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Wood extractives usually do not exceed five percent of dry wood mass but can be a serious issue for pulping as well as for the pulp itself. They cause contamination and damages to process equipment and negatively influence pulp quality. This paper addresses not only the extractives-related problems but also different solutions for these issues. It is an extensive review of different technologies for removing wood extractives, starting with methods prior to pulping. Several wood yard operations like debarking, knot separation, and wood seasoning are known to significantly decreasing the amount of wood extractives. Biological treatment has also been proven as a feasible method for reducing the extractives content before pulping, but quite hard to handle. During pulping, the extractives reduction efficiency depends on the pulping method. Mechanical pulping removes the accessory compounds of wood just slightly, but chemical pulping, on the other hand, removes them to a large extent. Organosolv pulping even allows almost complete removal of wood extractives. The residual extractives content can be significantly reduced by pulp bleaching. Nevertheless, different extraction-based methods have been developed for removing wood extractives before pulping or bleaching. They range from organic-solvent-based extractions to novel processes like supercritical fluid extractions, ionic liquids extractions, microwave technology, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Although these methods deliver promising results and allow utilization of wood extractives in most cases, they suffer from many drawbacks towards an economically viable industrial-scale design, concluding that further research has to be done on these topics. Graphical abstract

Cellulose based nanomaterials have the great potential to be applied to paper as bulk additive or coating material to improve overall final properties, especially in secondary fiber. In the present work, the effect of applying different kinds of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) to papers obtained from recycled fibers using size press on physical, mechanical and barrier properties was investigated and compared with the sole use of starch as coating material. The coating process of CNF was carried out by the addition of size press grade starch to coating suspension. As a cellulose source, wheat straw was evaluated and CNF was obtained through oxidative and enzymatic pretreatments. Results indicate that starch/CNF suspension improves the overall paper properties. As a result of the deposition of coating suspension contains of 4 % wt. periodate-oxidized CNF onto paper surface, tensile and burst indices of papersheets increased as 52.2 % and 194.4 %. Significant decreases were observed in air permeability as 69.8 %. Compression tests also have been conducted to evaluate papersheets end-use properties. In comparison to the other pretreated CNF, due to is lower viscosity, applying periodate-oxidized CNF as size press significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate [1505, 5180044] This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000703585400013 2-s2.0-85108063350

The dimensional stability of paper products is a well-known problem, affecting multiple engineering applications. The macroscopic response of paper to moisture variations is governed by complex mechanisms originating in the material at all length-scales down to the fiber-level. Therefore, a recently-developed method, based on Global Digital Height Correlation of surface topographies is here exploited to measure the full-field hygro-expansion of single fibers, i. e. a surface strain tensor map over the full field of view is obtained as function of time. From the strain field, the longitudinal and transverse hygro-expansion and principle strains can be calculated. Long- and intermediate-duration dynamic tests are conducted on softwood and hardwood fibers. A large spread in the softwood fiber’s transverse and longitudinal hygro-expansion coefficient ratio was found, while hardwood fibers behave more consistently. Computing the principle strain ratios reduces this spread, as it takes into account the variations of the deformation direction, which is directly affected by the micro-fibril angle (MFA). Furthermore, long-duration tests allow identification of the half-times at which the fibers equilibrate. Finally, the determined major strain angles for all fibers are consistent with the MFA ranges reported in the literature.

Background. Innovative technologies for deep processing of grain are widely used in maize grain processing with the release of the grain germ for subsequent extraction of oil and starch from it or production of sugar substitutes in the form of fructose syrup and alcohol, bakery or feed protein. A search for economically valuable sources of maize starch, useful byproducts of its processing, and natural modification of starch for deep processing is vital.Materials and methods. Ten high-starch maize accessions from the VIR collection, isolated by IR spectrometry, were studied. Starch content was measured according to GOST 10845-98, GOST 13586.5-93, GOST 10847-74 and GOST ISO 6647-1-2015 standards. Processing of grain into starch and assessment of the content of amylose and byproducts were carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Starch Products in 2018 according to L. P. Nosovskaya et al. The actual content of starch and its byproducts during deep grain processing was determined. The values of the actual percentage of dry matter (DM, %) in grain, mass fraction of starch, ash content, as well as the yield of extract, pulp, embryo, gluten, process water and starch were determined.Results. Accessions with a high yield of starch (k-4520, k-9301 and k-24730), germ (k-4520. k-8785 and k-24731), pulp (k-4520, k-8785, k-9991 and k-24732) and protein (k8785) were identified as well as those with a percentage of amylopectin in starch above 82% (k-24730 and k-24733) and 100% (k-5461 and k-9991), and amylose above 30% (k4520 and k-9301).Conclusion. Of practical interest in terms of the actual yield of starch (% DM in grain) are accessions k-4520, k-9301, k-24730, k-9991, k-5461 and k-4520. According to the results of breeding tests, accessions k-24730, k-24732 and k-24733 had the following values of starch harvest calculated for grain yield: 4.66, 4.41 and 4.18 t/ha, respectively.

The processing of lignocellulosic materials is very limited because of their low solubility in water and some organic solvents. Fifteen ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and tested as solvents suitable for delignification of unbleached pulp. The selected ternary DESs are composed of quaternary ammonium salts and amino acids as hydrogen-bond acceptors, and organic acids and polyvalent alcohols as hydrogen bond donors, with molar ratios varying for the individual components. The delignification efficiency is significantly influenced by the degree of penetration of the solvent into the pulp fibre structure. Therefore, the density and viscosity analysis of individual solvents was performed. Unbleached beech pulp with initial kappa number 13.9 was treated with the prepared DESs. The kappa number indicates the residual lignin content or the bleachability of pulp. The efficiency of the solvents ranged from 1.4% to 28.1%. The most suitable for the pretreatment of fibres, based on lignin removal efficiency, were found to be three DESs, in the following order: malonic acid/choline chloride/1,3-propanediol (1:1:3) > choline chloride/acetamide/lactic acid (1:2:3) > choline chloride/urea/lactic acid (1:2:3).

