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Ferro-geopolymer is an upcoming building material that replaces the need for cement in construction practices and thereby reducing its carbon footprint. It is a composite consisting of geopolymer mortar matrix and wire meshes as reinforcement. The present study pioneers in the research of a prototype trapezoidal ferro-geopolymer roofing element under flexure. A total of nine specimens were cast, steam cured and subjected to third point loading. Three different spans of 2.5 m, 3.0 m and 3.4 m, and three different mesh types, (i) square welded mesh, (ii) square woven wire mesh, and (iii) hexagonal wire mesh, were the parameters considered for the study. Specimens reinforced with square welded wire mesh exhibited higher flexural strength compared with others, consequent to the additional strength imparted through the rigidity of welded connections. Maximum reduction in flexural strength of 20% and 32%, for specimens reinforced with square woven wire mesh and combination of hexagonal and square welded mesh, with respect to square welded wire mesh was observed for 3.0 m span beam elements. In addition, two analytical methods have been proposed to determine the ultimate flexural strength of ferro-geopolymer specimen and both methods were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The coefficient of variation of the predicted value of ultimate strength from the experimental value was obtained to be 9% for Method-I and 6% for Method-II.

The Lushanmao site, which was excavated from 2016 to 2018, is located in Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province, China. The core area of the ruins is about 2 million square meters, and its total area is more than 2,100 m2s. Its walls and grounds are all covered with a 3-mm thick, white lime coating. We used XRD, IR, and organic additive detection methods (chemical methods and ELISA) to detect white lime samples from the Lushanmao site. Experimental results show that as early as 4300 years ago (about 2300 BCE), local residents had already started adding protein substances to make white lime coatings. This is the earliest organic-inorganic composite building mortar discovered in China so far.

Affordable roofing is a word, which refers to residence units or habitation units whose prices are assumed/expected to be affordable or economical to a category of community with an identified remuneration limit or scale. Structural roofs are taken in to computation for considerable or valuable price of building in ordinary condition. Thus some savings accomplished in roofing operation or roofing system, significantly decreases the price of the structural units or building unit. In India, BMTPC (Building material and technology promotion council) and HUDCO ( Housing and urban development corporation limited) are the main tow organization or council who have been advertising or promoting appropriate building material and construction technologies in different territory or division of the country. In this roofing, systemized, standardized, advanced roofing units or parts have been used to avoid the temporary structures like shuttering. Hence, the roofing will be economical and progress of work is fast which ensures better in quality. Even though the studies, experiments or researching on this affordable roofing system as not been completely utilized as in other sector or region, a concentrated examination or exploration is to be done to verify the prefabricated roofing which would change the common roofing procedure. The major requisite of choosing affordable roofing system is to develop or advance the rapidity in construction and to decrease the price. In the current work, staadpro software is used for designing the precast RCC roofs and analysis of joist by analytical study using the finite element method. The outcomes which manifest the satisfactory volume of price or cost depletion for various set of panels. In this design, we have considered two least dimensions of 0.5m and 0.75m panels. The aspect ratios which is varying from 1 to 2 and the price depletion is of 0.4% to 9.4% for the least dimension of 0.5m panels. Likewise aspect ratio varying from 1 to 2 with a price depletion from 19.7% to 34.7% for a least dimensions of 0.75m panel size. As the size of the panels increases it becomes cost effective. The preferred roofing system was found to be more cost beneficial as compared with regular RCC roofing system with the increase in dimension of the slab. The roofing system is designed considering M20 concrete and fe415 steel. The beam system panels are precasted and can be easily placed in the position. 3 to 5 masons are enough to easily handle the loads of panels and primary, secondary beam because of weights of panels are less as compare to Conventional slabs. The affordable roofing systems requires lesser time for construction when compare to conventional RCC slab. The major advantage of this roofing is that false roofing works is not required for the dome shaped portion. This dome shaped portion sealing gives good attractive or decorative appearance. The cost analysis made between conventional roofing system and proposed roofing system indicates a cost reduction or depletion of 40% when compare to RCC slab of same size.

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology is increasingly used in surveying, construction and architecture. The potential of the data obtained by this method creates the possibility of its versatile application also in conservation and revitalization of monuments, archaeology or history. The use of this technology during the creation of architectural documentation of a historic building greatly facilitates the acquisition of comprehensive information about its actual condition in a fast, non-invasive and very precise manner. Thanks to digital technology, it also creates the possibility to accurately interpret the condition of an object and present its model in a virtual space. This technology provides the ability to transfer acquired image elements with high accuracy of their mapping to plans and designs prepared by architects and contractors. It is also possible to maintain high technical standards in the processes aimed at the preparation of the required graphical studies, thanks to the use of the point cloud obtained in TLS. One of the most important advantages of using this measurement method is the possibility of combining it with data from e. g. from photogrammetric tools, which gives the possibility to fill in the missing elements creating a more complete picture of the needed data. This paper presents the implementation of terrestrial laser scanning technology as a non-invasive method for the modelling of walls and buildings of the so-called “greenfield”. Revers BIM on the example of the measurement of the facades of the buildings of the old market in Jarosław. This technology allows for preparation of precise architectural documentation including: projections, sections, elevation views, 3D models or multimedia visualizations. The use of TLS for cultural heritage research also enables the preparation of fully complete documentation for conservation and restoration works aimed at maintaining the current state of monuments or even at reconstructing their damaged architectural elements.

