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The southern Myanmar tin ore district is an important part of the well-known Southeast Asia tin belt (SATB), and hosts numerous economically important primary tin-tungsten ore deposits. However, the timing of formation of these deposits is unclear due to the scarcity of robust age data. The tectonic setting of tin mineralization in this area also needs to be further constrained. Most of the primary tin-tungsten ore deposits in southern Myanmar are typical hydrothermal quartz vein–type, with cassiterite and wolframite as the main ore minerals. Here, we present in situ U–Pb ages of cassiterite and wolframite from nine granite-related hydrothermal Sn–W deposits in southern Myanmar. Cassiterite samples from the Hermyingyi, Thitkhatoe, Thaling Taung, Kalonta, Taungphila, Pagaye, Bawapin, Kanbauk, and Letha Taung deposits yield common lead-corrected weighted mean 206Pb/ 238U ages of 61.6 ± 0.8 Ma, 61.9 ± 0.6 Ma, 60.4 ± 0.9 Ma, 63.0 ± 0.6 Ma, 62.9 ± 0.6 Ma, 69.5 ± 0.5 Ma, 63.6 ± 0.6 Ma, 61.3 ± 0.6 Ma, and 84.9 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively. Wolframite samples collected from these deposits also yield consistent ages with the cassiterite samples. These ages, combined with available tin mineralization ages from other deposits in the western part of the SATB, define three epochs of Sn metallogeny related to three contrasting geodynamic settings: (1) Early Cretaceous (~ 125–110 Ma) mineralization is related to post-collision slab break-off after collision between the West Burma terrane and the Sibumasu-Tengchong terrane; (2) Late Cretaceous to Paleocene (~ 90–60 Ma) mineralization developed in an Andean-type accretionary setting during subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere; (3) Early Eocene (~ 50–40 Ma) mineralization may have formed in a post-collision setting after the India-Asia collision.

The Shirenzhang tungsten deposit is a classic wolframite-quartz vein-type deposit located in northern Guangdong Province, eastern segment of the Nanling W-Sn polymetallic belt. The ore veins, controlled by the NW-striking fault system, are mainly hosted in the Ordovician metasedimentary rocks and can also be found with less amount in the cupola of the concealed granitic stock, displaying a typical five-floor vertical zonation proposed by the Chinese geologists. The concealed granitic stock mainly comprises two intrusive facies, the porphyritic biotite granite (G1) in the outer zone and the medium- to fine-grained monzogranite (G2) in the inner zone. In this paper, we report new cassiterite U-Pb ages and Pb isotopes of sulfides for the Shirenzhang tungsten deposit, combined with new zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes, elemental geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of the concealed granitic rocks, with aims to elucidate the origin of the ore-related granites and the link between the tungsten mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating gives the weighted mean ages of 164 ± 2 Ma for G1 and 162 ± 4 Ma for G2, respectively. Cassiterite from the wolframite-bearing quartz vein and the drusy quartz vein yield the weighted mean ages of 164 ± 2 Ma and 160 ± 2 Ma, respectively. These ages suggest that both the granitic intrusion and related W-(Sn) mineralization in the Shirenzhang deposit were initiated during the late Jurassic (ca. 160 Ma). The Shirenzhang granitic rocks are weakly peraluminous highly fractionated I-type granites. Detailed elemental and isotopic data demonstrate that the granitic rocks were derived from partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic basement rocks at a relatively shallow depth of ~30 km triggered by underplating of basaltic magma, and underwent extensive fractional crystallization of hornblende, biotite, feldspar, and monazite and/or allanite. A continental arc setting induced by northwesterly subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate is suggested for the genesis of the Shirenzhang I-type granites. The comparable Pb isotopic compositions of feldspar and sulfides imply that the lead in the ore veins was of magmatic origin. Integrating the spatial-temporal relationship between the ore veins and the concealed granitic rocks with the Pb isotopes from the sulfides and granites, we suggest that the tungsten mineralization is genetically linked with the concealed granitic rocks in the Shirenzhang deposit. Fractional crystallization and melt-fluid interaction may play an important role on the formation of the granite-related tungsten mineralization.