In this study, Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum were evaluated as raw material for pulp and paper production. 12 different sodium borohydride (NaBH4) added cooking trials were performed for each sample and kraft method was used for pulp production. Pulp properties, such as yield, kappa number and viscosity, and physical properties, such as breaking length and burst index, were determined for each trial. Besides, the effects of active alkali and NaBH4 on the pulp and paper properties were also examined. Optimum cooking conditions were obtained by using 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-free cooking experiments and 0.5 % NaBH4 and 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-added cooking experiments. In NaBH4-added pulping condition, the screened yield, kappa number and viscosity of R. luteum were found to be 43.4 %, 40.1 and 949 cm3/g1, respectively. The respective values for R. ponticum were 41.9 %, 44.5 and 885 cm3/g1. The screened yields of R. luteum and R. ponticum increased by about 2.8 % and 5.3 %, respectively, with 5 % addition of NaBH4 compared to NaBH4-free cooking experiments. Furthermore, with the addition of NaBH4, the kappa numbers decreased while the viscosity increased. The physical properties of the produced papers were also improved by using NaBH4 in cooking liquor. According to the obtained results, it was found that R. luteum and R. ponticum species can be evaluated for pulp and paper production., U ovom je radu istražena mogućnost uporabe biljaka Rhododendron luteum i Rhododendron ponticum kao sirovine za proizvodnju celuloze i papira. Za svaki uzorak provedeno je 12 različitih ispitivanja kuhanja s natrijevim borhidridom (NaBH4), a celuloza je proizvedena kraft postupkom. Za svako ispitivanje određena su svojstva celuloze poput prinosa, kappa broja i viskoznosti, te fizička svojstva kao što su duljina lomljenja i indeks pucanja papira. Osim toga, ispitani su učinci aktivne lužine i NaBH4 na svojstva celuloze i papira. Optimalni uvjeti kuhanja postignuti su upotrebom 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje bez NaBH4 i upotrebom 0,5 % NaBH4 i 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje s dodatkom NaBH4. U proizvodnji celuloze iz biljke R. luteum s dodatkom NaBH4 utvrđeno je da prinos prosijavanja iznosi 43,4 %, da je kappa broj 40,1, a viskoznost 949 cm3/g, dok su vrijednosti za celulozu dobivenu iz biljke R. ponticum redom 41,9 %, 44,5 i 885 cm3/g. Prinos prosijavanja biljaka R. luteum i R. ponticum uz dodatak 5 % NaBH4 povećao se oko 2,8 % i 5,3 % u usporedbi s eksperimentalnim kuhanjem bez dodatka NaBH4. Nadalje, uz dodatak NaBH4 smanjuju se kappa brojevi, a viskoznosti se povećavaju. Fizička svojstva proizvedenih papira također se poboljšavaju dodavanjem NaBH4 tekućini za kuhanje. Iz dobivenih je rezultata utvrđeno da se biljke R. luteum i R. ponticum mogu upotrebljavati u proizvodnji celuloze i papira.

Grape production has a long history in the Elazig province and surrounding vicinity and produced grapes have been used for table consumption and also processed into traditional beverages, Şıra (special non-alcoholic grape juice) and wine. In the Elazig province, the main grape cultivars are ‘Ağın Beyazı’, ‘Öküzgözü’, ‘Boğazkere’, ‘Şilfoni’, ‘Tahannebi’, and ‘Köhnü’. Among them, ‘Köhnü’ cultivar is highly preferred by consumers due to its black color and perfect berry characteristics. The cultivar has grown for centuries in different parts of Elazig and shows a great variability for most of its morphological and biochemical characteristics. In the present study, we aimed to determine morphological and biochemical traits in six ‘Köhnü’ clones sampled from Elazığ. The cluster weight of six clones was found between 334–394 g. The highest total phenolic content was observed in seeds followed by peel and pulp samples. The seed extract of Clone 2 had the highest total phenolic content at 254 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh weight. The results also showed that peel, pulp, and seed samples of ‘Köhnü’ grape clones had considerable amounts of antioxidant components determined by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and TEAC assays and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants. Among the six ‘Köhnü’ clones, Clone 3, and Clone 6 differed from the others in respect to the highest cluster weight, the highest concentrations of total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results also implied that all clones could be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible pharmaceutical supplement.

The main ingredient of paper production is cellulose fibers. Usually produced from wood fibers and annual plants. In this study it was investigated usability of waste rose pulps (Rosa Damascena Mill.) which have environmental risk in Isparta province as a source of cellulose for paper production. Oily rose flower grows only in Isparta and its vicinity and around 7000 tons of rose flowers are grown annually. After oil extraction, rose flowers lose their economic value and are left to rot as garbage. Rose pulp which is an herbal waste therefore contains cellulose. At the Scope of study, cellulose content of rose pulp was determined and paper pulp was obtained by applying soda-NaBH4 and chlorite methods. The obtained paper pulp was mixed with waste paper in different ratio and paper production was provided. Thus, rose wastes which evaluating as rubbish, was recycled and go into the production cycle., Kağıt üretiminin ana maddesi selüloz liflerdir. Genellikle ağaç lifleri ve yıllık bitkilerden üretilir. Bu çalışmada Isparta ilinde çevresel risk taşıyan atık gül posaları (Rosa Damascena Mill.) kağıt üretimi için selüloz kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Yağlık gül çiçeği sadece Isparta ve çevresinde yetişmekte olup yıllık yaklaşık 7000 ton civarında gül çiçeği yetiştirilmektedir. Yağı alındıktan sonra gül çiçekleri ekonomik değerini yitirmekte ve çöp olarak çürümeye terk edilmektedir. Bitkisel bir atık olan gül posaları dolayısıyla selüloz içermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında. gül posasının selüloz içeriği belirlenmiş ve soda-sodyum borhidrür ve klorit yöntemleri uygulanarak kağıt hamuru elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen kağıt hamurları farklı oranda atık kağıtlar ile karıştırılarak kağıt üretimi sağlanmıştır. Böylece çöp niteliğindeki gül posaları geri dönüştürülerek üretim döngüsü içine katılmıştır.

Wood biorefining currently involves large-scale industrial processes where a notable portion of raw materials, namely hemicelluloses and lignin, are either lost with the process water, degraded, or burnt for energy. Value added utilization of polymeric hemicelluloses is challenging due to their intermediate molar mass and the presence of other wood components, such as phenolic residues or wood extractives. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions represent a diverse and abundant class of applications in which the natural properties of wood hemicelluloses are beneficial. In the current work, we present highly promising new technical alkyd paint emulsion systems stabilized with hardwood glucuronoxylans (GX) and softwood galactoglucomannans (GGM). Samples from three isolation methods and their further fractionation by ethanol precipitation were systematically compared with regard to hemicellulose composition, interfacial activity, and functionality in emulsions. Emulsification of alkyd resins was successful with both GX and GGM obtained by various biorefining strategies. The highest emulsion stability over storage was achieved using crude non-purified GX and GGM fractions, and was correlated with the presence of phenolic compounds and extractives, interfacial activity, and small droplet size. Hardwood GX and softwood GGM are envisioned as natural emulsifiers of alkyd O/W emulsions, which are examples of diverse and abundantly-used technical dispersions. This study can be utilized as a guideline for targeted extraction of hemicelluloses with desired functionality, and as a protocol for developing environmentally-compatible industrial dispersions.

The aim of the study was to compare the mineral content between the peel and the pulp of citrus fruits and to determine which citrus fruit, among orange (Citrus sinensis), pomelo (Citrus maxima), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), lemon (Citrus limon), key lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and red, yellow, or green grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), is the richest in minerals. The research material consisted of fresh citrus fruits belonging to the genus Citrus L in the family Rutaceae. The fruits were purchased at a supermarket at one time. To prepare laboratory samples, each fruit was cut in half, and one half was homogenized, treating the sample as a whole (peel + flesh), while the other half was peeled and the pulp (F) and peel (P) were homogenized separately. To determine the content of minerals (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Mn+2, and Se+2), the samples were mineralized and analyzed using an Analytik Jena PlasmaQuant PQ 9000 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The content of macro- and micronutrients in the peel of most of the fruits far exceeded their quantity in the pulp. Oranges and pomelos are the fruits richest in iron and copper, so they could be recommended in cases such as hemoglobin production disorders resulting from a deficiency of these elements. Oranges can additionally enrich the body with potassium, phosphorus, and manganese, while lime can be a source of calcium, zinc, sodium, and especially potassium. It should also be noted that all citrus fruits are a very valuable source of potassium, which is needed to ensure the water and electrolyte balance.