Laboratory model is used in this study to investigate the behavior of centrally loaded square footing resting on gypseous soil, and surrounded by a sheet pile wall at a distance of 2B from the footing edge and extend in depth to 2B as well. During this study the soil were subjected to ten cycles of saturation and drainage at one-week interval to simulate heavy rainfalls or floods. It should be noted that the soaking water were added only outside the area surrounded by the sheet pile. Four points were chosen to detect gypsum solubility, three of them below the footing edge at different depths and one outside the sheet pile wall for comparison. It has been found that the dissolved gypsum below the footing is significantly less than the one outside the sheet pile wall. For each cycle of saturation-drainage the gypsum content is found to be reduced by 3 % and 0.8 % for the outsider point and for average of the three points respectively. Settlement during first cycle of saturation – drainage was twice as the second cycle and about four times of the third cycle. However, this first cycle settlement is about 25 % of the settlement of footing where no sheet pile wall is used. To sum up, the sheet pile wall found to be an effective protection to reduce the collapsibility of gypsum soil and to reduce footing settlement.

This research is motivated by the importance that students have the ability to anticipate. The anticipation skill is needed by students to complete fractal batik designs (Sierpinsky) by using maple so that the resulting ideas matches the original expected ideas. The purpose of this research is to enable students to use maple to design Sierpinsky square batik. Data in this research were collected by tests, interviews and observations. The results showed that students frequently used analytical and exponential anticipation skills. Keywords: Analytic Anticipation, Exploratory Anticipation, Sierpinsky, Sierpinsky Batik.

Plastic is utilized in day today life at present almost 56 lakhs ton of plastic waste delivered in India every year. Plastic are all things considered non-degradable in this manner, they may be take several years to decay. This is a result of the intermolecular bonds that set up plastic, whose structure protect that the plastic neither expend nor separate. As home grown blend assets have gotten exhausted in light of unnecessary call for underway industry & the measure of arranged waste fabric continues developing, analysts are investigating the utilization of elective materials which exact save natural sources & store the environmental factors. In this examine, utilization of molten plastic waste as complete substitution of cement & broken glasses as partial substitution of mixture with nice river s& for the manufacturing of building production enter inclusive of roof tile, ground tile & hollow plastic block is a partial way to environmental & ecological troubles. Quality manipulate check of samples of prepared fabric are carried out &as compared with the standard material specification. This investigation took a gander at the possibility of waste glass consideration as fractional FA substitution frameworks. Properties of cement fusing waste glass as halfway replacement for FA measures of 15% were researched. Here the excellent residences of asphalt squares concerning squander plastics & the arrangement considerations for black-top square joining waste plastic sacks is included. It could be a shelter to current society & situation. The essential point is to use the plastic nature being developed fields with limited additions. It will be obviously a cost reasonable & can be applied in different structures.

Urfa ilinden 67 km. Harran ilçesinden ise 23 km. uzaklıkta bulunan Ba‛rûr Hanı, Harran ilçesinin Tek Tek Dağları bölgesindedir. H. 619 M.1219-1220 yılında inşa ettirilmiş olan ve günümüzde Anadolu sınırları içerisinde kalmış, bilinen tek Eyyubî hanıdır. Ba‛rûr Hanı, mimari olarak ortadaki kareye yakın büyük dikdörtgen bir avlu ile bu avlunun etrafındaki mekânlardan ve kuzey tarafındaki giriş kısmından oluşmaktadır. Avlunun kuzey tarafında giriş eyvanı, güney tarafında ise yapının ana eyvanı yer almaktadır. Giriş eyvanının doğu tarafında mescid, batı tarafında han görevlilerine ait olduğu düşünülen bir oda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca hanın giriş kapısının tam karşısında, bir kuyu ile kuyunun doğu tarafında küçük bir yapı kalıntısı ve hanın kuzeybatı tarafındaki büyükçe bir yapı kalıntısı bulunmaktadır. Ba‛rûr Hanı, 2018 yılında Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından onarım programına alındığından yapıda onarıma başlanmadan önce, 2018 yılının ekim ayında başlanmış olan, arkeolojik kazı ve temizlik çalışmaları 2019 yılının şubat ayında tamamlanmıştır. Günümüzde metruk durumda bulunan Ba‛rûr Hanı’nda, avluda, avlunun her iki tarafında bulunan ve yapının tamamına yakınını dolaşan genişçe bir koridor şeklindeki mekânlarda, bu mekânlara açılan nişlerde, yapının köşe mekânlarında, güney ve doğu cephelerinde olmak üzere, yapının yaklaşık olarak tamamında arkeolojik kazı ve temizlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ba‛rûr Han’da, yapılan arkeolojik kazı ve temizlik çalışmaları sonucunda, moloz ve toprak altında kalan kısımları açığa çıkarılarak, yapının bilinmeyen ve eksik kısımları ile malzeme özellikleri kesinleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmayla Ba‛rûr Han’ın tarihçesi, mimari özellikleri ve mimarlık tarihi açısından değerlendirmesi ve tanıtılması amaçlanmamış, Ba‛rûr Han’ında yapılan arkeolojik kazı ve temizlik çalışmalarının sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

This paper presents an experimental investigation to clarify the behaviour of reinforced concrete square columns strengthened using ferrocement jacket. Strengthening using ferrocement jacket is relatively a new technique, which has a high strength/weight ratio, good resistance to cracking and impact loading, acceptable resistance to fire, and more resistance to corrosion than traditional materials. Ten reinforced concrete short columns with nominal cross-sectional dimensions of 200 × 200 mm with a total length of 1200 mm were cast and tested under axial loading until failure. The main parameters in this study were the number of layers of wire mesh, type of wire mesh, and the cement mortar strength. The results showed the effectiveness of the ferrocement jacket in improving the column capacity and reducing the vertical and lateral deformation. The results from the experiment were compared with the theoretical results obtained from the modified ECP 203 and modified ACI 318 equation codes.

