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A pump is a machine that imparts mechanical energy to a fluid flowing through it, to move it from one point to another. This paper reports the design, manufacture and testing of a centrifugal water pump having a circular casing. A single stage, end suction centrifugal pump designed and manufactured, using locally sourced materials. This pump finds application in homes, agriculture and industries. It consists of an impeller, shaft, suction and delivery pipes and an electric motor. Experiments performed with this pump shows that it can deliver 0.0045m3 of water per second with a pressure head of 34.7m. A 2.5kW electric motor running at a speed of 2900rpm was used to drive the pump.

In the modern turbo-machinery, reducing the clearance between the blade tip and casing inner face is an effective method to improve the power performance, but the clearance reduction leads to increased risk of blade-casing rubbing. In this paper, a blade-coating rubbing force model which considered the abradable coating scraping is developed to simulate the rotor system dynamic characteristics at blade-casing rubbing faults with abradable coating. An experimental tester is established to simulate the rotor system blade-casing rubbing faults; the AlSi-ployphenyl ester abradable coating is prepared and introduced into the blade-casing experiment to verify the model. After the vibration and force analysis in simulation and experiment, the dynamic characteristics and the influence factors of blade-casing rubbing rotor system are studied.

Downhole heavy oil production and oil sand processing are associated with severe damage and failures of production equipment components, e.g., production tubing and pumping systems, due to erosion-corrosion resulting in processing losses, production downtime, high maintenance and replacement cost. Protective coatings (layers) on the production components mostly fabricated from low-alloy steels can be applied to minimize these problems. In the present work, the performance of hard boronized coating on carbon steel obtained through the thermal diffusion process and consisted of two iron boride layers (FeB and Fe2B) was studied in synergistic erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions simulating oil production environment in comparison with bare steel. Special wear testing equipment was designed and fabricated. In this testing, the inner surface of tubular sections was subjected to high velocity erosive flows of water-oil slurries containing silica sand and salts combined with rotating and oscillating motions of steel pony rods. Structural examination of the studied materials’ surfaces and their profilometry after wear testing were conducted. The iron boride coating demonstrated significantly higher performance in abrasion and erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions compared to bare carbon steel due to its high hardness, high chemical inertness, dual-layer architecture and diffusion-induced bonding with the substrate. The boronized steel tubing and casing with inner surface protection can be effectively employed in the most critical operation conditions.

Objective: To study the dependence of the numerical values of the bearing reactions occurring in the bolted fasteners of the gear casing (GC) on the conditions of its fastening to the traction motor. To show the resulting redistribution of the bearing reaction values in the case of the lack of load bearing in one or two bolted fasteners from the three existing design ones. To calculate the equivalent stresses that appear in the gear casing structure under various abnormal conditions of its fastening to the traction motor under static loading. Methods: The equations of statics were used for the spatial system of forces, including three vertical bearing reactions and the weight of the casing itself. To study the stress-strain state of the casing in the case of its static loading, the finite element method was used, implemented in the ANSYS Workbench software package. Results: The cause of damage to the GC during operation has been found associated with its design flaws. Calculation formulas have been obtained for determining the vertical bearing reactions of the GC. The need to take into account the GC loading in the case of redistribution of loads due to the loosening of its fastening bolts has been found. The need to improve the design of the gear casing has been indicated. Practical importance: The probable cause of damage to the GC during operation has been found. A method is proposed for assessing the GC loading in the case of redistribution of loads between its bearing points.

To gain high efficiency and low fuel consumption, aluminum-based abradable seal coatings had been widely used in the compressor casing of aero engines or gas turbines owing to the low elastic modulus. However, the adhesive transfer phenomenon frequently occurs when the radial rubbing generates between titanium alloy blade tips and aluminum-based coating. It tends to increase scratch force and results in blades vibration and even engine jam. To eliminate this problem, a new lightweight epoxy-based abradable seal coating with high bonding strength was developed by an effective and porosity controllable mixing process that distributes spherical pores uniformly in the continuous matrix. A lightweight coating of 63% porosity with a hardness of 33.1(HR15Y) can be reached when the content of hollow microspheres is 31 wt.%. The coating density is 0.5 g/cm3 and the bonding strength is as high as 18 MPa. The performance of the epoxy-based coating is comprehensively better than aluminum-based coatings in five essential indices. This study is expected to provide a new technical path for obtaining high-quality abradable seal coatings to guarantee the efficient and safe operation of compressors.

Presence of Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum (green mold disease) either in compost or casing soil causes significant yield losses in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. The aim of this study was to examine biotic interactions between A. bisporus and T. aggressivum f. aggressivum in compost and casing soil. In the study, strains (brown and white) of A. bisporus and isolates (Şem1/1 and K3) of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum were used. Experiments (compost and casing soil) were conducted according to completely randomized design in factorial with four replications. Yield values of each experiment were established by weighing sporophores (mushrooms) in each plot. Mean yield values of each treatment were compared with others. Presence of the T. aggressivum f. aggressivum isolates in compost and casing soil significantly (P˂0.01) inhibited mycelial growth and fruiting body formation of both strains of A. bisporus. In the presence of the T. aggressivum f. aggressivum isolates in casing soil, average yield loss of the strains of A. bisporus was 36.41%, while it was 29.35% in the presence of the T. aggressivum f. aggressivum isolates in compost. Average yield loss of the white strain of A. bisporus was 49.68%, whereas it was 16.08% in the brown strain. The study revealed that presence of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum in casing soil could be much more negative influence on yield of A. bisporus than that of compost and brown strain of A. bisporus could be more resistant to T. aggressivum f. aggressivum than white strain.