In this paper, the concept of the number of ideal stages of dilution and thickening commonly used for the description of counter-current washing systems was applied to quantify the efficiency of displacement washing of pulp. Two kraft pulps cooked from beech and spruce with one soda pulp from rapeseed straw and delignified to the relative high kappa number ranging of 49.7 to 51.6 were undergone to the displacement washing using water as the wash liquid. Besides the traditional displacement ratio, the efficiency of displacement washing was expressed by the number of ideal counter-current washing stages as a function of the Péclet number and dimensionless dispersion length. The results described by the correlation equations showed that the kraft pulps cooked form beech and spruce seem to be better washable comparing to soda rapeseed pulp. Koncepce teoretických stupňů tvořených zředěním a následným zahuštěním, která se běžně používá k popisu protiproudých pracích linek, byla využita k určení účinnosti vytěsňovacího praní buničiny. Dvě sulfátové buničiny uvařené z buku a ze smrku a jedna natronová buničina z řepkové slámy, které byly delignifikovány na relativně vysoké kappa číslo od 49,7 do 51,6, byly prány vytěsňovacím způsobem, kdy jako prací kapalina byla použita voda. Vedle tradičního vytěsňovacího poměru byla účinnost praní vyjádřena počtem ideálních protiproudých stupňů v závislosti na Pécletově kritériu a bezrozměrné disperzní délce. Výsledky popsané korelačními rovnice ukázaly, že sulfátová buničina z buku a smrku byla vyprána dokonaleji než natronová buničina z řepkové slámy.

Biorefining is a promising method for sustainable feed production through conversion of biomass into a protein concentrate for monogastrics and fibrous pulp for ruminants. Nitrogen (N) content and recovery in pulp and protein concentrate from lucerne, red clover, white clover, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue harvested at different spring cut harvest times were analysed to assess the effect of plant species, developmental stage and number of screw press processing. Plant species and spring cut harvest time affected N content of pulps and protein concentrates (P < 0.01). The N contents of the legume pulps and protein concentrates (22.0–43.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 52.1–68.9 g/kg DM, respectively) were higher than corresponding values of the grasses (16.4–31.2 and 38.1–58.9 g/kg DM, respectively) and lowest in late harvested pulps (16.4–29.2 g/kg DM). The proportion of N retained in pulp increased with spring cut harvest time (P < 0.01) and was higher in grasses compared to legumes (544.5–715.1 and 334.0–565.2 g/kg plant N, respectively). Plant species and spring cut harvest time affected N recovery in protein concentrate (P < 0.01) and correlated positively with the plant N content (P < 0.01) and negatively with the plant DM (P < 0.01). The legumes had a higher recovery than grasses (160.2–556.2 g/kg plant N and 160.2–335.6 g/kg plant N, respectively). Regardless of plant species, late spring cut harvests reduced the total N extractability, i.e. recovery after application of a two-step extraction procedure, to 342.8–490.9 g/kg plant N (P < 0.01). The largest proportion of N was extracted from the three legumes (458.4–653.8 g/kg plant N), with the lowest extractability in the late spring cut harvest. The N content and recovery in fractions produced in the biorefining process were dynamic variables influenced by plant species, spring cut harvest time and number of screw press processings. More N was retained in the pulp from late cut grasses whereas the N recovery in protein concentrate was highest in early and intermediate cuts from legumes. The dynamics of N distribution between pulp and protein concentrate highlight the importance of considering input plant species, time of harvest and processing technique in order to enhance recovery and secure efficient utilisation of the biomass as feed for monogastrics and ruminants.

Argan pulp is an abundant byproduct from the argan oil process. It was investigated to study the feasibility of second-generation bioethanol production using, for the first time, enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment. Argan pulp was subjected to an industrial grinding process before enzymatic hydrolysis using Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L, followed by fermentation of the resulting sugar solution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The argan pulp, as a biomass rich on carbohydrates, presented high saccharification yields (up to 91% and 88%) and an optimal ethanol bioconversion of 44.82% and 47.16% using 30 FBGU/g and 30 U/g of Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L, respectively, at 10%w/v of argan biomass.

The Gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) is an expression of South America’s tropics’ biodiversity, and a source of B vitamins and amino acids. It is a climacteric export fruit for which it is necessary to incorporate emerging technologies for its conservation and transport. This work investigated the effect of ultrasound on gulupa pulp and verified the stability of the characters of interest in the shelf life of 20 days. Six treatments and a control sample were used, evaluated in triplicate, and varied in frequency (30 and 40 kHz) with an exposure time of 10, 20, and 30 min. A statistical analysis of unidirectional variances and Dunnett’s test was used. It was found that the ultrasound treatments did not affect the pH or the titratable acidity. Soluble solid results presented a significant increase (p &lt, 0.05) (from 13.4 to 14.8% w/v) in the antioxidant capacity (from 1.13 to 1.54 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g by the ABTS•+ (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Cationic Radical Assay and from 3.3 to 3.7 µmol TE/g by the DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil) Radical Scavenging Assay). During the shelf life, ascorbic acid was the parameter that varied most (p &lt, 0.05). It decreased from 42.7 to 21.6 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp in the control sample. However, a smaller decrease was observed (23.8–24.5 mg ascorbic acid/100 g of pulp) in the 40 kHz treatments. The smallest global color difference (ΔE) for the control was found in the 40 kHz treatment at 30 min through the entire shelf life (day 0 to 20). Ultrasound treatment offers a new strategy to improve and extend the shelf life of chilled gulupa pulp.

The manufacturing of Portland cement is responsible for a big amount of energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, to date, it is imperative to find alternative materials to replace a major part of cement for sustainable concrete constructions. The present study forms a part of an on-going research project on the application of new cementitious matrices produced using different types of recycled materials. In particular, it focuses on the use of pulp and waste paper to partially replace Portland cement at varying percentages for producing a new lightweight mortar, frequently named papercrete. The development of this economical and eco-friendly material may permit of recycling a big amount of waste paper leading to lower housing costs with also ecological benefits. To this scope, an experimental campaign in the laboratory is carried out to characterize this new innovative material from a physical and mechanical point of view. The preliminary results of this on-going experimental campaign are illustrated and commented on in this paper. The obtained results confirm the possibility of applying this partially-recycled material as a possible alternative for strengthening existing panels of masonry.

In this study, the effects of potassium borohydride (KBH4) added to the cooking liquor (white liquor) in pulp and paper production from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) woods on the chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulp were investigated. Soda (NaOH) method, which is one of the environmentally friendly cooking methods, was used in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia woods. By adding 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% KBH4 to the white liquor, four different cooking experiments were carried out. The yields, kappa numbers and viscosity values of the pulps were measured with the relevant standards. Test papers were produced from each pulp and their physical and optical properties were determined. With 0.7% KBH4 added to the cooking solution, the total yield and viscosity increased by 9.54% and 10.4%, respectively compared to KBH4-free pulp, while the kappa number decreased by 9.48%. As a result of statistical analysis, it has been observed that there is no significant difference between the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from KBH4-free and KBH4-added pulps. Consequently, it was concluded that adding KBH4 to the white liquor in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia wood with soda method, positively affected the chemical properties of the pulps and did not have a significant effect on the physical and optical properties., Bu çalışmada, yalancı akasya (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) odunlarından kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine (beyaz çözelti) eklenen potasyum borhidrürün (KBH4) kağıt hamurunun kimyasal, fiziksel ve optik özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. R. pseudoacacia odunlarından kağıt hamuru üretiminde çevre dostu pişirme yöntemlerinden biri olan Soda (NaOH) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Beyaz çözeltiye %0, 0.3, 0.5 ve 0.7 KBH4 ilave edilerek dört farklı pişirme deneyi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kağıt hamurlarının verimleri, kappa sayıları ve viskozite değerleri ilgili standartlara bağlı kalınarak ölçülmüştür. Her bir deneyden elde edilen kağıt hamurlarından test kağıtları üretilerek fiziksel ve optik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Beyaz çözeltiye eklenen %0.7 KBH4 ile toplam verim ve viskozite, KBH4 içermeyen kağıt hamurlarına göre sırasıyla %9.54 ve %10.4 artarken, kappa sayısı %9,48 azalmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda KBH4 içermeyen ve KBH4 katkılı kağıt hamurlarından üretilen kağıtların fiziksel ve optik özellikleri arasında önemli bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, yalancı akasya odunlarından soda yöntemi ile kağıt hamuru üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine KBH4 ilave edilmesinin kimyasal özellikleri olumlu yönde etkilediği, fiziksel ve optik özellikler üzerinde belirgin bir etki göstermediği sonucuna varılmıştır