This study deals with cavities under square footing which resulted from gypsum dissolving due to water flow in gypseous soil. This process leads to collapse of soil structure and progressive compression. A model was developed for governing the mass-transport to assess the variation of gypsum content of the soil during dissolution by ground water flow then cavity formation was adopted. A general three-dimensional finite element program (PLAXIS 3D) was selected for numerical analysis method to generate the solution. The study included a number of variables and their effect on bearing capacity of gypseous soil such as (gypsum content, cavity volume and location). The cavity was represented as axis and plane cavity which has square section. The results show that the most dangerous case is found when the cavity locates at the center of footing base (Z/B = 0), where the bearing capacity decreased by (14, 37, and 69%) for (20, 30, and 40%) gypsum dissolving ratio respectively. Also, the bearing capacity decreased when the cavity volume increases due to increasing dissolution ratio. The effect of cavity became disappear after (Z/B = 4). While, when using plane cavity, there was no cavity at center of footing base (Z/B = 0) because it considered as a hole not cavity. When using plane cavity, the bearing capacity decreased by (28, 43, and 53%) for (20, 30, and 40%) dissolving ratio respectively when (Z/B=1). The effect of cavity on the bearing capacity would be disappear as the distance from footing center increase until it became disappear at (Z/B = 6 m). The plane cavity is more dangerous than axis cavity.

To promote and criterionize the application of ultra-thin the fireproof coating s to building structures, four concrete-filled square steel tubular (CFSST) pillars as well as two square steel tubes, each protected along with ultra-thin the fireproof coating , were subjected to full-scale fire tests to investigate their fireproof level on the basis of the ISO 834 criterion time�degrees curve. Test results revealed not only the temperature variation characteristics of specimens suffered from inconsistent fire exposure, but also effects of the steel ratio of the test specimen and the number of fire-exposed sides on the fire-refractory level of the test specimen. Test results demonstrated that when protected with an ultra-thin the fireproof coating , the heating rate of the specimens was considerably lower than that of the test furnace, suggesting that the ultra-thin the fireproof coating exhibits good thermal insulation performance. The test results were compared with China�s current criterions for the fire-refractory level of square steel tubes and CFSST pillars, indicating that the criterions would lead to a relatively conservative fire-safe design for four-side fire exposure.

In this study, 47 taxa are given as new records from Tosya district in Kastamonu province. The research area is situated in A4 and A5 squares according to the Davis' grid system. 23 angiospermae taxa for A4 square and 24 angiospermae taxa for A5 square, totally 47 taxa belonging to 23 families have been determined as new records. One of them is rare and 9 taxa are endemic.

Street furniture is an independent discipline. It addresses detailed solutions of products designed for human use in an exterior environment. Based on present-day studies, senior citizens constitute the fastest growing segment of the population. The sample element with defined ergonomic parameters has been defined by analyzing the standard and most used component of street furniture - bench, by the comparison of used materials and chosen construction. During the comparison and the subsequent conclusions, a great emphasis was placed on the functionality and durability of the individual components. The categories of street furniture have been based on the study of production programs of mainstream furniture manufacturers in Europe, and on the research of factors influencing street furniture. With the basic material of the supporting structure, the sitting and leaning sections and based on the measurements and defining of materials, a sample construction design has been proposed, and supporting element of concrete, steel and wooden constructions including their surface treatment has been described. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Thisstudy was carried out to contribute to the floristic structure of BozburunPeninsula (Marmaris-Muğla). The research area is located in C1 and C2 squareaccording to the grid system used by Davis. In this study, between April2013-June 2015, by evaluating the collected plant specimens, 470 plant taxawere identified. 27 of these taxa have been identified in addition to theexisting flora. Of these additional plant taxa are 7 (% 26) Mediterraneanelements, 3 (% 11) are European-Siberian elements and 5 (%19) are EastMediterranean elements. Moreover, 12 (% 44) of the taxa is either widespread orthe phytogeographical region is not known. The endemic plants are 4., Buçalışma, Bozburun Yarımadası’nın (Marmaris-Muğla) floristik yapısına katkısağlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma alanı Davis’in kullandığıkareleme sistemine göre C1 ve C2 karesinde bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, Nisan2013 - Haziran 2015 tarih aralığında çalışma alanından toplanan bitki örneklerideğerlendirilmiş olup 470 bitki taksonu tayin edilmiştir. Bu taksonlardan 27tanesi mevcut floraya ilave olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu ilave bitkitaksonlarından, 7 (% 26) adeti Akdeniz elementi, 5 (%19) adeti Doğu Akdenizelementi, 3 (% 11) adeti Avrupa-Sibirya elementidir. Ayrıca, taksonların 12 (%44) tanesi ya geniş yayılışlı ya da fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmemektedir.Endemik bitki taksonları 4 adettir.

Natural convection characteristics in a 2D square enclosure (10 mm x 10 mm) have been investigated detailly under natural convection conditions (103≤Gr≤105). A model has been developed to analyze the dispersed nanoparticle effect on natural convection performance in an enclosure. The left vertical wall is maintained at a high temperature, while the right vertical wall is kept at a low temperature, whereas horizontal walls are assumed to be insulated. Fe3O4/water (0≤φ≤1.0) nanofluid has been utilized to analyze the convection enhancement in the enclosure. To elucidate flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of Fe3O4/water nanofluid, temperature, velocity streamline, and vorticity contours have been taken place. It is concluded that nanoparticle dispersion in base fluid enhances the natural convection heat transfer. Also, Grashof number has an important role in heat transfer mechanism, Doğal konveksiyon altında (103≤Gr≤105) 2D kutu içindeki (10 mm x 10 mm) Fe3O4/water karakteristiği detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Modelimiz bir kutu içinde doğal konveksiyonun nano akışkanın varlığı durumunda analiz etmek için geliştirilmiştir. Sol duvar sıcak duvar, sağ duvar soğuk sıcaklıkta sabit tutulurken, yatay duvarlar yalıtımlı olarak tutulmuştur. Fe3O4/water (0≤φ≤1.0) nanoakışkanı kutu içindeki konvektif iyileştirmeyi analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır. Fe3O4/water nanoakışkanının akış karakteristiğimi ve ısı transferi performansı analiz etmek için sıcaklık eş eğrisi, hız akış çizgisi ve girdap akış çizgisi oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, baz akışkan içine nanoakışkan karıştırılması doğal konveksiyonu iyileştirmektedir. Ayrıca Grashof sayısı ısı transferi mekanizmasında önemli bir role sahiptir.