International audience; Abradable coatings are part of dynamic seals used in aircraft engines to reduce inter-stage leakages. However, during running, severe interactions may occur between the rotating blades and the coating of the casing leading to these parts getting damaged. Numerical approaches simulating these interactions could be a way to prevent these contact risks but they require both a characterization of the thermomechanical behavior of the abradable material and of the blade. This paper presents a quasi-static compression behavior study of a heterogeneous and porous AlSi-PE abradable used in the low-pressure compressor of aircraft engines. Combined with the results obtained for tests conducted at high compression strain-rates and extreme temperatures recently published in a previous paper (Skiba et al., in Dyn Behav Mater 6:213–223, 2020. 10.1007/s40870-020-00242-y), a thermoelastoviscoplastic bilinear constitutive law is proposed. This formulation allows the prediction of the macroscopic behavior of a heterogeneous and porous AlSi-PE abradable material from room temperature to 360 °C and with strain-rates ranging from 10–3 to 103 s−1.

The demand for of dissimilar metal joints is increasing day by day in many industrial applications like automobile, aero space, boiler accessories, defence and structural components. Recently many of researchers have focussed on monel base dissimilar weld joints because, it has played a main role in the fabrication of hydraulic, boiler components such as valve, pump, casing, fin, pipe and shaft. So, the present experimental work is to join Monel (K-500) – Copper (ETP) by rotary friction welding technique under a spindle speed of 1500 rpm for boiler heat exchanger applications. Totally 16 joints were prepared with varied process parameter like frictional pressure (20, 25, 30 and 35 bar), Upset pressure (15, 20, 25 and 30 bar) and constant feed rate (9 mm/s) was maintained. Finally, all the joints were evaluated to find its mechanical and micro structural properties such as micro hardness, yield and ultimate strength as per ASTM standards. The interface (inertial bonding structure) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of weld joint were examined by scanning electron beam microscope and its level of monel – copper layer was identified through X-ray diffraction technique.

Based on the analyzing of industrial materials has been established that lot of gas wells characterized of inter-string flows and could not been effective be on stream. The article has been shown, that main base of this problem is poor quality well cementing, first off all the interval of reservoir horizon. After researched of information of well cementing has been ascertained that first eight hour of the curing of cement is attended by drop of the hydrostatic pressure. It becomes the main reason of oil and gas inflow. The drop of cement stone sealing properties during long time maintenance is result of poor cement stone resistance to thermocorrosion in the subsurface conditions. This is the reason that new cementing slurry recipe should be prepared. This recipes should be provides a differentiated rate of strength gain during the time of waiting the cement in conditions with high technological properties for long time maintenance. One of the most dangerous process during well construction is oil and gas inflow or inter-string flows in time of wait-on-cement time. This time is characterized special conditions of cement stone, because it represents as permeable matrix with hydration products, and with porous full by water. It is the best conditions for the flow of fluid throw pores. It can be the reason of suffusion channeling. In order to prevent for oil and gas inflow the article has been invited the achieve optimal distribution the pressure. For the realized this purpose can been used cementing process with two cement slurry batch with different setting up time. In practice of cementing of casing with length of section capital string, which shut off the gas more than 400 m, use differentiation the wait-on-cement time the portion of cementing slurry with length of cement column. In result start of time wait-on-cement in the bottom portion should be less for 2-3 hour than top portion. Keywords: water-mixture ratio, rheological properties, wellbore pressure, component of cement mortar column, cement mortars, cement mortar hardening, rate of strength gain, strength of cement ring References: Bandur R. V., Luzhanytsya O. V., Mykhaylenko S. H. [and other]. 2005. The problem of selection of the formulation of cementing solutions for a specified downhole conditions. Issues of development of the gas industry of Ukraine: Collection of scientific works UkrSGRI. Kharkiv. P. 135-137. (in Ukrainian) Bonett A., Delyus P., Shuger L 1998 Gas Migration - Looking Into the Problem. Oil and gas review. Spring. Р.18-23. (in Russian) Bulatov A.I. 1991. Grouting materials and well cementing technology. Moscow: Nedra. P. 336. (in Russian) Gorsky V.F. 2006. Cementing materials and solutions. Chernivtsi: 524 p. (in Ukrainian) Danyushevskiy V. S., Aliyev R. M., Tolstykh. I. F. 1987. Grouting Materials Reference Moscow: Nedra. P. 373. (in Russian) Luzhanitsya O. V., Mikhaylenko S. G., Kotskulich Y. S., Lazarenko O. G. 1997. To the problem of tightness of the annulus in the early stages of the grout. Exploration and development of oil and gas fields. Series: Drilling of oil and gas wells. - Ivano-Frankivsk: IFDTUNG. №34. Р. 88-91. (in Ukrainian) Instructions for determining the conditions of use of gas wells with the presence of intercolumn pressure drilled on the shelf of the Black and Azov Seas: Approved. Derzhnaftogazprom of Ukraine, OJSC «Ukrainian Oil and Gas Institute», NPC «Chornomornaftogaz» 1997; Validity is not set. Derzhnaftogazprom of Ukraine. 11 p. (in Ukrainian) Kuksov A.K. 1985. Improving the quality of well cementing. Oil industry. №9. P. 25-27. (in Russian) Orlovsky V.M. 2015. Grouting materials that expand during hardening. Monograph. Poltava. 129 p. (in Ukrainian) Levayn D. K., Tomas E. I., Bezner H.P., Tolpa D. K. 1980. Prevention of gas migration in the annulus of a cemented well. Oil, gas and petrochemicals abroad. N 10. P. 8-12. (in Russian) Technological regulations on cementing of casings in wells at the fields of JSC «Ukrnafta» for 1996- Derzhkomnaftogaz OJSC UkrNGI. 1995. Kyiv. 36 p. (in Ukrainian)

Casing collapse is one of the costly incidents in the oil industry. In the oil fields of southwest Iran, most casing collapses have occurred in Gachsaran formation, and the halite rock salt layer in this formation may be the main cause for these incidents because of its peculiar creep behavior. In this research, triaxial creep experiments have been conducted on Gachsaran salt samples under various temperatures and differential stresses. The main purpose was to determine the creep characteristics of Gachsaran rock salt, and to examine the role of creep in several casing collapses that occurred in this formation. Results indicated that the halite rock salt of Gachsaran formation basically obeys the power law; however, its creep parameters are quite different from other halite rocks elsewhere. The time-dependent creep of Gachsaran rock salt exhibits strong sensitivity to temperature change; however, its sensitivity to variation of differential stress is rather low. The numerical simulation of the rock salt creep in a real oil well demonstrated the importance of creep and reservoir conditions on the safety factor of the tubing related to casing collapse.