The influence of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was investigated as a reinforcing agent to improve strength properties of papersheets fabricated from recycled pulp fibers of mixtures of old newspapers, old magazines, and old corrugated cardboards. To determine the effects of the NFC on the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled pulp papers, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) were isolated from wheat straw, pretreated chemically and enzymatically (NFC-OX), and then added to the bulk suspensions of papermaking pulp slurries at various percentages. The electrokinetic and drainage properties of the pulps and the mechanical and physical properties of the papersheets were analyzed and compared. As expected, the addition of NFC/NFC-OX significantly increased the strength properties of papers. Papers containing 4% of NFC-OX (periodate pretreated) presented higher increases in tensile index (43%) and burst index (59.3%) than other papers. However, a high addition of NFC/NFC-OX increased the water retention, which is undesirable for papermaking. Hence, with optimum selection of NFC/NFC-OX and process conditions, higher mechanical properties could be acquired without increasing drainage rate. Compared to the other pretreated NFC/NFC-OX types, sodium-periodate-oxidized NFC-OX samples significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505, 5180044] The authors would like to thank to KMK Paper Co. for their kind support and provision of recycled pulps. This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000616046900065

With an annual production of more than 400 million tons, paper is the main product of the largest biorefinery process industrially implemented. Enzymes have been used for pulp refining to dramatically reduce energy consumption. However, exact mechanisms related to the individual enzymes are hardly understood. Yet, this knowledge would be important to predict enzyme performance in industrial processes. Three commercial refining enzyme formulations showed different endoglucanase (1.25 nkat mg−1–13.7 nkat mg−1), β-glucosidase (0.57 nkat mg−1–1.34 nkat mg−1) and xylanase activities (1.78 nkat ml−1–62.1 nkat mg−1) on model substrates. Additionally, distinct amounts of reducing sugars from hardwood sulfate pulp were released. Endoglucases were purified from each formulation by using hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange chromatography and showed molecular weights from 20 to 55 kDa and specific activities ranging between 3.11 and 26.3 nkat mg−1 according to endoglucanase specific derivatized cellopentaose (CellG5). Refining trials of hardwood sulfate pulp were conducted using a PFI laboratory mill and fiber properties such as degree of refining or fiber length and properties of formed sheets like tensile index were monitored. Thereby, enzymes were dosed based on identical endoglucanase activity on CellG5. Enzyme formulations and purified endoglucanases led to an increase of the degree of refining of up to 47.9 [°SR] at 6000 PFI revolutions while the tensile index was improved by up to 76.0 Nm g−1. In summary, refining effects can be primarily attributed to endoglucanases indicating activity on CellG5 being a suitable parameter for enzyme dosing.

This study explored the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from the highly polluted pulp and paper industry black liquor effluents by utilizing the mesoporous tenorite (copper oxide) nanomaterials (NMs) prepared by ultrasonic irradiation. The catalyst prepared was fully characterized in terms of chemical, structural, microstructural, and surface characteristics. The optimization of the TOC removal was performed using the Taguchi methodology and by manipulating the operational parameters such as reaction time, initial pH, temperature, sonication time, the dosage of NMs as well as the effect of solar irradiation on the activation of tenorite NMs (30–35 nm and BET surface area = 35 m2/g). TOC removal of 84% of the black liquor was achieved under mild conditions of room temperature and pressure of 5 g/L of the catalyst in 24 h of treatment, including 12 h of solar irradiation which is the first report in the literature on treatment of black liquor Kraft mill effluents using tenorite NMs under the solar irradiation by employing the Taguchi methodology.

Abstract Wood is an abundant and sustainable source of emerging food ingredients, namely hemicelluloses that fulfil a number of requirements for functional hydrocolloids. Hemicelluloses, especially spruce galactoglucomannans (GGM) and birch glucuronoxylans (GX), have potential to be used as stabilizers in various foods such as yogurts, beverages, dressings, and desserts. However, in addition to good technological functionality, safety, and low price, the applicability and market potential of new hydrocolloids is determined by their sensory properties. The present study reports, for the first time, the sensory profile of spruce GGM and birch GX in food. Sensory profiles from generic descriptive analysis of GGM- and GX-rich extracts, processed by spray drying or ethanol precipitation, were compared in three types of model food systems: water solutions, yogurt with solutions, and yogurt with emulsions stabilized by GGM or GX. Gum Arabic was included for comparison with a commercial ingredient known to have a mild flavor. The results showed that GGM and GX have a woody flavor, which can be reduced by ethanol precipitation and, in yogurt, masked by other food ingredients. Graphic abstract

In this study, the effects of different fruit parts and extraction conditions on the antioxidant properties of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit were investigated. Five in vitro antioxidant models and statistical analyses were performed. The results revealed that jujube peel with pulp (peel pulp) exhibited better antioxidant capacity than did seeds. Overall, jujube peel pulp extracted using 50% ethanol at 60 &deg, C exhibited the best antioxidant capacity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (0.3 &plusmn, 0 mg/mL), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity (0.5 &plusmn, 0 mg/mL), total phenolic content (38.3 &plusmn, 0.4 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight), total flavonoid content (43.8 &plusmn, 0.2 mg quercetin equivalent per gram dry weight), and reducing power (41.9 &plusmn, 2.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram dry weight). The results indicated that jujube peel pulp is a more potential natural antioxidant than seeds.