We recorded forty-five-minute dialogues for thirty straight days around New York City. Half these talks took place at a Union Square health-food store that we call “W.F.” Other locations included MoMA, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera House, Central Park, Prospect Park, and a Tribeca parking garage. What follows is our twentieth conversation. Here sickness, emptiness, a train delay, and an argument seem to prefigure disaster and the project’s sudden end. But this disaster—much like the two-character Japanese word for “crisis”: the first one meaning “danger,” the second, “opportunity”—offers clarities perhaps best expressed by a Japanese proverb:Luck turns Wait

Tahir and Zühre Masjid, which is one of the works of Konya and Anatolian Seljuk Period, serve daily from the 13th century and draw attention with its interior architecture. The Masjid is seated on a square plan and covered with a dome using triangular transitional elements. These artifacts are the most important proofs of the architectural perspectives and orientations of the past period. Demonstrating and documenting past architectural and engineering skills has become much easier with modern measurement and evaluation techniques at the present time. In this study, interior 3D modeling study of Tahir and Zühre Masjid was made by using close range photogrammetry. Also the triangular transitional elements between the square plan and the dome of the structure were picked out. As a result, it has b een observed that the method of close range photogrammetry for documentation and restoration works is not only successful in outdoor facade but also indoor modelling.

In this paper, a method using electrical contact resistance to monitor in-process tool wear is proposed. The high-speed tool wear detection system uses the contact resistance between the tool and workpiece as an indicator to monitor the progression of tool wear during cutting operations. The electrical resistance decreases with an increase in contact area on the tool flank. In our previous study, the objective was an end milling process using uncoated square end mills. In this experiment, our targets are solid and throw away coated square end mills. The experiment shows the present method to also be effective as an in-process tool wear detection system for coated square end mills.

Model experiments were carried out to investigate the performance of different types of 1:8.3-scale model square fish cages in a uniform flow. The model cages were designed using different netting materials, mesh types, and cage depths. Shape deformation, volume reduction, and drag force were used as key parameters to characterize the cage performance. The results indicate that cages using polyethylene netting for the four sides and wire-netting for the bottom generally show better performance than those composed entirely of polyethylene netting; specifically, the former undergoes less shape deformation and volume reduction than the latter. The mesh type (square or diamond mesh) had a noticeable effect on shape deformation and drag force but a limited effect on cage volume reduction. Moreover, for the cages with wire-netting bottom and polyethylene sides, the bottom net tended to drift parallel to its undisturbed orientation when the sides were composed of square mesh netting. In contrast, the bottom net drifted obliquely upward on the downstream side when diamond mesh netting was used for the side nets. It was also confirmed that drag force per unit volume of the cages with wire-netting bottom was larger than that for the cages composed entirely of polyethylene netting.

Public spaces play a significant role in our social life. There are different types of public spaces and squares are one of the most important places in the cities that have influence on shaping our social activities from the past to the present. City squares are not just designed to spend time, in the past, squares were known as gathering locations to make important social decisions. A place where people share what is happening nearby and exchange information. Active and lively public spaces increase social interaction and sense of belonging among people. With the increase of population and urbanization in recent years, the quality of urban areas has been evaluated in terms of improving the quality of life of citizens. Squares are also important public spaces that are examined in terms of quality. In this paper, Beylikdüzü Özgürlük Square comfort parameters are studied. This square is located in western part of Istanbul. Although this area is not very old but it is important due to the connection between the two areas of Esenyurt and Beylikdüzü. Comfort quality indicators of this location are examined. A questionnaire was collected from 71 people living in the area for this research. Their responses were studied and interpreted in line with the purpose of the research.

Buoyancy-driven convention from a pair of horizontal heated cylinders, set side by side inside a square cooled cavity filled with water, is studied numerically. The system of the conservation equat...

The article analyzes five exercises (R50, R48, R41, R42 and R43) from the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (de-posited in the British Museum) that comes from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics. One exercise (K2) from the Kahun Mathematical Papyrus (British Museum) is also discussed. The exercise R50 shows how Egyptian scribes calculated the area of a cir-cle with a given diameter. The exercise R48 compares the area of a circle with a given diameter to that of its cir-cumscribing square. Four other exercises demonstrate how to calculate the volume of a cylindrical grain silo with a given diameter and height. The author explains the algorithm which was used by Egyptian calculators. He also offers three ways how they could find a fairly accurate calculation, and how they approximated the value for π and compared Egyptian approximation with the approximation using by Babylonian scribes as well as Greek mathematicians.