Triassic magmatism in Thailand provides the critical geological record for understanding the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This paper presents zircon U-Pb dating, zircon trace element compositions, elemental geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes for the newly identified Late Triassic granite intrusions in the Upper Peninsula of Thailand where voluminous Late Cretaceous-Paleogene granite intrusions occur. Zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that the two-mica granites were emplaced at ca. 217–216 Ma. The unaltered two-mica granite samples are high silicic (SiO2 = 74.03–75.06 wt%) and display strongly peraluminous characteristics, with A/CNK ratios of 1.21–1.33 and CIPW normative corundum contents of 2.86–3.88 wt%. They have fractionated REE patterns ((La/Yb)N = 5.64–7.34) and notable negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.35–0.49), with enrichment of Rb, Th, U, Ta and Pb and depletion of Ba, Nb, Sr and Ti. The two-mica granites can be assigned as the highly fractionated S-type granites. They have negative whole-rock eNd(t) (−13.2 to −12.3) and zircon eHf(t) (−11.5 to −7.4) values with corresponding two-stage Nd and Hf model ages ranging from 1.99 to 2.06 Ga and from 1.72 to 1.98 Ga, respectively, indicating a Paleoproterozoic crustal source. The combined geochemical and isotopic data reveal that these rocks were derived by fluid-absent muscovite melting of metapelite at the middle-upper crustal depths and modified by fractional crystallization. In combination of the results in this study with regional geological data, it can be concluded that the two-mica granites were more likely formed during the post-collisional stage of the Sibumasu-Indochina collision, induced by slab break-off of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Based on the integrated consideration of a set of factors, including temporal and spatial proximity, source lithology and source enrichment, redox state, and fractional crystallization coupled with melt-fluid interaction, it is suggested that the ca. 216 Ma two-mica granites exhibit high Sn mineralization potential and could be helpful for exploring the primary Sn deposit of Late Triassic age nearby.

Northern Guangdong of South China occurs many large tungsten deposits, including Shirenzhang, Meiziwo and Yaoling quartz-vein type wolframite deposits. In this study, we carried out a detailed study on fluid inclusions and C-H-O-S-Pb isotopic analyses of mineral separates for these three deposits, in order to resolve the origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids and the ore deposition mechanism. The ore veins in these deposits present a similar mineral paragenesis that could be divided into three stages: (I) pre-ore stage, (II) syn-ore stage, and (III) post-ore stage. The pre-ore stage is the magmatic-hydrothermal transition stage, which is marked by fluid exsolution from the highly fractionated granites, accompanied with potassic alteration and greisenization. The syn-ore stage can be further divided into two stages: silicate-oxide stage (stage II-1) that is characterized by significant tin-tungsten mineral deposition, and sulfide stage (stage II-2) that is characterized by abundant sulfide minerals deposition. The post-ore stage is dominated by quartz and fluorite. The three deposits show similar temperature and salinity variations for syn-ore and post-ore stages. In the Shirenzhang deposit, the fluid temperature and salinity range from 239 to 301 °C and 1.4 to 8.7 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-1, from 206 to 256 °C and 1.4 to 7.0 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-2, and from 186 to 236 °C and 1.4 to 8.6 wt% NaCl equiv in stage III. In the Meiziwo deposit, the fluid temperature and salinity range from 242 to 310 °C and 1.1 to 8.6 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-1, from 196 to 252 °C and 1.4 to 8.1 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-2, and from 188 to 234 °C and 1.2 to 7.3 wt% NaCl equiv in stage III. In the Yaoling deposit, the fluid temperature and salinity range from 230 to 304 °C and 1.2 to 9.0 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-1, from 203 to 258 °C and 1.4 to 6.5 wt% NaCl equiv in stage II-2, and from 184 to 231 °C and 1.6 to 8.3 wt% NaCl equiv in stage III. The ore-forming fluids in the three deposits belong to a medium temperature, low-salinity H2O-NaCl system, with trace amounts of volatile components including CO2, CH4 and N2. The C-H-O isotope data (δ13CCO2 = −18.9 to −6.7‰; δ18Owater = +1.1 to +6.3‰; δDH2O = −78 to −55‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly magmatic water, which might be modified by fluid-rock interaction and mixing with meteoric water. Sulfur (δ34S = −7.0 to +0.3‰) and Pb isotope data (206Pb/204Pb = 18.531–18.693, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.728–15.753, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.902–39.081) suggest that the ore metal and sulfur are of magmatic origin. The involvement of both organic matter in metasedimentary rocks during fluid-rock interaction and oxidized meteoric water may have been responsible for the negative δ34S and δ13C values. Fluid boiling, fluid-rock interaction and minor input of meteoric water might have been effective factors for the precipitation of wolframite, cassiterite and scheelite. The sulfide precipitation may have resulted from cooling and dilution of magmatic fluids by mixing with meteoric water.

