage projects. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Scientific and methodological principles of organization and implementation of modern state monitoring of water objects, in accordance with a new Water Code of the Russian Federation, are considered with a special reference to the Kuban River basin. An integrated analysis of the modern state and efficiency of the system of observations of water objects in the Kuban River basin is performed. A concept is suggested to modify the available observational system. It includes recommendations to take into account the state of the river drainage system as an object of monitoring, organization of regime and operational monitoring, organization of a unique integrated database, implementation of a complex of scientific and methodological activities, and organizational and technical actions that would provide the maximum correspondence with the tasks and requirements of the modern state monitoring of water objects. The developments for the Kuban River can be used for other river basins and regions with intensive economic activity.

This article is devoted to the development, manufacture, and use of special measuring means for startup-adjustment and operational monitoring of equipment in nuclear power plants with VVER reactors. The characteristics of the measuring means developed by the Experimental Design Office Gidropress are presented.

Since the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), dispersants have been used as part of a combined response to mitigate seven oil spills in United States Gulf of Mexico (GOM) waters. Of the dispersant operations reported, four utilized the Regional Response Team VI pre-approval authority to the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) that requires a monitoring plan. The successful integration of dispersant pre-authorization along with a fully funded ready response delivery system maintained by industry contributed to the successful use of dispersants to aid in mitigating spilled oil. A key element to gaining the original pre-approval authority was a functional operational monitoring plan. While each response was considered a successful dispersant operation, each incident provided valuable lessons learned that have been integrated into subsequent contingency planning and modifications to existing pre-authorization requirements in the GOM. This paper provides a chronological review of oil spill responses where dispersants were applied in the GOM since OPA 90.

The objectives of the conference are outlined, followed by reviews of some highlights of recent developments in space engineering, space sciences and their practical benefits, which are not only becoming more evident but also of considerable commercial value. This paper concludes with a discussion of the future challenges of near-Earth space science and technology, especially the arrangements for operational monitoring and exploiting the results from a UK and European perspective.

Technology will soon allow the world to be mapped in near-real time and at high resolution. Declan Butler investigates the potential for operational monitoring of the planet.

In the future in aviation, operators will have to work with highly automated systems. This increased level of automation will necessitate operators monitoring appropriately (OMA). To prepare future training and selection processes, a normative model was developed providing criteria for the identification of OMA. According to this model, the monitoring process comprises distinct monitoring phases in which attention should be focused on relevant areas. The present study tests the normative model with experienced human operators in aviation on the basis of their eye movements. Results from 21 participants (air traffic controllers and pilots) support this normative model of OMA. In this regard, the normative model provides a promising basis for personnel selection and training in future ATM scenarios.

The article deals with measurements carried out in three trial sections of railway lines in the Czech Republic, where different types of geocomposites were inserted under ballast during the period of 2008 to 2012. In these sections, the longterm monitoring of the durability of geometric characteristics of the track, as well as the degradation of embedded geosynthetic products and the homogeneity of the loadbearing capacity on the top surface of the ballast and at the sleeper-ballast interface level is in progress using the lightweight falling deflectometer. In each trial section, both measurements on the ballast bed with embedded under-ballast geocomposites and without them were performed. The monitored trail sections, used methodology of the measurement and evaluation of obtained data are described in the article. The benefits of the applied monitoring method are appreciated and conclusions from the operational monitoring of trial sections completed to-date made.

Undertaking a systematic pipeline geohazard assessment may be driven by the design and regulatory permitting needs for proposed new pipelines or as an input to the integrity management of operating pipeline assets. Yet the leading international pipeline codes do not provide explicit direction on undertaking such assessments, rather providing considerable latitude in the guidance to do so which in turn provides several options. The methods for identifying and assessing the potential likelihood and severity of geohazards vary significantly, from purely expert judgment-based approaches relying largely on visual observations of geomorphology to analytically-intensive methods incorporating phenomenological and/or mechanistic models and route, pipeline properties and, where applicable, operational monitoring data. Each of these methods can be used to assess hazard and risk associated with specific geohazards in terms of qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative approaches provided that associated underlying assumptions are clearly understood. Some of these methods are better suited to provide a continuous contiguous geohazard risk assessment for a pipeline system while others are better suited for localized site-specific risk assessments. Following a brief review of pipeline codes, this paper provides an overview of the range of pipeline geohazard assessment approaches and explores the “fitness for purpose” strategy that allows for continuing improvement during design stages and into operations.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