Building commissioning (Cx) is a process for assuring efficient building operations that can be applied to new construction and existing buildings, resulting in energy and non-energy benefits. Quantifying the benefits of commissioning is challenging, but a 2009 study of 643 commercial buildings provided a solid initial data set to which we added 839 additional buildings for a significantly expanded and updated meta-analysis representing 34.7 million square meters (373 million square feet) of floor area. Since 2009 the commissioning industry has continued to grow, driven by building codes, utility programs, and rising awareness of commissioning benefits. In parallel, building controls have become more sophisticated, and analytics software has emerged to assist with commissioning. We find that delivery mechanism and market segment are key determinants of outcomes, although significant and cost-effective savings are found across the spectrum. Median primary energy savings for Cx projects in existing buildings ranged from 5 percent for those conducted under utility programs, 9 percent for monitoring-based commissioning utility programs (i.e., augmented with submetering and diagnostics), and 14 percent for Cx projects outside of utility programs. Across all project types, median savings ranged from 3 percent for the lodging market segment to 16 percent for public order and safety facilities. Outcomes did not vary significantly by building size or by market segment. Energy savings are rarely estimated for new construction commissioning. We found that the median costs of Cx were lower for the 2018 sample than for the 2009 sample—$2.85 per square meter ($0.26 per square foot) for existing buildings (a 33 percent reduction) and $8.78 per square meter ($0.82 per square foot) for new construction (a reduction of almost 50 percent). The median simple payback time for existing buildings was 1.7 years, with a 25th–75th percentile range of 0.8–3.5 years. This article summarizes these and other key findings, and discusses how the 2018 data reflects shifts in commissioning practice and outcomes.

The presented paper is divided into two levels. On the first level, the research is focused on development of a material that includes a smart fabric membrane (nanofiber) and is waterproof and vapour-permeable. On the second level, it deals with the development of an apparatus which is able to evaluate the resistance of the building composite against water. A new device is presented that can measure how waterproof the building material is, with a thickness between five to 20 centimetres. The tested samples are in the shape of a square or circle, they have a width of 20 centimetres, or a diameter of 20 centimetres. All of the building composite samples were tested using a water column that is one meter high. Experiments simulate floods on this new apparatus. It was found that materials can be evaluated not only according to the amount of water flow per unit of time, but also according to the shape of the flow curves.

During the summer semester 2018–2019, a 3D concrete printed (3DCP) pavilion consisting of 47 unique free form parts was realized in the central square of the engineering campus of the University of Innsbruck. In a period of just 11 weeks, it was designed, engineered, manufactured, and assembled on-site to provide an attractive meeting space for students and staff alike. The parts were printed off-site in an extrusion layering process, using variable print speeds and filament heights to obtain radially fitting segments that were transported to the building site. A selection of parts was reinforced with innovative woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strands, while the others were reinforced with in-laid conventional reinforcement bars. The parts were bolted to an on-site cast fibre-reinforced concrete floor and the seams were sealed with a silicone adhesive. This paper presents the entire project, including architectural considerations, geometrical parametric modelling, structural (safety) principles and design, manufacturing, and construction, including connections.

This study investigated the role of acrylic polymer as concrete matrix modifier and ferrocement jacket confinement to repair and strengthen treated bamboo reinforced square concrete columns. 30 concrete columns (CC) of 150 × 150 × 600mm were produced using cement:sand:aggregate ratio of 1:3:3 and a polymer:cement ratio of 1:10 based on ACI 548.3R standard. 10 CCs’ were produced from both conventional and modified concrete which were tested until failure. Another 10 CCs’ from both concrete design mixes were preloaded at 25%, 50%, and 75% of ultimate load and thereafter repaired with ferrocement jacket and axially tested. The last 10 CCs’ were ferrocement jacketed before axial testing. Axial and lateral deflections were evaluated during the tests. The crack pattern and failure modes of the columns were also considered. The highest average ultimate load was obtained from column with ferrocement and polymer addition at 60% increase in comparison with the control column. The least axial and lateral deflections were 93% and 72% which were from columns repaired with ferrocement material. The cracks in the interface and its propagation developed with sequential increment of load and new cracks started to form at zones closer to the upper face in contact with the machine. Bulging and peeling of mortars characterised the failure pattern of the CCs’. Acrylic polymer and ferrocement jacket repaired columns showed an improvement which came close to the strength of the unrepaired columns.

Flow characteristics around side by side square prisms with control rods are numerically investigated at different gap ratios (g*) changing between 0.5 and 6 for Re = 73. Four different flow patterns, which are single street mode, irregular street mode, regular street mode and two street mode, are identified based on the gap ratio. Maximum drag reduction (%52) is obtained at g* = 6. The mean lift coefficient has a symmetric variation between these gap ratios for the upper and lower square prisms. It can be concluded that the control rod is an effective flow control method in terms of drag reduction., Kontrol çubuklu yan yana kare prizmalar etrafındaki akış karakteristikleri, Re= 73 için g* = 0.5 - 6 aralığında değişen boşluk oranlarında nümerik olarak incelenmiştir. Tekli, ikili, düzensiz ve düzenli girdap caddesi olmak üzere dört farklı akış modeli boşluk oranlarına bağlı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Maksimum sürükleme azalması (%52) g* = 6’da elde edilmiştir. Ortalama kaldırma katsayısı, alt ve üst kare silindir için boşluk oranları arasında simetrik değişim göstermiştir. Kontrol çubuğunun sürükleme kuvvetini azaltması açısından etkili bir akış kontrol yöntemi olduğu sonucu çıkarılabilir.