With a novel class of heavy-duty gas turbine engines, turbine exhaust temperatures are expected to further increase. There are concerns that the propensity to cracking in service of the welded turbine exhaust casing (TEC) liners might also increase. Cold-formed “collars”, featuring large stress-reducing fillet radii, were designed to decrease thermal stresses in the welds, where the struts of the turbine bearing casing are aerodynamically clad by liner plates. Such collars were received from a supplier in the course of a product and process qualification (PPQ). The results of the metallurgical investigation ordered by an internal client are the subject of this contribution. It was found that deformation martensite was present in the subject cold-formed fillet pieces, despite a pre-heat of 150 °C and a post-fabrication 920 °C annealing process. However, the amount of deformation martensite found, at below 5 % volume fraction, was considered not to be detrimental for engine operation.

Hybrid layered manufacturing (HLM) is one of the most efficient rapid tooling processes that uses a metal inert gas, tungsten inert gas or laser cladding processes for producing near-net shape and machining operations for finishing on the same platform. Materials saving, elimination of rough machining, reduction of programming time, ability to make conformal cooling channels (CCCs), and bimetallic objects are some of the significant advantages of HLM in tooling applications. CCCs, as against the straight cooling channels, reduce the cycle time and distortion and improve the matrix integrity. Bimetallic objects, as compared to monolithic objects, reduce the overall cost by replacing the interior with cheaper material. In this work, the HLM has been investigated for realizing bimetallic structures of P20 tool steel and mild steel. A complex bimetallic plastic injection mold with hard casing (P20 tool steel) and soft core (mild steel) along with CCCs have been built as a case study. The mechanical and microstructural characterization leads to the fine-tuning of the process parameters. The plastic injection mold with CCCs is designed through heat flow analysis using a commercial software.

This work designed a T-shaped hook-connected structure composed of a bottom plate made of 2.5D woven composites and a T-shaped plate made of TC4 alloy. In order to explore to its bending and tensile properties, the corresponding experiments were designed and performed. Then, based on the progressive damage model and an improved Hashin’s failure criteria, numeral calculations were conducted in ANSYS to study its bending and tensile damage propagations. Compared with experimental results, the maximum error is less than 20 %, and the damage modes are similar, which proves the rationality of numerical calculation. In addition, both the experimental and simulation results show that the fatal damage both occurs at the constrained plate of the bottom plate whether in bending or tensile processes. Specifically, the fatal failure occurs at the installed edges in bending process or at the sides of groove-middle to groove-edge in tensile process. This work provides a design reference for typical T-shaped hook-connected composite structure, especially the connector of blade and casing, which appear in engineering and has good engineering application value.

Return and vertical landing oft the first launch stage is a concept enabling reusable launch systems and has been successfully applied by SpaceX with the Falcon 9. The Falcon 9 first stage descends by two or three phases of retro-propulsion. Especially the supersonic retro-propulsion phase, using three of its nine engines, is of interest as it exhibits conditions close to Mars reentry. During retro-Propulsion the first stage is partially submerged in the hot exhaust plume. In this study a generic model based on the Falcon9's features and dimensions is used to perform a numerical Investigation of the plume-vehicleinteraction. Using Large eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-A veraged-Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) based computation al methods the flow field is characterized at different trajectory points during retro-propulsion. Based on several steady RANS calculations, an aerothermal data base is created and coupled into a simple finite element structural heating model of the casing. Results show, that despite the high gas temperatures, the low gas density leads to amanageable heat flux and only moderate temperature increase on the cylindrical walls when using conventional Aluminum materials.

In the past few years, there is a global need for engine manufacturers to give high performance and long durable engines by using good quality of materials. Previously, engine manufacturers have applied protective coatings to increase the life and performance of the aero engine. Today, a wide variety of parameters in environmental and material design challenges together with the component design of engines demanded towards the economic protective coating processes. In an aero engine, the protection against wear inside the inner surface casing is a great challenge. Present work is focused on the study of improvement of abradable resistance on aero-engine inner case materials by using a plasma spraying technique. Different wt% of (Al + Ni+(h)BN) homogenized powder mixture and sodium silicate as an inorganic binder is used for spraying. The surface property analysis of plasma sprayed coating has been characterized using, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Vicker hardness tester. It was found that the coating using (Al + Ni+(h)BN) homogenized powder is successful in finding optimum stand-off distance which can increase the life span of the aero-engine casing.

This paper deals with the casing surface and blade tip clearance in an axial flow compressor in aero-engines. The clearance in between the tips of the blade and the casing surface should be optimized by considering the thermal and internal expansion as well as changes in concentricity due to shock loading events, to prevent catastrophic tip to casing contact. These parameters play a significant role in the efficiency enhancement of aero-engine. Generally, In case of shock loading, the tip of the blade severely damages the casing surface, which is a primary concern of an aero-engineer. To protect the tip as well as the casing, there is a coating developed called abradable coating, which is not only to allow for closer clearances. But to automatically adjust clearances, in-situ, to accept physical events and thermal variation that may be found during its exploitation. An abradable coating must have sufficient strength and hardness to resist the rigidness of aero-engine handling during assembly, transportation, and exploitation. At the same time, it must be soft enough to allow the axial flow compressor rotor blades to cut through it easily without getting pilled off in lumps. The current investigation is done to optimize the plasma coating parameters such as Powder feed rate, Plasma power, powder grain size, Gun Velocity, spray distance, Argon/hydrogen ratio, and their pressure, etc.