Nowadays, a large quantity of cemented carbide is being consumed, and the amount of scrap cemented carbide is increasing year by year. In this paper, crystal morphology, element content and phase structure of the recycled cobalt powder as well as recycled tungsten carbide powder were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. Hardness of the prepared W-Co alloy using recycled cobalt powder and recycled tungsten carbide powder as the raw materials was tested by Rockwell apparatus. Through analysis of these results, the existing problems in recycling of scrap cemented carbide emerged. As for recycling of scrap cemented carbide, the research results can provide theoretical basis for improvement of recycling technology and process control technology.

EGSB anaerobic reactor is used to treat the papermaking wastewater, and this paper explore the law of its quick start, HRT and operation cost. Results showed that, during the 47 days, at the condition of inlet COD concentration 2000mg/l, HRT 8h, ascending velocity 0.8m/h, gas output 3600L/d, the COD removal rate can reach up to 65%, and the operation cost is 0.75Yuan/t.

In order to guarantee the security of flood discharge and energy dissipation of reservoir spillway, in this paper, visual simulation of flood discharge is studied combining closely with a reservoir extension project. Based on the data sources collected by traditional data acquisition methods and modern information capture means, key techniques such as modeling of spillway, dynamic simulation of the flow and texture mapping and other corresponding methods are put forward. Then visual simulation of flood discharge for reservoir spillway is realized. This study provides an analysis platform, which is safe, economic, intuitive, easy to operate and repeatable, for simulation of spillway flood discharge in reservoir projects. It also provides a scientific and effective theoretical foundation and technical support for the engineering design, management and decision-making.

In this paper an old mining goaf in Henan province is studied with the application of 3D nonlinear finite element method. The excavation and backfilling construction and water conveyance operation of the canal upper the old mining goaf is analyzed. Simulation results show that after the grouting strengthening, no layers exceed corresponding strength limit under both canal construction and operation conditions, meanwhile the surface movement and the size of the deformation are within the scope of the standard and won’t affect the construction and safety operation of the canal.

This study evaluated the feasibility of the mixed material as matrix of eco-toilet and the temporal change of pH value, T-N, T-P, T-K, organic matter and total reduction rate of dry weight in the compost. The mixed material of beanstalk and sawdust with a volume ratio of 1:1 can be used as reaction matrix of on-site composting-type eco-toilet to improve the microbial treatment of human feces. The human feces and urine could be composted to organic fertilizer rich in elements N, P and K. Change of pH in the toilet was divided two phases: changing phase (7.1-8.8) and stable phase (8.4-8.5). T-N, T-P and T-K contents increased with gradual input of feces and urine. Organic matter content decreased from 82.8% to 71.7% and the total reduction rate of dry weight increased gradually from 62.9% to 92.2%. Compost produced in the toilet could be used as organic fertilizer with the optimal concentration ratios for different plants.

This article took Industrial Park of Recycle Economy in Tongling as the subject, and assessed its current recycle economy development. In the same time, the symbiotic web among ‘Water-Steam-Energy’ in the park was established in this article, and the redesigned industrial park was reassessed according to its consumptions of material and energy. The result shows that the ‘Water-Steam-Energy’ symbiotic web can remarkably promote the recycle economy development, with the reduction of direct input, the accretion of resource productivity and the promotion of resource recycle utilization.