Seals which are considered as indicators of security and private property from the past to the present are seen in different periods and made of different materials in different forms. Clay and stone were used for the first examples of seals seen at 8000 B.C. Then, in parallel with the conditions of the period, climate, geography and developing technology, material and construction techniques changed and diversified. Metal, gemstone, bone, tile and glass-like materials have been used frequently in the seal construction. In this study, 19 metal stamp seals which have been obtained by the Halûk Perk Museum by purchasing at different times are evaluated. This study includes the stamp seal group, made up of lead, copper (bronze)? and dated approximately to the Early Bronze and Middle Bronze Age. The place of origin for these seals, gained by the museum through purchase, is unknown. The surface of these are round or square shaped, and the handles are rope hole or have no hole handles.The seals registered to Haluk Perk Museum and included in the scope of this study are seen not only in Anatolia, but also in Mesopotamia and the Balkans. The purpose of this study was to compare the stamp seals with their similar samples found in the excavations and in the museum collections, and to determine their approximate geographical findspots. Thus, the present study tries to determine the possible geography and period of those seals with unknown place of origin., Geçmişten günümüze güvenliğin ve özel mülkiyetin göstergesi sayılan mühürler farklı dönemlerde, farklı formlarda ve malzemelerden yapılmış olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İlk örnekleri yaklaşık M.Ö. 8000’de görülen mühürlerde malzeme olarak kil ve taş kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra dönem şartlarına, iklime, coğrafyaya, gelişen teknolojiye paralel olarak malzeme ve yapım tekniklerinde değişiklik ve çeşitlilik meydana gelmiştir. Metal, değerli taş, kemik, fayans, cam gibi malzemeler mühür yapımında sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Halûk Perk Müzesi’ne farklı tarihlerde satın alma ile kazandırılmış 19 adet damga mühür değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmayı; malzemesi bakır (tunç)? ve kurşun olan ve yaklaşık olarak bir tarih aralığı verilerek İlk Tunç ile Orta Tunç Çağı’na tarihlendirilen damga mühür grubu oluşturmaktadır. Satın alma yoluyla müzeye kazandırılan bu mühürlerin buluntu yeri bilinmemektedir. Söz konusu mühürlerin baskı yüzeyleri genellikle dairesel, kare biçimli, tutamakları ise ip delikli ya da deliksiz tutamaklıdır. Halûk Perk Müzesi’ne kayıtlı olan ve çalışma kapsamına alınan mühürlerin benzerleri sadece Anadolu’da değil, Mezopotamya ve Balkanlarda da görülmektedir. Bu çalışma ile damga mühürlerin, kazılarda ele geçen ve müze koleksiyonlarında bulunan benzer örnekleri esas alarak karşılaştırılması, yaklaşık bir tarihleme yapılarak; buluntu yerlerini yine yaklaşık olarak coğrafi açıdan tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Böylelikle buluntu yeri belli olmayan söz konusu mühürlerin hangi coğrafya ve döneme yakın olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

IntroductionThis study addresses the issue of the design of city squares, with particular reference to King George Square in Brisbane. The issue concerns the field of urban design, an integral component of city planning. The positive expression of the city square is essential to achieving good urban design. However, contemporary city squares are often ill-designed and under or un-used. The goal of the study is: To investigate the issues and problems of city squares and to provide a reference manual for the design of city squares as successful contemporary public places. Literature and practical research techniques are used to achieve this goal. Issues and ProblemsThe design of contemporary city squares has failed in many respects. Their most crucial design problems include lack of comfort, poor location and orientation and failure to create a sense of place or unique local identity. Changes in public life and culture have affected the contemporary role and viability of the city square. Square designs are needed which support a contemporary public life concerned with observation and strangers. City squares are valued as places of amenity where people can gather and rest to escape from the traffic, congestion and rush of the inner city. Modern planning and design factors have also contributed to the problems of city squares. Factors of:a) Automobile dominated citiesb) The Modem Movement in designc) Zoning and urban renewal policiesd) Short-sighted design approacheshave led to the creation of squares which fail to make positive contributions to their surroundings or to cater for their users.The definition of a successful square has assumed new proportions. Modern researchers have identified the critical ingredients of successful public squares as:a) Use and User Diversityb) Comfortc) Accessibility/Publicnessd) Discovery, Delight and Challengee) Aesthetic/Ecological Diversity.Design Recommendations A city square is an integrated whole and the design of various elements, together, create a successful public place. Literature research revealed that there are four main aspects of square design: a) Location and spatial formb) Designing for peoplec) Climatic comfortd) Furnishings.Design recommendations are developed for various square elements pertaining to the main aspects of square design. These recommendations provide practical guidance for analysing, developing or redesigning city squares according to the criteria for successful public squares.Case Study of King George SquareKing George Square, the city square of Brisbane, is currently under-used due to its design failings. The square is used as a case study to illustrate the validity and practical applicability of the design recommendations.The aim of the case study is:To redesign King George Square as a successful contemporary public place in accordance with the design recommendations established in Chapters 3 to 6.Changes in public life which King George Square’s design has failed to address and modern planning and design factors which have overlooked pedestrian needs have contributed to the square's dysfunction. The square contributes to the amenity of the city and its design should reinforce the relaxed, sub tropical character of Brisbane and provide an appropriate setting for City Hall. The existing design of the square is analysed according to the design recommendations. This enables a number of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and constraints to be identified in the square’s design. The results of the analysis are used to devise a redesign for the square in accordance with the design recommendations.King George Square's present design functions primarily as a pedestrian thoroughfare and it lacks humanising elements and subspaces. Considerations regarding pedestrian flow, sight lines of City Hall, size and enclosure determined the outcome of the redesign. The redesign features a colonnade, pedestrian places, amphitheatre and central open area. The entries to the square have been improved and alterations have been made to surface treatment, street furniture, public art, water displays and planting. The redesign suggests one way in which the square’s functioning and public use and value could be improved. ConclusionThe design recommendations for successful city squares also have general applicability to other square types as well as to central city parks and gardens. The recommendations should be interpreted according to the definitions and functions of different types of public places.User control, management and maintenance are also qualities of successful public squares which provide scope for future research.

The paper presents data on the location of the road stop in Dilunto, which was the part of the Narona (Vid near Metkovići) - Ad Zizo (Mosko/Ukšić) Roman road, today's Stolac. The remains of ancient settlements, smaller buildings used for various economy-related purposes, stairs, fortifications with wide walls, the remains of city square, public buildings, and a cistern were found on the aforementioned road in Stolac (Zagrađe, Podgrađe, Njivice, Carine, Bačve-Kućište, Čairi, Veliki Svrdo). A huge number of smaller, movable remains, especially, ceramic, iron, bronze, glass, and silver objects, as well as different moulds, money, jewellery, and tools, were found together with immovable objects. Ancient Dilunto is located in the period between 1st and 4th century according to the oral and epigraph sources as well as archaeological materials (the remains of buildings, money, ceramics, bricks).