The first results of a new approach for implementing operational monitoring tool to control the performance of forest mechanisation chains are proposed and discussed. The solution is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tools that are the core of a datalogging system that, in combination with a specific inference-engine, is able to analyse process times, work distances, forward speeds, vehicle tracking and number of working cycles in forest operations. As a consequence the operational monitoring control methods could provide an evaluation of the efficiency of the investigated forest operations. The study has monitored the performance of a tower yarder with crane and processor-head, during logging operations. The field surveys consisted on the installation of the GNSS device directly on the forest equipment for monitoring its movements. Simultaneously the field survey considered the integration of the GNSS information with a time study of work elements based on the continuous time methods supported by a time study board. Additionally, where possible, the onboard computer of the forest machine was also used in order to obtain additional information to be integrated to the GNSS data and the time study. All the recorded GNSS data integrated with the work elements study were thus post-processed through GIS analysis. The preliminary overview about the application of this approach on harvesting operations has permitted to assess a good feasibility of the use of GNSS in the relief of operative times in high mechanised forest chains. Results showed an easy and complete identification of the different operative cycles and elementary operations phases, with a maximum difference between the two methodologies of 10.32%. The use of GNSS installed on forest equipment, integrated with the inferenceengine and also with an interface for data communication or data storage, will permit an automatic or semi-automatic operational monitoring, improving the quantity of data and reducing the engagement of the surveyor.

Monitoring is a common, if generally implicit, part of spill response. However, there are no general guidelines for designing and carrying out spill response monitoring. With a few notable exceptions, as in shoreline assessments, monitoring rules are made up as the response progresses. Important rules of monitoring, such as those concerning adequate controls, are often left out or remain ill-defined, leading to unjustified product claims. As a result, there is often considerable debate and confusion about the effectiveness of protection and cleanup actions as well as the need to move on or terminate the response. A framework has been developed to help make monitoring an explicit process in spill response management. This framework forces (1) clear identification of the objectives of prevention and cleanup strategies, (2) selection of meaningful and useful end points, to quickly document effectiveness, (3) an appropriate strategy (statistical or otherwise) for collecting and reporting needed feedback information, (4) an often-overlooked quality assurance/quality control plan, (5) a data or information management plan, and (6) confirmation that a decision was (or was not) made based on monitoring results. The most important aspect of an explicit monitoring plan is that it forces not only clear definition of “how clean is clean enough,” but also how this measure will be operationally documented. Elements of this process are indeed covered in many past responses and in some recent documents. Nevertheless, there is a critical need to develop additional rapid response tools for chemistry, biology, and toxicology and for a more thorough operational monitoring guide for spill response.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is regarded as a center for unbiased expertise in testing and evaluation of geophysical sensors and instrumentation for ground-based nuclear explosion monitoring (GNEM) systems. This project will sustain and enhance our component evaluation capabilities. In addition, new sensor technologies that could greatly improve national monitoring system performance will be sought and characterized. This work directly impacts the Ground-based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring mission by verifying that the performance of monitoring station sensors and instrumentation is characterized and suitable to the mission. It enables the operational monitoring agency to deploy instruments of known capability and to have confidence in operational success. This effort will ensure that our evaluation capabilities are maintained for future use.

The Zagorsk pumped-storage power plant (PSPP) in Russia is sited on a geologically complex bed. The bed required new design structures for the PSPP. The class of structures, complex hydrogeological conditions, and new structural designs required the development of a system for operational monitoring during construction and operation. The system and its performance are detailed in this article. 6 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

The Department of Energy and the Sandia National Laboratories Wind Power Technology Department have initiated a number of wind turbine blade sensing technology projects with a major goal of understanding the issues and challenges of incorporating new sensing technologies in wind turbine blades. The projects have been highly collaborative with teams from several commercial companies, universities, other national labs, government agencies and wind industry partners. Each team provided technology that was targeted for a particular application that included structural dynamics, operational monitoring, non-destructive evaluation and structural health monitoring. The sensing channels were monitored, in some or all cases, during blade fabrication, field testing of the blade on an operating wind turbine, and lab testing where the life of the blade was accelerated to blade failure. Implementing sensing systems in wind turbine blades is an engineering challenge and solutions often require the collaboration with a diverse set of expertise. This report discusses some of the key issues, challenges and lessons-learned while implementing sensing technologies in wind turbine blades. Some of the briefly discussed topics include cost and reliability, coordinate systems and references, blade geometry, blade composites, material compatibility, sensor ingress and egress, time synchronization, wind turbine operation environments, and blade failure mechanisms and locations.