* Sorumlu yazar: E-mail adres: yasemin.kucukata@izu.edu.tr - 0 (212) 692 9647 * Yasemin Şefika Küçükata. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. * Zeynep Saliha Güneş. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. * Hatice Ebrar Kırtıl. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. * Biset Toprak. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. Dünyada kullanılan enerjinin %80’inden fazlası kömür, doğal gaz ve petrol gibi fosil yakıtlardan karşılanmaktadır. Günümüzde artan enerji ihtiyacına bağlı olarak artan fosil yakıt kullanımı sera gazı emisyonu, asit yağmurları gibi olumsuz çevresel etkilere ve iklim değişikliklerine neden olmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biri olan biyokütlenin çeşitli termokimyasal proseslerinden elde edilen biyoyakıtlar, fosil yakıtlara alternatif olarak kabul edilmektedir. Biyoyakıt üretiminin fosil yakıtlara göre daha pahalı olması nedeniyle günümüzde uygun maliyetli teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Önemli biyoyakıtlardan biri olan biyoetanol şeker, nişasta ve selüloz içeren biyokütlenin fermente edilmesiyle elde edilir. Biyoetanol yüksek oktan sayısına sahip olup mısır, patates, şeker kamışı, şeker pancarından fermentasyon (mayalanma) yoluyla üretilmektedir. Mısır, kolza tohumu vb. alternatifleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda şeker pancarının (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) biyoyakıt için en verimli hammadde olması ile birlikte daha ekonomik olduğu bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca şeker pancarı, tahıl ve diğer selülozik bitkilere kıyasla direkt olarak fermente edilebilme avantajına da sahiptir. Şeker pancarı posası (SPP), şeker pancarından sükrozun ekstrakte edilmesiyle geriye kalan bitkisel materyaldir. Melas ise şekerin daha fazla ekstrakte edilemediği şeker pancarı şurubudur. SPP’nin ve melasın biyoetanol elde edilmesinde kullanımı çevresel atığın değerlendirilmesi açısından önemlidir. SPP ve melasın karıştırmalı biyoreaktör tanklarında Saccharomyces cerevisiae ve çeşitli mikroorganizmalar ile fermentasyonu sonucunda etanol elde edilir. Gerçekleşen fermentasyon sonrasında oluşan etanolü saflaştırmak ve konsantrasyonunu artırmak için distilasyon ve susuzlaştırma işlemi uygulanmaktadır. Saflaştırma işlemiyle CO2, yan ürünler ve daha sonra çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılmak üzere biyoetanol elde edilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında şeker pancarı ve SPP’den biyoyakıt olarak birçok avantajı bulunan biyoetanol üretim prosesi, fermentasyon işlemi ve endüstrideki önemi konularına değinilmiştir. More than 80% of the energy used in the world is supplied from fossil fuels such as coil, natural gas, and oil. The incresing use of fossil fuels related to increasing energy requirements sparks off adverse environmental effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, acid rains, and climate changes. Biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, obtained by various thermochemical processes of biomass are accepted as an alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuel production is of great importance to develop cost-effective technologies. Bioethanol is obtained by fermenting sugar, starch and cellulose-containing biomass and produced by fermentation of corn, potatoes, sugar cane, sugar beet, and grains. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) is reported to be the most efficient raw material for biofuel, and more economical as compared to the alternative sources such as corn, rapeseed. Also, it has the advantage that it can be directly fermented compared to sugar beet, grain, and other cellulosic plants. Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is a remaining herbal material by extracting sucrose from sugar beet. Molasses is sugar beet syrup. The use of SBP and molasses in obtaining bioethanol is important in terms of evaluation of environmental waste. Ethanol is obtained with fermentation of SPP and molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and various microorganisms in stirred-tank bioreactors. Purification step is applied to purify and to increase its concentration. CO2, by-products, and bioethanol to be used for various purposes are obtained through distillation and dewatering. In this review, bioethanol production, fermentation process, and importance of bioethanol in industry are addressed.

Elmas, Gulnur Mertoglu/0000-0002-4481-3850 WOS:000457598100010 Nowadays, decreasing raw material for the production of pulp from wood has led to search for alternative sources. For this reason, the possibilities of using existing natural species in pulp production are being investigated. White poplar (Populus alba L.), which is a widespread naturally-grown in many parts of Turkey, has the potential to be an alternative pulp raw material. In this study, the fiber dimensions of heartwood and sapwood of white poplar were prepared for microscobic measurements. Also, the relationships between fiber dimensions measured were examined with a specific view to fiber morphology to evaluate their suitability for pulp production. The fiber length of heartwood is higher due to having more 5 year-old groups on it. The changes in the fiber diameter of the sapwood and heartwood by the ages usually showed a polynomial course. The age-related changes were increased from min to average values in the fiber wall width of the heartwood. The felting rate of heartwood indicated that a pulp with proportionally more heartwood would yield a paper with better physical properties, especially tear strength. Based on the results the muhlstep ratio of heartwood and sapwood that both woods are suitable for paper production.

Mesocarp fiber palm oil industrial waste can be processed into pulp, but this fiber still contains oil with varying levels. The difference oil content in fiber affects the amount of cooking solution required to make mesocarp waste into pulp. This study consists of two stages, namely the pretreatment stage of oil extraction to obtain variations in oil content in the mesocarp fiber waste and the delignification stage using the NaOH-ethanol solution with the ratio of solids:solvent is varied to 1: 8, 1:10 and 1:12. Oil content of the fiber was analyzed, it is consist of 9,5% oil. To vary the oil content, the fibers are soaked in ethanol at room temperature and the levels drop to 7%. And soaking at 40°C can lower the oil content drop to 2%. The obtained pulp had the largest cellulose content 50.77% from delignified product from fiber with 7.6% oil content and solids:solvent ratio: 1:10. While the lowest lignin that was 7.39% obtained at 2.5% oil content. In the delignification process with ratio 1:12, pulp produced is decreased in cellulose content and from FTIR results it is known that it occurs because of the degraded cellulose during the delignification process.

In three Antioquia producing areas (El Retiro, El Peñol, and Amagá), three orchards of cv. Hass avocado were selected, in order to quantify the amount of nutrients removed by the fruit. A completely randomized design with 12 replications (trees) was used, for which 25 fruits/tree were collected, from which the fresh and dry weight of the epidermis, pulp, testa, and seed were obtained. In each fruit structure, the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B was determined and the removal of each was calculated. The tissue with the highest concentration of nutrients was the testa. The nutrient with the highest concentration in the four tissues was K followed by N. The total removal by the fresh fruit, in kg t-1, for K was 4; N, 3.3; S 0.56; Mg 0.51; Ca 0.31; 0.48 P and in g t-1 for Fe was 0.45; B 0.2; Zn 0.11; Mn 0.01 and Cu 0.03. En tres zonas productoras de Antioquia (El Retiro, El Peñol y Amagá), se seleccionaron tres huertos de aguacate cv Hass, con el fin de cuantificar la cantidad de nutrientes removidos por el fruto. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar con 12 repeticiones (árboles), para lo cual se colectaron 25 frutos/árbol, de donde se obtuvo el peso fresco y seco de la epidermis, la pulpa, la testa y la semilla. En cada estructura del fruto, se determinó la concentración de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn y B y se calculó la remoción de cada uno de ellos. El tejido con mayor concentración de nutrientes fue la testa. El nutrimento con mayor concentración en los cuatro tejidos fue K seguido de N. La remoción total por el fruto fresco, en kg t-1, para K fue de 4; N 3,3; S 0,56; Mg 0,51; Ca 0,31; 0,48 P y en g t-1 para el Fe fue 0,45; B 0,2; Zn 0,11; Mn 0,01 y Cu 0,03.

International audience; Two distinct lignocellulosic fractions (rind and core) can be obtained through a physical separation of sugarcane stalks. Although presenting differences in morphology, both fractions can be employed to produce pulps and papers. The pulps and paper sheets produced from the core and rind fractions were characterized by their chemical composition, physical properties and mechanical properties. The pulps obtained from the core presented a higher amount of fines, lower drainage ability and rendered denser and stiffer sheets. The pulps from the rind, which have a higher content of fibers and higher degree of polymerization, produced sheets with higher air permeability and water absorption. Both paper sheets presented mechanical and physical properties comparable to commercial papers and papers from different cellulosic sources. The different properties exhibited by the papers produced from each fraction allow their use for distinct purposes, and expands the opportunities in the context of sugarcane biorefinery.