In 1974 and 1977, an archaeological expedition from the Ural State University excavated part (441 m2 ) of a fortifi ed Early Iron Age manufacturing site on the Bagaryak River near Zotino, in the forest zone of the Trans-Urals foothills. The site, measuring 80 m by 50–66 m (total area, 3800 m2 ), is located on a 40–43 m high cliff. Its northeastern inland side is protected by a low stone and earthen wall, preserved to the height of 0.75 m, and is delimited by a shallow outer drainage ditch. The single entrance is ~2 m wide. Under the wall, there is a thin layer of buried soil with fragments of the Itkul ceramics. Inside the wall, carbonaceous sandy loam, pieces of calx, and charred remains of wooden structures were found. Our reconstruction suggests that the original 2 m wide wall consisted of two rows of logs and a built-in square tower ~3.0 m by 2.6 m. The base of the walls and tower were strengthened with rubble, and its outer face was enforced with limestone slabs. Near the wall and along the northwestern edge of the site’s inner space, remains of three adobe platforms for processing copper and iron were identifi ed, two dug-in ovens, a utility pit and, apparently, remains of an adobe melting furnace. This is the easternmost and latest (400–100 BC) seasonal fortifi ed metallurgical center of Itkul—an autochthonous culture in the forest zone of the eastern Ural Mountains. In the forest-steppe east and south of it, on the lower reaches of the Sinara and Karabolka rivers, the westernmost fortresses built by the Gorokhovo herders (500–100 BC) are situated—the likely source of the Itkul fortifi cation tradition.

About fifteen water mills settled in the Valley of the Mills of Gragnano. Thanks to new technologies, a few centuries later, fifty-seven new pasta factories were built on the Corso Sancio. The building typology was recurrent and constant. Each of them consisted of a ground floor, three floors in elevation and one or two underground levels that were in the rear close to the Vernotico stream. The complex retreated, for logistical and space reasons, from the road curtain, developing over an area of its own, with a large inner courtyard, a sort of real square, for the movement of horse-drawn carts, then trucks and therefore still several artifacts. For his time Alfonso Garofalo was one of the greatest Italian pasta manufacturers. After more than a hundred years the vertical production processes and the work done in many small building entities proved to be expensive with respect to industrial competitiveness. In other parts of Italy some pasta factories already appeared on a single level, with production in horizontal continuity and mechanized drying. In 1963 the historical Pastificio Alfonso Garofalo closed due to bankruptcy and the industrial activity was closed forever. The real problem that remains today is the reuse of these large abandoned container in the historic center. The building complex in the heart of the town, which is part of Industrial Archeology is now in serious disrepair and deserves to be restored and reused.

In 2015, during the reconstruction of Nadrzeczna Street and Bohaterów Getta Square, in the area of the intersection with Jaskrowska Street, it was made the discovery of human bone remains. As a result of the rescue investigations undertaken, an area of approximately 550 square meters was tested. They were discovered among others relics of foundations, made of broken limestone and remains of the cemetery. The historical research showed that these foundations were relics of the St. Barbara church, around which there was a churchyard cemetery called „the cemetery outside the city” in the sources. At the remains they were found rosary beads, medallions, crosses, single glass beads, iron buttons, bronze and bone coins, hooks, buckles, pieces of cloth and textile and haberdashery ornaments. Particularly noteworthy is the collection of religious items. The collection of devotional items includes 14 exhibits. It is a diverse collection in terms of morphological and stylistic, and above all iconographic. Metal medallions and crosses were made from non-ferrous metals in casting or minting techniques. The minted medallions were made from thin badges. Glass medallions were made from two glass panes, bound in a metal frame, between which there was an image reflected on the paper. The remains of rosaries are beads, differing in terms of size, colors and shapes. Only in 9 graves it was managed to set the position of devotional items on the remains of the deceased. Most often, devotions were found at the height of clasped hands folded in the lap. Other places where devotional items are found are: around the head, around the clavicle, around the thigh – above the knees and at the feet level. The subject of images on medallions and crosses is diverse. The sets of images on the obverses and other sides are also interesting. On one picture of a glass medallion it was identified the figure of Saint Josef. The figure of St. Benedict was on two medallions. The figure of St. John the Baptist was presented on one of the most carefully made cast medallions. On its other side it was recognized St. Nicholas. On the next medal, the figure of St. Francis of Paola was identified. St. Francis of Assisi appears on a very poorly legible paper picture. On the medal lion we can see St. Wojciech. On its other side there is a figure of the Guardian Angel holding the child by a hand. Burning Hearts are presented on a cast medal, on the other side of the medal with St. Wojciech. The most popular were the medallions with images of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The Polish images of the Mother of God should be taken in account, first of all, Madonna of Jasna Góra from Częstochowa. On the medallions and crosses except the characters, there are legends – inscriptions, only in Latin, made them by majuskuła with sheriffs. Most often, the medallions were „signed” by the name of the saint. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they were gladly supplied with medallions with the patrons of good death. In determining the chronology of devotional items from the church cemetery at the church of Saint Barbara, a wide chronological framework was adopted, corresponding to the period of use of the cemetery and the church, from the 17th century to probably the beginning of the 19th century. Częstochowa was the center of worship of Our Lady of Jasna Góra. It can be assumed that most of the medallions with images of the Virgin of Częstochowa, and perhaps even all of them, were probably created in Częstochowa.