The cultivation of button mushroom has reached a high technological level in developed countries and is associated with high productivity indices. This technological level involves not only compost production and crop management but also the casing layer. Peat has been established as one of the most appropriate casing materials for the cultivation of button mushroom due to its excellent properties. However, good-quality peat is not available in all countries, and peat is not renewable, which reinforces the need for alternative materials. Therefore, studies on the casing layer should include its response to the induction of fruiting since this stage is where the main changes that lead to the formation of primordia occur. This review addresses the different aspects of fruiting induction of Agaricus mushrooms and the influence of the characteristics of the casing layer on mushroom production. RESUMO O cultivo do cogumelo Agaricus bisporus atingiu um elevado patamar tecnológico nos países desenvolvidos, com índices de produtividade dificilmente alcançados nos países em desenvolvimento. Essa tecnologia envolve não apenas a estrutura de produção de composto e de cultivo do cogumelo, mas também a camada de cobertura. A turfa de musgo tornou-se o material preferido nos cultivos comerciais, graças às suas características desejáveis e uniformes como camada de cobertura. O problema é que a turfa de boa qualidade não é um material disponível em todos os países, gerando a necessidade de importá-la, elevando o seu custo. Além do problema da disponibilidade, a turfa não é um material renovável, o que reforça a necessidade de se buscar materiais alternativos como camada de cobertura. Diante disso, os estudos sobre camada de cobertura devem incluir a sua resposta à indução da frutificação, uma vez que é nela onde ocorrem as principais alterações que levam ao início da formação dos primórdios e desenvolvimento dos cogumelos. Esta revisão aborda os diferentes aspectos da indução da frutificação dos cogumelos Agaricus e a influência das características da camada de cobertura sobre a produção dos cogumelos.

Casing design and the associated load assumptions have evolved considerably over the last 30 years. The objective of this paper is to trace the history, evolution and future of casing design by means of the type of load cases and the assumptions made for them as it evolved from the early 1960's to the modern load case requirements for wells drilled in the 2020's. The vast majority of tubular failures in oil & gas wells are not attributable to computational errors in calculating design loads, but rather are due to a shortfall in considering the appropriate load scenarios. One common shortfall includes making incorrect or oversimplified assumptions for the initial and final temperature and pressure conditions. There is no industry standard for casing or tubing design loads, but there is an industry accepted standard process for the calculation of the stress on tubulars once the load cases are determined. Each operating company may use a different set of load assumptions depending on the well type and risk assessment. This work also keeps in view the major computational tools used during each step change of the casing design evolution: slide rule/nomographs, HP 41C calculators, PC DOS and Windows programs, and the latest Cloud-Native paradigm with REST API's within a microservices architecture. A REST API (also known as RESTful API) is an Application Programming Interface (API) that conforms to the constraints of Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style commonly used in current Cloud computing technology. The scope will also include ongoing research and development to address shortcomings of previous load case assumptions and calculations for extended reach and HPHT wells, closely spaced wells, and geothermal wells. Modern wells and modern casing design load cases are in a constant state of evolution and casing failures will occur unless engineers and their tools also evolve.

Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) coating is a widely used thermal spray coating process in industrial applications. High density and high bond strength coating are the main features of this process that is required in almost coating properties for specific applications. The geometrical condition of the workpiece substrate dictates the parameter needed to achieve a certain quality of the coating. Changes in the geometry require modification on the parameter of the process to maintain the quality of the coating. Aluminum Silicon and Nickel Aluminum coating were applied on Stainless Steel substrate casing. Due to the limitation of spray distance between nozzle gun and substrate surface of the casing, modified several parameters of the process were taken. Several parameters were investigated to find out the optimum result of coating and verified with tensile bond strength test, hardness test, and microscopic analysis examination. These activities that involved modification of parameters, mechanical testing, and visual inspection informed that power as a function of voltage and ampere, powder feed rate, the surface speed of substrate (the particular amount of workpiece rotation per minute), and traverse speed of gun, contribute to the result of the optimum coating.

Within the Broader Approach Program between Europe and Japan for the early realization of fusion with the construction of the JT-60SA tokamak, ENEA, the Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, was in charge, among others, to supply ten superconducting Toroidal Field (TF) coils for the JT-60SA magnet system. The related procurement started in 2011 and was concluded in 2018 with the delivery of the tenth coil to the Cold Test Facility in France. The construction of each TF coil module consisted of two main phases: manufacturing of the superconducting winding pack and integration in the corresponding casing structure. With all the foreseen modules already completed, this paper provides a critical review of the contract for the manufacturing of the coils highlighting the main difficulties occurred in the different manufacturing steps and evaluating the performances obtained from the measurements taken at the acceptance tests.

Within the British nuclear inventory, waste is classified into three main categories, including Intermediate Level Waste (ILW). ILW mainly consists of fuel casing metallic swarf, where parts of uranium metal are also expected to have been agglomerated. ILW treatment route includes the material storage in stainless steel drums and subsequent grout encapsulation. The solidified matrix is believed to maintain the radioactive waste fully confined and immobile. Recent inspections revealed mechanical distortion around the steel liner in a proportion of the inspected drums. The distortion has been ascribed to the corrosion of the encapsulated metallic parts. The generated corrosion products occupy greater volume than the parent metal, resulting in an internal volume expansion which imposes stress/strain on the encapsulants. This study attempts to correlate the level of internal corrosion with the magnitude of package degradation in ILW drum–simulant systems by favouring the use of powerful synchrotron X-rays.