El objetivo fue evaluar la influencia de la preservación por calor y frío sobre las características físico-químicas y microbiológicas y los compuestos bioactivos de la pulpa de sapota-do-Solimões (Quararibea cordata) durante 180 días de almacenamiento. Los frutos fueron despulpados y sometidos a los tratamientos: congelación; pasteurización + congelación; refrigeración; y pasteurización + refrigeración. Los tratamientos afectaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos durante el almacenamiento. Destacan la reducción de la actividad de agua, la reducción del pH en las pulpas almacenadas bajo refrigeración y el aclaramiento en color de las pulpas. El ácido ascórbico se mantuvo estable durante la congelación y los niveles de carotenoides totales se mantuvieron en la pasteurización + congelación. Los fenoles totales permanecieron estables hasta 150 días y la actividad antioxidante disminuyó durante el almacenamiento para todos los tratamientos. Los coliformes fueron menores que 1 log CFU.g‒1 y Salmonella ssp. estuvo ausente. El tratamiento de pasteurización + congelación, así como el tratamiento de congelación, mantuvieron la calidad de la pulpa durante 180 días de almacenamiento. The aim was to evaluate the influence of preservation by heat and cold on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and bioactive compounds of pulp from sapota-do-Solimões (Quararibea cordata) for 180 days of storage. The pulps were submitted to the following treatments: freezing; pasteurization + freezing; refrigeration; and pasteurization + refrigeration. The treatments affected the physicochemical parameters during storage. Of particular note was the reduction in water activity, the reduction in pH in the pulps stored under refrigeration, and the lightening in color of the pulps. Ascorbic acid remained stable during freezing, and the levels of total carotenoids were maintained in the pasteurization + freezing treatment. The total phenolics remained stable up to 150 days, and the antioxidant activity decreased during storage for all the treatments. The coliforms were less than 1 log CFU.g−1 and Salmonella ssp. was absent. The pasteurization + freezing treatment, as well as the freezing treatment, maintained the quality of the pulp for 180 days of storage.

In analytical pyrolysis, carbohydrates are degraded into stable anhydrosugars, which are analyzed by GC/MS. The benefit of Py-GC/MS is that fiber composition including carbohydrates, lignin and its S/G ratio can be determined simultaneously from fiber-based materials without need of extensive pretreatment, contrary to the traditional method. In this study, the relative carbohydrate composition of various Eucalyptus species was determined by Py-GC/MS. In addition, pulps produced from the same species by soda-AQ and soda-O2 processes were analyzed similarly. The results were compared with those obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by HPLC. This comparison showed that the relative carbohydrate composition determined by Py-GC/MS for the wood samples differed from the values obtained by acid hydrolysis. Significantly better correlation between the two methods was observed for the pulp samples cooked to varying kappa number levels. Fractionated pyrolysis was applied in order to find explanation to the observed difference in the degradation behavior of carbohydrates in wood and pulp samples. Due to the close association of lignin and carbohydrates, the thermal behavior of lignin was followed as well. The results showed that the thermal behavior of xylan and cellulose differed in the wood samples, but were almost equal in the pulp samples. Thermal degradation of xylan was similar with lignin in both sample types. Similar thermal behavior between the components is a prerequisite for reliable Py-GC/MS analysis. Therefore, this method cannot be recommended for the comparison of carbohydrate compositions between different wood raw materials. However, it is applicable to pulp samples and may find application in research for profiling carbohydrate compositional changes with processingmethods: and conditions.

In this review, studies (n = 41) were searched in which the compounds and contents were determined for whole fig fruit, peel, leaves and pulp, the types of fig-based products were identified and their total phenols and antioxidant capacity as well as the potential uses of different extracts of fig parts were analyzed. There is a need to reduce the fruit’s environmental impacts (zero waste), and bioactive compounds from fig fruits present a high added value as functional ingredients. Focusing on fig by-products (peel, seeds, no-optimal fruits and leaves), individual compounds and/or extracts can increase the functional, nutritional and techno-functional properties of food products such as additives. A high number of phenolic compounds was found in whole fruit (n = 19), peel (n = 26), pulp (n = 24) and leaves (n = 42). Quercetin-3-O-rutioside was reported as the major individual phenolic compound in whole figs, while cyanidin-3-rutinoside, epicatechin and caftaric acid were the highest compounds in peel, pulp and leaves, respectively. A potential strategy could be the development of novel additives and/or ingredients for food industry from fig by-products. Therefore, the use and valorization of the waste material produced during fig processing should be further investigated.

First influence of variable valence metal ions on the ozonation process of hardwood pulp was investigated. The oxidative delignification and destruction process of hardwood pulp by ozone treatment of water suspension and ozone treatment in gas phase in the presence of ions Mn2+, Cr3+ и Fe2 by UV-spectrophotometry, IR-spectroscopy and viscosimetry methods was studied. It was showed, that addition of variable valence metal ions into the reaction mixture increased delignification depth in 1,1–1,6 times (Fe2+– Cr3+) under intensive pulp suspension mixing, and in 2,3 times (Mn2+) at insufficient mixing conditions (ozone-air mixture bubbling). The higher value of delignification depth was reached in the presence of variable valence metal ions – 39,8%. It was obtained that delignification depth was higher under the gas phase ozonation, than under the pulp suspension ozone treatment: till 62,1% without catalyst and till 67,5% in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Cellulose degradation increased with ions Mn2+, Cr3+ and Fe2+ concentration rising in the reaction mixture. Degree of polymerization varied from 1050 to 650, 720 and 800, respectively. IR-spectres of ozonated pulp are studied., Впервые исследовано влияние ионов металлов переменной валентности на процесс озонирования лиственной сульфатной целлюлозы. Изучен процесс окислительной делигнификации и деструкции лиственной сульфатной целлюлозы при обработке озоном водной суспензии и в газовой фазе в присутствии ионов Mn2+, Cr3+ и Fe2+ методами УФ-спектрофотометрии, ИК-спектроскопии и вискозиметрии. Показано, что введение ионов металлов переменной валентности в реакционную смесь увеличивает глубину делигнификации в 1,1–1,6 раза (Fe2+-Cr3+) при интенсивном перемешивании суспензии целлюлозы, и в 2,3 раза (Mn2+) в условиях недостаточного перемешивания (за счет барботирования озоно-воздушной смесью). Наибольшая глубина делигнификации в присутствии ионов МПВ составляет 39,8%. При озонировании в газовой фазе наблюдается более существенное увеличение глубины делигнификации лиственной сульфатной целлюлозы, чем при обработке разбавленных суспензий: до 62,1% без катализатора и до 67,5% в присутствии ионов Mn2+. По мере увеличения концентрации ионов Mn2+, Cr3+ и Fe2+ в реакционной смеси деструкция целлюлозы возрастает, СП изменяется от 1050 до 650, 720 и 800 соответственно. Изучены спектральные характеристики озонированной целлюлозы.