The ZONE DOSIMETER is a high technology portable device, designed on the base of strict quality requirements. It uses real‐time digital techniques in order to enhance the quality of monitoring. The dosimeter measures the dose rate of external γ (gamma) radiation, which allows determining the dose of radiation to which the personal is exposed. In this manner, the accomplishment of the regulations of radiological protection and security in institutions where ionizing radiations are used is assured. The dosimeter is commercialized with a fixed pre‐calibration; nevertheless, it is up to the user to obtain all the certifications required by the national legislations for its operation within the system of radiological security. It may also be used in Laboratories of Nuclear Medicine.

Joint statistical processing of the values of recorded refusals of a ram and results of tests of prepared foundations by impressing loads enabled the authors to establish a correlation between the bearing capacity of foundations in rammed excavations and refusals of a ram at the end of ramming, with fixed values of the heights to which the latter are lifted. The derived correlations can be used to monitor the bearing capacity of foundations in rammed excavations during their construction.

The paper highlights need for R&D in the area of Intelligent Underwater Systems and Technologies (particularly use of ROV and AUV) for Strategic Marine Ecosystem Research Goals, Environmental Monitoring of Ocean Resources and their exploitation in Croatia. Also this approach support small and medium enterprises for adoption of new technologies and development of highly sophisticated products and services of high value added. Current situation, in regard to needs for technical support linked to obligations of proclamation of the ecological and fishing zone and establishment of coast guard, points to necessity of development in this area. The paper gives an overview of modern technology in this area and possible application in the Republic of Croatia. The research project “ Guidance and Control of Autonomous Moving System for Underwater Monitoring” is presented in the paper.

Out of the requirements of the operational monitoring systems of large steam power plants, this paper suggests a scheme for developing the intelligent control systems in steam power plants by using modern artificial intelligence techniques. Together with some practical cases of application, the idea of the design of the system's functions and its constitution are introduced in this paper. And also, the characteristics and the prospects of the application of intelligent control system in steam power plants are analyzed.

The unparalleled safety and integrity of current air traffic surveillance is founded on the practice of assuring independence between sources of data wherever possible and using validation techniques to cross check reported data. Beacon surveillance in particular may be considered a form of dependent surveillance and the validation procedures in place today suggest ways to extend this practice to Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) based surveillance. The integration of ADS-B into the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) offers an instructive example of how one might implement operational monitoring of ADS-B data using existing surveillance assets.

The project “Ferry Box” is targeted on an improvement of marine monitoring technologies. It originated from considerations and discussions within the Technology Plan Working Group (TPWG) of EuroGOOS and is aimed at the development of an operational autonomous measuring system for ferries, which is capable to monitor water quality parameters automatically along the routes of the ships through the coastal waters. In Germany this development is considered as an innovative addition to the already existing and operational monitoring concept (“MARNET” concept) in German coastal waters at fixed positions and stations with buoys or platforms, operated by BSH (“Bundesanstalt fuer Seeschiff fahrt und Hydrographie”, Hamburg), the German Hydrographic Office. The development therefore is funded as an R&D-project by the German Ministry for Research and Technology (BMBF) .

The Tasks of this project are to: (1) complete implementation of a Risk Based Data Management System (RBDMS) in the States of Alaska, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska; and (2) conduct Area of Review (AOR) Workshops in the states of California, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. The RBDMS was designed to be a comprehensive database with the ability to expand into multiple areas, including oil and gas production. The database includes comprehensive well information for both producing and injection wells. It includes automated features for performing functions redated to AOR analyses, environmental risk analyses, well evaluation, permit evaluation, compliance monitoring, operator bonding assessments, operational monitoring and tracking, and more. This quarterly report describes the status of the development of the RBDMS project in both stated tasks and proposes further steps in its implementation.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is required by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for Sequoyah Nuclear Plant (SQN) to conduct and report annually a nonradiological operational monitoring program to evaluate potential effects of SQN on Chickamauga Reservoir. This monitoring program was initially designed to identify potential changes in water quality and biological communities in Chickamauga Reservoir resulting from operation of SQU. Chickamauga Reservoir cove rotenone sampling has also been conducted as part of the preoperational monitoring program for Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) to evaluate the combined effects of operating two nuclear facilities on one reservoir once WBU becomes operational. The purpose of this report is to present results of cove rotenone sampling conducted on Chickamauga Reservoir in 1992.