To help understand volcanic facies in the subsurface, data sets that enable detailed comparisons between down-hole geophysical data and cored volcanic intervals are critical. However, in many cases, the collection of extended core intervals within volcanic sequences is rare and often incomplete due to challenging coring conditions. In this contribution we outline and provide initial results from borehole logging operations within two fully cored lava-dominated borehole sequences, PTA2 and KMA1, on the Big Island of Hawai`i. Data for spectral gamma, magnetic susceptibility, dipmeter resistivity, sonic, total magnetic field, temperature and televiewer wireline logs were successfully acquired for the open hole interval ca. 889 m to 1567 m within the PTA2 borehole. Spectral gamma was also collected from inside the casing of both wells, extending the coverage for PTA2 to the surface and covering the interval from ca. 300 to 1200 m for KMA1. High-quality core material was available for both boreholes with almost complete recovery which enabled high-resolution core-to-log integration. Gamma data are generally low commonly in the range ca. 7–20 gAPI but are shown to increase up to API of ca. 60 with some intrusions and with increases in hawaiite compositions in the upper part of PTA2. Velocity data are more variable due to alteration within porous volcanic facies than with burial depth, with a general degrease down-hole. The high-resolution televiewer data have been compared directly to the core, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the variations in the televiewer responses. This has enabled the identification of key features including individual vesicles, vesicle segregations, strained vesicles, chilled margins, rubble zones, intrusive contacts and pāhoehoe lobe morphologies, which can be confidently matched between the televiewer data and the full diameter core. The data set and results of this study include findings which should enable improved borehole facies analysis through volcanic sequences in the future, especially where down-borehole data and images but no core are available.

Labyrinth seal systems are used in aero-engines to seal the clearance between turbine blades and the surrounding engine casing, and an understanding of the wear mechanism by which this occurs is necessary to achieve better sealing performance. In this work a series of tests are conducted on a high-speed test rig capable of fin tip speeds of 100 m/s. The mechanism by which the fin removes material is investigated over a range of incursion rates, with force and temperature measurements along with high-speed imaging recorded in each case. Surface examination and sectioning is also performed using microscopy post-test. The wear mechanism was found to be incursion rate dependent. At low incursion rates (0.02 µm/pass), abradable material is removed via a cyclic process, where it is first compacted in the worn groove, until ductility is lost and material fractures away from the surface of the groove. At high incursion rates (2 µm/pass), material is extruded out of the sides of the groove forming lips, before fracturing off. This process is more efficient, with lower relative forces and temperatures. As the incursion rate increases from low to high, the mechanism shows a gradual transition, with compaction being replaced with extrusion.

The friction and casing wear behavior of TSP composites sliding against N80 casing steels and lubricated by drilling fluids were investigated. It was found that the water-based drilling fluid reduced friction coefficient and casing wear effectively. The surface lubricating films with iron oxide grains formed on the surface of casings are all observed for the three hardbandings, while the discontinuous lubrication film of N3 alloy might account for the higher casing wear therewith. The lowest friction coefficient and casing wear was recorded for TSP composite under load of 10–130 N. This is dependent on the adsorbed lubricating liquid on the rubbing surface and the formation of height difference between the TSP part and the WC matrix part.

Uniform direct chill (UDC) casting method was developed by combining annular electromagnetic stirring (A-EMS) with intercooling in direct chill casting. In order to investigate effect of UDC on flow patterns, temperature profiles and solidification during the casting, a numerical model of the UDC casting process was developed and used to simulate the UDC casting process for preparing 7005 aluminum alloy billets. The comparison of the calculated results of UDC casting with normal direct chill (NDC) casting indicated that flow patterns, temperature profiles and the sump depth are modified remarkably by the application of annular electromagnetic stirring and intercooling during the direct chill casting. The sump profile and the temperature history during UDC casing were studied, and the mechanism of the casting process were discussed. The comparisons between the simulations and experimental results suggested that the proposed model provides good agreement for the sump profiles and the temperature history within the billets. Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Direct chill casting, Simulation, Electromagnetic stirring, Intercooling

The thin film magneto-impedance sensor is useful for detecting a magnetic material nondestructively. The sensor made by single layer uniaxial amorphous thin film has a tolerance against surface normal magnetic field because of its demagnetizing force in the thickness direction. Our previous study proposed the sensitive driving circuit using 400 MHz high frequency current running through the sensor to detect the logarithmic amplifier. We also confirmed the sensitivity of the sensor within 0.3 T static normal magnetic field, which resulted in detection of 5 × 10−8 T of 5 Hz signal. This paper proposes a nondestructive inspection system for how detecting a contaminant of small tool steel chipping in aluminum casting specimen would be carried out. Three channel array sensors installed in the 30 mT static field detecting area were fabricated and experimentally showed a detection of low remanence magnetic contaminant in a bulk aluminum casing specimen.

For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their cross-sections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed.

The 3d printing technology and 3D designing are the important inevitable skills that are to be learnt to satisfy the industrial and household requirement. More software to create and animate designs are presently available that include CATIA, Freecad, Pro-E Solid works, etc. This chapter mainly focuses on the designing basic part design and part assembly for creating IoT prototypes and necessary casing to mount sensors and breakout boards. CATIA-based design examples are discussed along with the importance of 3D printing in this chapter.