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an indigenous fruit tree associated with the Savannah drylands of sub‐Saharan Africa. Local communities mainly utilize the leaves, pulp, and seeds of baobab as a source of food and for income generation. The present study was conducted to determine the nutritive attributes of baobab fruit pulp and seeds across provenances in east, west, and southern Africa and to determine whether the nutrient content varied with the provenance of origin. Pulp and seed proximate composition and mineral element concentration were determined using the AOAC 1984 methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), respectively. The results showed that there exist significant variation (p

Highlights • Phenol red screening plates is the best method for detecting lipolytic activity. • Substrate specificity is affected by temperature and pH. • Essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature to determine optima. • Lipolytic enzymes indigenous to Eucalyptus sp. can assist in pitch control., This study highlights the importance of determining substrate specificity at variable experimental conditions. Lipases and esterases were isolated from microorganisms cultivated from Eucalyptus wood species and then concentrated (cellulases removed) and characterized. Phenol red agar plates supplemented with 1% olive oil or tributyrin was ascertained to be the most favourable method of screening for lipolytic activity. Lipolytic activity of the various enzymes were highest at 45–61 U/ml at the optimum temperature and pH of between at 30–35 °C and pH 4–5, respectively. Change in pH influenced the substrate specificity of the enzymes tested. The majority of enzymes tested displayed a propensity for longer aliphatic acyl chains such as dodecanoate (C12), myristate (C14), palmitate (C16) and stearate (C18) indicating that they could be characterised as potential lipases. Prospective esterases were also detected with specificity towards acetate (C2), butyrate (C4) and valerate (C5). Enzymes maintained up to 95% activity at the optimal pH and temperature for 2–3 h. It is essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature when determining optimum activity of lipolytic enzymes, a method rarely employed. The stability of the enzymes at acidic pH and moderate temperatures makes them excellent candidates for application in the treatment of pitch during acid bi-sulphite pulping, which would greatly benefit the pulp and paper industry.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of probiotic yoghurt. Five concentrations of APPE were added in probiotic yoghurt as: (1) CTL, control without APPE, (2) AE1, addition of 1% APPE, (3) AE2, addition of 2% APPE, (4) AE3, addition of 3% APPE, (5) AE4, addition of 4% APPE, and (6) AE5, addition of 5% APPE. The prepared probiotic yoghurt was stored at 4 &deg, C for 21 days and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties. The initial viable count of L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, B. lactis and L. acidophilus were similar in all yoghurt samples at day 1. The maximum viability loss of probiotics was observed in CTL (p &lt, 0.05). The lowest viability loss of probiotics was observed in AE5 samples (p &lt, 0.05). The acidity, water holding capacity and viscosity were increased with the addition of APPE. No significant effects were observed on milk fat and total solid contents of probiotic yoghurt with the addition of APPE. The total phenolic contents of probiotic yoghurt increased significantly as 0.59, 0.71, 0.97, 1.18, 1.35 in AE1, AE2, AE3, AE4 and AE5, samples respectively. It was observed that AE3 and AE4 samples had better taste, flavour and colour with good texture. The survival of probiotics and antioxidant activity of the yoghurts were enhanced with the addition of APPE. In conclusion, apple peels could be successfully used as prebiotic in yoghurt with increased viable counts of probiotics.

This study reports the adsorption capacity of lead Pb2+ and cadmium Cd2+ of biochar obtained from: peanut shell (BCM), &ldquo, chonta&rdquo, pulp (BCH) and corn cob (BZM) calcined at 500, 600 and 700 &deg, C, respectively. The optimal adsorbent dose, pH, maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics were evaluated. The biochar with the highest Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal capacity is obtained from the peanut shell (BCM) calcined at 565 &deg, C in 45 min. The optimal experimental conditions were: 14 g L&minus, 1 (dose of sorbent) and pH between 5 and 7. The sorption experimental data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. High removal rates were obtained: 95.96% for Pb2+ and 99.05. for Cd2+. The BCH and BZM revealed lower efficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal than BCM biochar. The results suggest that biochar may be useful for the removal of heavy metals (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from drinking water.

Despite of the wide use worldwide, the industrial potential of bamboo species in Brazil is not much investigated. However, some encouragement to revert this situation was created in last few years. The aim of this research was to evaluate the technological characteristics of the Bambusa vulgaris biomass for the production of pulp by the kraft process. The technological characteristics of the raw material were determined by the basic density, the chemical composition and the morphology of the fibers. The cooking process was carried out with the application of eight charges of active alkali, in 90 minutes of heating time and 60 minutes in the maximum temperature of 170oC. All analyzes were also executed with the Eucalyptus spp. and the Pinus spp., in order to make a complete comparison among the species Bambusa vulgaris and the two most used raw materials for the pulp production in Brazil. The Bambusa vulgaris presented a higher basic density, lower holocellulose content and a higher total extractive content. Its fibers have intermediate length and wall thickness, similar to the Eucalyptus spp. and the Pinus spp. Considering the kraft pulping process, the species Bambusa vulgaris demonstrated to be easier to delignify besides presenting almost zero reject content and smaller consumption of active alkali. However, the Eucalyptus spp. and the Pinus spp. obtained the best yields, the lowest specific consumption of raw material and better selectivities.

Comparative studies of the effects of two commercial enzyme formulations on fiber refining were conducted. Extensive basic characterisation of the enzymes involved, assessment of their hydrolytic activities on different model substrates as well as on different pulps (softwood sulfate, softwood sulfite, hardwood sulfate) were evaluated. Both enzyme formulations showed endoglucanase as well as some xylanase and β-glucosidase activity. In addition, Enzyme A reached a CMC end viscosity of 19.5 mPa compared to 11.1 mPa for Enzyme B. Reducing sugar release almost doubled from 695 μmol mL−1 for hardwood sulfate pulp to 1300 μmol mL−1 for softwood sulfite pulp with Enzyme B under the same conditions. Enzyme A increased the degree of refining even under non-ideal conditions from 23 °SR to up to 50 °SR. Further characterization of hand sheets, made from enzyme pre-treated and refined cellulose fibers with Enzyme A and B, showed that Enzyme A had the best effects leading to hand sheets with increased tensile strength and low air permeability. In summary, the increase in the degree of refining seen for Enzyme A correlated to higher xylanase and β-glucosidase activity and lower endoglucanase activity.

Despite the huge efforts to develop efficient technologies for the treatment of recalcitrant biowastes and other emerging pollutants, selecting the most sustainable method among the possible alternatives is still a formidable task. This is mainly because of the integration of technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria in decision-making process. Traditionally, various multi-criteria decision-making approaches have been adopted to integrate innumerable criteria for environmental applications. In this study, we have examined the fuzzy-Delphi approach to evaluate seventeen parameters for integrating technical, economic, environmental and social criteria in order to rank the nine treatment technologies divided in two categories (physico-chemical and biological processes). The results of this study indicated that although efficiency of treatment methods is the most important criterion, but contribution of other sustainability criteria should also be considered because they are of high importance for the selection of sustainable wastewater treatment methods. As per our proposed framework on membrane technologies (among the many other physico-chemical methods) and anaerobic sludge blanket technology (among the biological treatment methods) are the most promising approaches for the treatment of highly polluted emerging industrial pollutants. The findings of this study are fully supported by the consensus achieved by a group of fifty experts from nineteen different countries. Opportunities for the improvement of the methods as per data generated are discussed.