A simulated air traffic control task was used to study the effects of prolonged monitoring on some of the behaviours (complex discriminations, interpretations, decisions, memory for actions taken) frequently associated with operational monitoring tasks, but seldom examined in laboratory vigilance studies. Forty-eight subjects performed the monitoring task under relatively high taskload conditions for 2h. Two types of critical events were employed. Simple events consisted of a readily detectible alphanumeric change; complex events (detection of two aircraft at the same altitude on the same flight path) required considerable information processing for detection. Behaviours following detection of each type of event enabled acquisition of data on short-term memory, decision time and errors, procedural errors, and motor movement time. Time to detect aircraft at the same altitude was found to increase significantly over the 2 h as did failures to detect these events; detection time for the simpler type...

The paper describes failure analysis and remedies which were elaborated after the occurance of several failure cases in shafts of main coolant pumps. The improved design of replacement shafts as well as procedures for operational monitoring and in-service inspections are shown.

The experience of on-site observations and investigations at large dams, particularly at the Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskoe, shows that the main problems of improving the organization and conduction of such observations and investigations to increase their effectiveness are: 1. The development of an optimal (unified for construction and operational monitoring) layout of the telemetric MMA, which should lead to a reasonable reduction of the number of instruments. 2. Provision of high-quality installation of MMA and equipment of the control panels at all hydrostations under construction. 3. Improvement of the quality of sensors and frequency meters (periodometers) being manufactured. 4. Acceleration of the development of automated systems providing for both automation of measurements and processing and analysis of the data of on-site observations with delivery of signals about emergency and preemergency situations. 5. Provision of skilled inspection of the safety of hydraulic structures starting from the instant of the first filling of the reservoir.

ABSTRACT The Lena Guyed tower project offered the opportunity for the acquisition of performance data which would be of benefit to the development of technology for more challenging applications in deeper water and harsher environments. The authors describe the instrumentation system built for the Lena guyed tower which provided valuable data used to assist in the tower installation, and which is currently providing performance data for operational monitoring and research objectives. INTRODUCTION Planning for a major instrumentation system for the Lena guyed tower began early in the Project. The goals identified for this system were:to aid in the safe, efficient installation of the tower and its guylines,to monitor the structural integrity of certain critica1 components during platform operation andto provide data in support of environmental and structural research activities. The early decision to instrument the guyed tower made it possible to consider the installation, operational, and research goals together and to integrate the required equipment into the tower structure during fabrication. By treating the instrumentation system as an integral part of the guyed tower, the required sensors and electronic systems could be designed for multiple uses, minimizing duplication of equipment for the three sets of goals. Instrumentation Goals Installation - During installation, components of this system were used to verify ballasting conditions, to measure guyline tensions and tower attitude, and to observe the electrochemical polarization of the tower structure by the sacrificial anodes. Operational - Throughout the operational life of the Lena guyed tower, the same or similar system components will be used to monitor the structure. Two critical structural components have been selected for monitoring the guylines and major buoyancy chambers. Although the guyed tower is designed to be safe even if several neighboring guylines are missing, it is desirable that loss of pretension due to accidental damage or other reasons be detected immediately so that remedial action can be initiated. Similarly, the twelve buoyancy tanks and eight buoyant legs, which together support about 75% of the deck payload, are instrumented to detect water intrusion. Even though the foundation has sufficient reserve capacity to safely carry the entire deck load in moderate seas, operating personnel should be made aware of any flooding that occurs, so that corrective action can be planned to maintain the desired reserve of foundation capacity. In addition, the history of extreme displacements of the helical flexible wellhead flowlines is monitored to determine if deflections beyond the design conditions have occurred and replacement is necessary. Finally, electrochemical monitoring will continue, to provide early warning of any problems with the corrosion protection system. Research - The primary research goal is to confirm and refine the analytical tools and methods used to predict the behavior of guyed towers subjected to wind, wave, and current loads.