The present research was aimed at lowering the deformation temperature by applying cover tube casing (CTC) to AZ31 magnesium alloy samples subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) without triggering surface defects and/or fracture. The Cockcroft-Latham (C & L) fracture model was incorporated into finite element simulation and the critical values for a fracture to occur were determined. The fracture was predicted for the samples deformed at 150, 175, and 200 °C without CTC and with CTC having thicknesses of 1 and 4 mm. The predictions of the model were verified with experimental data. It was found that the workability of AZ31 increased with increasing CTC thickness, as a result of a reduction in the maximum principal stress at the top surface, a uniform distribution of strains, and an increase in the critical damage. In practice, the use of CTC led to the possibility of a reduction in deformation temperature by 25 °C. A sound product with a homogeneous grain structure and a mean grain size of 11 μm was achieved at 175 °C. Thus, the ECAP working window for the alloy was enlarged with accompanying benefits in energy consumption, tooling life, and manufacturing costs.

The downhole casing and tubing in thermal recovery wells are the main channels for fluid flow. The corrosion for casing and tubing in high pressure (5 MPa) and high temperature (200 °C) (HPHT) fluid can cause string failure due to wall thinning, deformation, and fracture. In order to study the corrosion characteristics of J55 casing steel and N80 tubing steel in HPHT environment containing CO2 and NaCl, corrosion and corrosion inhibition experiments were carried out using a rotating autoclave at a pressure of 5 MPa and 50–200 °C environment. Morphologies and compositions of corrosion products were analyzed by SEM and XRD. HPHT corrosion process was discussed by Arrhenius equation and the transition state equation. Results showed that the corrosion rates of the two materials increased with CO2 partial pressure while increased initially and then decreased with increasing temperature. In CO2–NaCl solution, the saturate NaCl decreased the CO2 corrosion rates at low temperature (inhibition) and increased CO2 corrosion rates at high temperature. Meanwhile, SEM results showed that the surfaces of CO2 corrosion became more dense and uniform at high temperature. The increase of NaCl leaded to pitting and high concentration NaCl solution causes granular products to appear on the CO2 corrosion surface. The carbon steel corrosion rate is mainly controlled by kinetic parameters of activation; the activation parameters were increased by the increase in temperature and NaCl concentration. Oil-soluble imidazoline acts as a good inhibitor for corrosion of J55 and N80 in this work.

Modern engineering products have complex geometry with high quality requirements, are made from new materials that is provoked the development and use the mechanisms of parallel structure, which are distinguished by high rigidity characteristics, as well as have wide functional capabilities. The precision problems of machining of complex-profile low-rigid parts, in particular thin-walled pyroceram shell are considered in article. Scheme of machining affect the accuracy and depends on the capabilities of technological equipment. Rationale for scheme of machining a thin-walled casing is presented in article. The accuracy of machining the outer profile of the casing was simulated for last step of diamond grinding. The simulation was performed for a traditional scheme of machining, which is performed for a lathe with an aggregate grinding head and a direct copying system, and for a scheme of machining for equipment that is fitted out with a mechanism with a parallel structure. The model of formation of the machining error is based on using the equations of relative displacement of the technological bases of the workpiece and the contact point of the working surface of the diamond wheel with the workpiece. The model takes into account the static and dynamic characteristics of the technological system and force factors during grinding. The calculations have confirmed that proposed solutions are able to provide the necessary machining precision. Changing the machining scheme of the workpiece and performing such machining on equipment with mechanisms of parallel structures eliminates the basing error, increases the rigidity of the technological system, and provides the possibility of turning the axis of the diamond wheel with the required angle., У статті розглядаються проблеми точності обробки складнопрофільних маложорстких деталей. З метою підвищення точності шліфування виконується дослідження операційної схеми обробки тонкостінної оболонки. Моделювання похибки профілю на операції остаточного шліфування було виконано для традиційної схеми обробки, на токарному верстаті з агрегатною шліфувальною головкою і системою прямого копіювання, і для схеми обробки на обладнанні, яке оснащене механізмом з паралельними структурами. Використана модель базується на математичному описі процесу утворення похибки обробки за допомогою рівнянь відносного руху технологічних баз оброблюваної заготовки і точки контакту робочої поверхні круга із заготовкою. Розрахунки довели, що запропонована схема обробки та технологічне обладнання дозволять виключити похибку установлення, виконати обробку з необхідним кутом розвороту осі круга, підвищити жорсткість технологічної системи і забезпечити точність обробки зовнішнього контуру деталі.

A low cost, compact embedded design approach for actuating soft robots is presented. The complete design and mode of operation was demonstrated, and the production of the complete system was also demonstrated by building a microcontroller based hardware system which was used to actuate a soft robot for bending motion. The whole system including the electronic circuit board and actuation components was embedded in a 3D-printed casing to ensure a compact approach for actuating soft robots. Results show the viability of the system in actuating and controlling silicon-based soft robots to achieve bending motions. Qualitative measurements of the bending distance and pressure were obtained using this system. This electronic design is easy to reproduce and integrate into any specified soft robotic device requiring pneumatic actuation.

Both known and unmapped plugged and abandoned wells are potential leakage pathways for CO2 from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites. Although many abandoned wells have cement bridge plugs installed to prevent leakage, the seal between the cement and the inner casing wall is subject to failure. In this study, we carried out detailed T2Well simulations of cases of sudden non-Darcy flow of CO2 and brine leakage up the gap between a cement plug and the inner steel casing wall that becomes a fully connected flow path during the post-injection period. The goal of our study was two-fold: (1) to understand the dynamics, rates, and the characteristic temporal signals associated with the onset of leakage through various gap-aperture sizes, and (2) to suggest potential monitoring strategies based on the findings. Simulation results show that the leakage of CO2 and brine upward is transient with interesting phase interference behavior. Time-dependent oscillatory flows with varying pressure, temperature, and flow rates of CO2 and brine show strong dependence on gap aperture. Phase-change and decompression lead to very low temperatures at the top of the well for gap apertures larger than 4 mm suggesting that remote thermal monitoring at the ground surface may be an effective way of monitoring even if well locations are not known a priori. Pressure in the well is also indicative of CO2 leakage. The temporal patterns of changing temperature and pressure may be useful diagnostic signals for leakage detection. Finally, these transient leakage signals may provide information on the cause of leakage and/or characteristics of the flow path that could inform effective remediation design and execution approaches.