A bronze portrait of a child (figs. 1-4) belonging to the category of “small format” portraits is preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Badajoz (inv. no. 4471). It was found in 1970 in excavations conducted by J. M. Peralta y Sosa on a farm in the Vega del Ortiga, an area east of Medellín in the territory between that town and Don Benito (Lusitania), some 35 km from Mérida (Augusta Emerita). In the excavated area of 40 m2 (fig. 5) were two cisterns and a rectangular well, at the bottom of which was the bronze portrait. The N cistern measured 3.8 x 1.25 m. Attached to its E side was a rectangular (80 x 60 cm) well. A channel in the centre of the S wall of the well was connected to a square (3.45 x 2.9 m) cistern. From its W wall a drain leads into a channel towards the Ortiga river, which flows by some 50 m away. On the E side of the excavation area were two identical column bases which could have belonged to a peristyle. One is a square (90 x 80 cm) block preserving traces of a column shaft 65 cm in diameter, while the other, 3 m to the north, retains the beginning of the shaft. From this point a wall (45 cm thick) faced with stucco starts to head north. The pottery found during the excavation included Arretine, South Gaulish and thin-walled wares belonging to the first quarter of the 1st c. A.D. The site appears to have been part of a Roman villa.

Where do you stand to get an idea of London? In the heart of Trafalgar Square, or on the heights of Greenwich Park looking towards the City? On a boat under Westminster Bridge, or from the top of a...

The lack of visibility and the difficulty in developing a cognitive map may be particularly important in wayfinding and in categories where the use of accessibility and sociability will provide a square suggestion in the Kuala Lumpur City Center Park (KLCC). This study attempted to examine the existing structure within the vicinity of KLCC and the transformations of its vicinity based on a square suggestion through morphological analysis using axial analysis and observations. The axial analysis shows how the accessibility of the square has shifted within the city and compares it with an existing park. Moreover, a square suggestion can provide context for the Petronas Twin Towers as a landmark and symbolic building. A square, as a regular geometry, can aid in improving the configuration of the vicinity of KLCC. Consequently, this research is useful to architects, tourism managers, and urban designers because it demonstrates the importance of effective factors in sustaining accessible and sociable space, such as a square.

Ceramic materials may have multifarious applications, the visual arts being one of them. Furthermore, they have been often used in architecture for decorative purposes. In Poland, the application of ceramics in architecture reached its peak of popularity in the post-WWII period. It was used in mosaics, reliefs, architectural and sculptural details, as well as combined with other materials, like glass or stone. Ceramics was applied for creating various small decorative forms but also large compositions that covered even several dozen or several hundred square metres, in buildings that served various functions, and were situated either indoors or on their external facades. Amongst these, there are buildings which were both important for local communities and became landmarks for particular sites, like modern hotels, railway stations, theatres, museums or academies. The paper is focused on compositions executed for such prestigious edifices.

In the process of industrial plant construction, pile foundation selection has a direct impact on the structural design. It is the goal of construction, design, investigation, supervision and construction units to find a pile type that can meet the economic rationality and quality requirements, and is conducive to construction and reduce the impact on the surrounding environment and buildings. In this paper, combined with the pile foundation selection design of the industrial plant, through the field investigation, pile bearing capacity detection and investigation report analysis, the cost comparative analysis is completed, and the advantages and disadvantages of hollow square pile and pipe pile in design and construction are compared.

The simultaneous impact of massing on both energy consumption and renewable energy production potential is studied by taking the case of office buildings in Washington D.C. A Baseline design with a square footprint is compared with eleven massing alternatives: three rectangular parallelepiped designs with aspect ratios of respectively 2, 3, and 4, along the east-west orientation; three rectangular parallelepiped designs with aspect ratios of respectively 2, 3, and 4, along the north-south orientation; two H-shaped designs; one cross-shaped design; and two pyramidal buildings with wall slopes of respectively 86° and 83°. With differences between the best performing massing alternative and the worst performing massing alternative of more than 10% in terms of energy consumption, and more than 20% in terms of renewable energy production, massing is found to significantly impact both energy use and energy production. Consideration of both energy consumption and renewable energy production potential suggests that, for temperate climates such as Washington D.C., buildings with H-shaped footprints, buildings with crossshaped footprints, and buildings with high aspect ratio footprints are preferable when targeting net-zero energy status.

We formulate combinatorial principles that combine the square principle with various strong forms of the diamond principle, and prove that the strongest amongst them holds in L for every infinite cardinal.As an application, we prove that the following two hold in L:1.For every infinite regular cardinal λ, there exists a special λ+-Aronszajn tree whose projection is almost Souslin;2.For every infinite cardinal λ, there exists a respecting λ+-Kurepa tree; Roughly speaking, this means that this λ+-Kurepa tree looks very much like the λ+-Souslin trees that Jensen constructed in L.

Construction of an underground complex in congested urban areas calls for excavation of a group of foundation pits, referred to as a pit complex, which are usually surrounded by existing facilities. In such circumstances, the safety of the pit complex and facilities during the construction are of great concern. This paper presents a case of an underground complex construction in Shanghai soft clay. A pit complex composed of two deep excavations was excavated for a Comprehensive Transport Hub (CTH) and a commercial retail area and pedestrian concourse known as South Square (SS), which were connected to an operating metro station and a railway station. During the excavation, potential deformation of metro tracks and railway tracks were expected due to extensive soil unloading. To safeguard the railway and the subway, a zoned and staged construction technology was proposed, in which several temporary partition walls were constructed in addition to necessary supporting structures, to allow the large-scale deep excavations to be divided into several independent small-scale excavations. This paper discusses the rational construction sequence of these excavations as well as reinforcement measures in detail. The construction technology was examined by extensive field data. It is found that the maximum horizontal displacement of diaphragm walls ranged between 0.05% H e and 0.4% H e , where H e is the excavation depth. The vertical displacements of the railway tracks were well controlled, whereas the metro tracks heaved significantly due to unloading effect.