The performance of co-extruded alginate coatings containing no extra additives (A), polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (EA), or pea protein (PA) was assessed as an alternative to collagen casings (C) for the manufacturing of dry-fermented sausages (fuet) with no inoculation of moulds and without a fermentation step (NMNF) and fuet inoculated with Penicillium candidum and fermented (MF). Stuffing into collagen casings resulted in slower sausage drying kinetics compared with alginate coating. No significant differences in aw were observed among the studied casing types for NMNF and MF fuets and for the evolution of the technological and spoilage microorganisms. Fuets coated with A, EA, and PA showed lower pH values than fuets stuffed in collagen casings. No significant differences on sensory properties between casing types were observed. Therefore, alginate coatings would be a feasible alternative to collagen casing from a technological and safety point of view. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Wellbore integrity is one of the most critical factors for CO2 storage, subsurface resource extraction, and waste disposal. Wellbore integrity monitoring is challenging due to the general inaccessibility and high cost of well-logging operation in complex subsurface conditions. In this study, we tested a novel non-invasive approach for wellbore-integrity assessment based on time-domain reflectometry (TDR) method. With this method, a high-frequency electromagnetic pulse is sent into the borehole casing, and the reflected signals due to integrity-related impedance anomalies are recorded at the wellhead, providing rapid borehole integrity diagnosis without downhole deployment. Laboratory, numerical, and field experiments were conducted to prove the feasibility of this approach. The laboratory experiments with coaxial cable, resembling the typical wellbore, showed clear reflected signals from both of the damaged section and the end of the cable. Numerical sensitivity tests indicated that the TDR response is affected by the changes of the material in the borehole, including infilled fluids. Our field trial was conducted on an oil well (with a depth of 240 m) in the central valley region of southern California. The TDR records showed a clear reflection that matched both the calculated two-way travel time from the bottom of the borehole, as well as the numerical simulation. Our results suggested the feasibility of the TDR method for quick assessment of wellbore integrity based on wellhead only deployment.

Present study focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of surface roughness of casing and adhesive coating on the efficiency of centrifugal pump. It consists of two parts; in the first part, effect of coating centrifugal pump casing by ultra-smooth ceramic based coating on the efficiency of the centrifugal pump is investigated experimentally. In the second part, effect of change in surface roughness of casing is investigated numerically by using the CFD tool. The surface roughness of casing is modeled in terms of effective sand grain size parameters and investigated by solving Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation at volume mesh. Effects of three surface roughnesses, i.e., 100 μm, 200 μm and 300 μm, are investigated numerically. It is observed that surface roughness of casing has considerable effect on pump performance, and pump head decreases by 9.06–14.73% by change in surface roughness from 100 to 300 μm for different mass flow rates values. For same flow rate, centrifugal pump with coated casing produces more head than that of pump without coating. Coating casing with the ultra-smooth adhesive material results in maximum efficiency enhancement of 9.6%.

Background The commercial production of Agaricus bisporus is a three stage process: 1) production of compost, also called “substrate”; 2) production of casing soil; and 3) production of the mushrooms. Hygiene practices are undertaken at each stage: pasteurization of the substrate, hygiene practices applied during the production of casing soil, postharvest steam cookout, and disinfection at the mushroom production facilities. However, despite these measures, foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, are reported in the mushroom production environment. In this work, the presence of L. monocytogenes was evaluated before and after the application of hygiene practices at each stage of mushroom production with swabs, samples of substrate, casing, and spent mushroom growing substrates. Results L. monocytogenes was not detected in any casing or substrate sample by enumeration according to BS EN ISO 11290‐2:1998. Analysis of the substrate showed that L. monocytogenes was absent in 10 Phase II samples following pasteurization, but was then present in 40% of 10 Phase III samples. At the casing production facility, 31% of 59 samples were positive. Hygiene improvements were applied, and after four sampling occasions, 22% of 37 samples were positive, but no statistically significant difference was observed (p > .05). At mushroom production facilities, the steam cookout process inactivated L. monocytogenes in the spent growth substrate, but 13% of 15 floor swabs at Company 1 and 19% of 16 floor swabs at Company 2, taken after disinfection, were positive. Conclusion These results showed the possibility of L. monocytogenes recontamination of Phase III substrate, cross‐contamination at the casing production stage and possible survival after postharvest hygiene practices at the mushroom growing facilities. This information will support the development of targeted measures to minimize L. monocytogenes in the mushroom industry.

In permanent P&A, establishment of a rock-to-rock barrier is a requirement. There are situations where the annular barrier behind casing is not qualified or there is no annular barrier. Therefore, full access to the formation shall be obtained. Different techniques have been utilized by the petroleum industry such as cut-and-pull, casing milling, and section milling. Some new techniques have been suggested some of which are in use and others are in development. Such techniques include perforate-wash-cement, upward section milling, melting downhole completion, and plasma-based milling. This chapter will present these techniques, briefly.

The formation of the dead metal zone (DMZ) in equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process significantly affects the deformation uniformity and mechanical properties of work material. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of the dead metal zone on structural homogeneity and hardness of Al 5083 alloy processed by ECAE and suggest the way to minimize that adverse effect. In this work, the rectangular billets with 1-mm-thick copper casing on two longitudinal faces and square billets with no casing are processed by ECAE up to four passes in route A. It was observed that the soft and ductile nature of the copper casing allows smooth flow of the work material at low pressing loads as compared to the alloy ECAE’d without a casing. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the processed material with casing show the noteworthy improvement in structural homogeneity and grain refinement than another set of billets. The obtained structural homogeneity indicates the uniform strain distribution in the processed material is achieved by minimizing the formation of the dead metal zone at the intersection of ECAE die channels. The higher hardness and tensile strength measurements of the processed materials indicate the significance of grain refinement and uniform strain distribution. The variations in the test results confirm the non-homogeneous strain distribution caused by the dead metal zone is high for the billets processed with no copper casing.

In the framework of the Broader Approach program, ENEA is in charge of supplying the Toroidal Field (TF) coil casings for JT-60SA tokamak. ENEA commissioned the manufacture of the full set of eighteen casings for the integration of the TF coils plus two additional spare casings to the company Walter Tosto (WT, Chieti, Italy). The main casing components are one outboard straight leg, an outboard curved leg and three inboard covers. The preliminary design of the casing components has been coordinated by Fusion for Energy (F4E) and the following detail design has been finalized involving the industrial companies in charge of the subsequent integration of the coils. The principal milestones of the five year contract are here summarized. The contract started in 2012 with the realization of two sets of mock-ups representative of the principal casings cross sections of the two legs. In 2013 detail design of the casing components was completed; qualifications of special manufacturing processes were performed and manufacturing procedures were defined. Casing manufacturing activities started in 2014. Seven casings were manufactured during 2015, other seven casings in 2016 and the last four casings were delivered in the first quarter of 2017. The full procurement was then completed with the fabrication of two additional casings in July 2017. This paper provides an overview of the casing procurement describing the production process and manufacturing improvements, reporting the satisfactory acceptance results confirmed by the subsequent proper integration of the superconducting TF coils.

R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources developes an underground coal gasification (UCG) technology including its UCG test in a coal mine at Musi Banyuasin regency, South Sumatra. The UCG is safer than the underground mine since there is no worker underground however there is a concern in risk of ground water pollution. One of the mthods to reduce the risk is a proper instalation of well casing and cementing that seal aquifer from contact with UCG product gas. Development of special cement for cementing UCG well is needed due to its high process temperature (up to 1300°C). The objective of this research is to develop a cement material that can withstand high temperatures environtment. Domestically available an oil well cement (OWC) and a castables (CT) were used for the experiments. Single material of OWC is not suitable for cementing UCG well since the OWC compressive strength reduced drastically at heat treatment above 300°C due to decomposistion of portlandite and calcium silicate hydrate. On the other hand, there was a synergistic effect that resulted of higher compressive strength sample if 60% weight of OWC and 40% weight of CT was blended. The absence of portlandite and the presence of inert filler materials in the blend is believed to improve thermal and mechanical properties of the blend.

This work aimed to investigate the effect of the rotational speed of drilling pipe on casing wear using a laboratory-scale, pin-on-disc machine. The material used for the cylindrical pin specimens was type G105 steel, and the disc was made from type N80 carbon steel. Tests were conducted under simulated drilling fluid conditions. The wear rate, surface features, surface profile of the wear product films, composition of the wear product, and variations in drilling fluid temperature under different rotational speeds of drilling pipe were analyzed. Wear rate varied with increasing rotational speed of drilling pipe, but not in a linear manner. The reasons for the wear behaviour were explained in terms of a combination of abrasive wear, erosive wear, and corrosive wear. The activity of the Cl- in the drilling fluid could influence the formation and properties of the protective film on the casing surface. The results of this study could serve as a reference for drilling engineers, product suppliers, and manufacturers in related industries in reducing casing wear.

The detailed design procedure for a hammermill machine is presented. The system designed is a modification to the conventional hammer mill with a circular bottom casing and a semi-circular screen. ...

The general and detailed design of the JT-60SA toroidal field (TF) coil system was done by all the Voluntary Contributors in the project, CEA, ENEA, and F4E. The French part including the supply of 9 + 1 spare of the 18 TF winding packs and their integration in casings was entrusted mid-2011 to Alstom (Belfort, France), now General Electric. Manufacturing flow definition, drawings, and quality assurance documentation were achieved prior qualification of the critical processes. The procurement and commissioning of the needed tooling was led in parallel and the production was started in January 2014. The first winding pack was ready in the end of 2014. The integration inside the casing started in March 2015 for coil completion end 2015. Then, the coil was delivered to the coil test facility for testing at nominal operation condition ( T = 4.5 K, I = 25, 7 kA) and for qualifying the coil resilience to quench events. In parallel, the successive coils were engaged in the manufacture process. The paper reports the status of the manufacture and gives a feedback on the main issues and on the technical solutions implemented. A focus is made on the mastering of the manufacturing processes, which is highlighted by the learning curve of the TF coils manufacturing.

In the framework of the Broader Approach program for the early realization of fusion with the construction of JT-60SA tokamak, ENEA has to provide nine of the 18 TF coils of the JT-60SA magnet system. The scope of the supply foresees both the manufacturing of the winding packs (WP) and their integration into the casing structure. At the end of 2015, all nine WP were completed and tested. Integration activity started in mid-2015 and it is now almost finished. At present, all nine WP have been inserted in their respective casing structure, while embedding impregnation and final machining have also been concluded. Eight coils have been already tested in cryogenic conditions, and five coils have been assembled in the tokamak. This paper provides an overview of the contract that ENEA signed with ASG Superconductors for this supply. Specifically after an introduction of the contract activity, production performances are reviewed with respect to each manufacturing step. The role of welding activity is particularly emphasized. Also, the results of some electrical, geometrical, and hydraulic tests of the TFC completed so far are reported in order to give a general assessment of the homogeneity of the coils' production and of their performances.