Taguchi method is one of a design of experimental (DOE), by using statistical approach to optimize the process parameters and maintaining the minimum variability and also improve the quality of product. Based on data characterisation, Nominal is Best in Taguchi methods is suitable application in this study. Its describe the procedures and steps that occur in DOE to find an optimum quality parameter corresponding quality characterisation. Nominal is the best applied in milling process of pulp on the hydrapulper with pulp freeness 650 Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF). The result is shown by orthogonal array, Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio and analysis of variances (ANOVA). Three factors cosidered in this study and namely the composition of pulp (waste paper), pulp consistency and milling time. The experiment will conducted after determination of each level and the appropriate orthogonal array was selected. After measuring of pulp freeness produced by the pulp milling on the hydrapulper, then Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio is calculated. As the conclussion, the factors and levels of optimum freeness obtained, pulp composition in level 1 (100%), pulp consistency at level 2 (8%) and milling time factor in level 2 (45 minutes). The result of experimental verification was interpreted in the conclusion.Keywords: Taguchi; DOE; pulp; hydrapulper; Nominal is the Best; ANOVA

The aim of the study was to determine the properties of pulp and paper produced from wheat stubble (Triticum aestivum L.), using soda-oxygen-sodium borohydride (NaBH4) cooking method. Whole wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) was also used for comparison with stubbles. The morphological and chemical properties of the raw materials were investigated. The results showed that stubble had high holocellulose, cellulose, and alpha-cellulose contents and low lignin content. Fiber length, fiber width, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were measured in order to determine suitability of the fibers for pulp and paper production. The values were used to calculate fiber parameters. The effects of these parameters on paper strength were also discussed. The effect of NaBH4 on the yield and chemical, physical, and optical properties of pulp and paper were investigated. The addition of NaBH4 increased pulp yield by 4.1 %, and improved the physical and optical properties of the pulp. The physical and optical properties of the stubble pulp were better than those of whole wheat straw pulp. It was concluded that these characteristics demonstrate the suitability of wheat stubbles for pulp and paper production.

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritive value of avocado and mango fruit wastes, and to assess the possibility of preserving the wastes into multi-nutrient blocks (MB). Both peels and a pulp:peels (PP) mixture of each fruit were analyzed for chemical composition and in vitro fermentation with goats&rsquo, ruminal fluid. Wastes had low-dry matter (DM) content (&lt, 250 g/kg), with those from mango having high non-structural carbohydrates content (&gt, 800 g/kg DM) and those from avocado high fat levels (&gt, 580 g/kg DM). Mango wastes were fermented at a greater extent and faster rate than avocado ones. The PP mixture of each fruit was included into multi-nutrient blocks (MB) formulated to have similar chemical composition. There were only subtle differences in the fermentation of MB including wastes from either avocado or mango, but fermentation of avocado-MB resulted in significantly (p &le, 0.032) greater acetate and lower propionate proportions than mango-MB. Including the PP mixture in the formulation of MB for goats feeding is a feasible option to reduce the environmental impact of avocado and mango fruit wastes, but studies on the acceptance of the MB by goats and their stability over long-time storage periods are needed.

Gelatin gummy jelly is a chewable snack with attractive synthetic colour and flavour. The use of natural carotenoid colourant, found in Gac aril or pulp, potentially benefits consumer health. The objectives of this study were to formulate gummy prototypes designed with varying levels of gelatin, sucrose, and glucose syrup, to vary the addition of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and freeze-dried (FD) Gac aril and pulp to the selected prototype, and to investigate changes in coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy during storage. The prototype containing gelatin, sucrose, and glucose syrup at 10, 50, and 40%, respectively, was selected based on its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values. The addition of WPC (0.75%) to the selected prototype increased the values of hardness, springiness, and gumminess but reduced the values of cohesiveness and chewiness. Coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy with blends (0.5 g/100 g) of FD Gac aril and pulp at a ratio of 75:25 appeared yellow-orange and received the highest acceptance score. The quality of coloured WPC-mixed gelatin changed to a dull colour and a softer texture gel during storage. Therefore, Gac-coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy improvement for colour and texture qualities should be of concern for shelf-life stability., Gac, aril, pulp, chewable gummy, whey protein, gelatin

The main goal of this work was to measure the total alkaloid content (TALC) from pulp, peel, seed, and columella of soursop fruit (Annona muricata L.) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to obtain the best conditions of the UAE with the response surface methodology (RSM). We evaluated the effect of amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%), time (5, 10, and 15 min) and pulse-cycles (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s) and compared the best UAE conditions of alkaloids with a conventional extraction (maceration). The structural characterization of the raw material with the highest TALC was developed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [1H, 13C, heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), and homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY)]. According to the RSM, the best conditions in the UAE for extracting alkaloids varied depending on the type of plant tissue. It took 5 min with an amplitude of 70% and pulse-cycles of 1, 0.4, and 1 s, respectively, to extract the highest TALC in peel, seed, and columella while the optimal conditions for extracting the largest amount of alkaloids from the pulp were obtained at 5 min in UAE with pulse-cycles of 0.55 s and 100% amplitude. The TALC was highest in the peel (7.48 mg/g), which was followed by the seed (2.31 mg/g), the pulp (1.20 mg/g), and the columella (0.79 mg/g) and was positively correlated (R2 = 0.98&ndash, 0.88) with the predicted values. In addition, the extraction alkaloids from the peel, pulp, seed, and columella using the UAE was 56.31, 5.45, 3.06, and 2.96 times higher, respectively, than the extraction by maceration. The alkaloids identified in the peel have not been reported and were nornuciferin, assimilobin, anonaine, and isolaureline. This study showed that the soursop fruit peel can be a source of alkaloids and that UAE has an important potential for extracting these compounds.

In this study, proximate, mineral, amino acid and anti–nutrient compositions of Mormodica charantia fruit and Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp were determined using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition values (g/100 g sample) of M. charantia and D. mespiliformis were: Moisture (3.88 and 4.64), ash (5.22 and 5.5.13), crude protein (20.36 and 4.68), crude fibre (8.41 and 3.58), ether extract (4.39 and 2.00), and carbohydrate by difference (57.56 and 79.68). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for M. charantia and D. mespiliformis were (3.51 and 1.60 %) and (148.07 and 1508.12 kJ/100 g). The most abundant minerals were Na (612.42 and 425.21 mg/100 g) followed by Na (521.71 and 368.25 mg/100g), respectively. Generally, the two samples were found to be good sources of essential minerals. The levels of Na/K and Ca/Mg ratios were desirable compared with recommended values. The amino acid profiles revealed that both samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids with total essential amino acid (TEAA) (with His) were 34.38 and 22.37 g/100 g for Mormodica charantia and Diospyros mespiliformis, respectively. However, essential amino acid supplementation may be required in dietary formula except Ile and Leu in Mormodica charantia and Met + Cys and Val in Diospyros mespiliformis when comparing the essential amino acids (EAAs) in this report with the recommended FAO/WHO provisional pattern. Met + Cys (TSAA) was the first limiting amino acids (LAA) for the two plant fruits. The study showed that Mormodica charantia and Diospyros mespiliformis can be better sources of some of the essential nutrients with potential health beneficial constituents than some of the members of the family to which they belong. However, some of the anti–nutrient contents may pose nutritional problems in their consumption.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V72018121889 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1889

The paper presents the results of experiments to improve the performance of insulating paper as a component of high-voltage paper-impregnated insulation by introducing the modifying additive into the paper mass. Environmentally safe and economically feasible method of obtaining modifying additives of the chitin-glucan complex of Aspergillus niger (A.n.) which is a large-tonnage waste production of citric acid is proposed. The modifying additive was introduced into the paper mass in an amount of 5–10% to the mass of absolutely dry fiber of sulfate insulating cellulose. The paper samples were subjected to accelerated thermal aging at 140°C for 250 hours. The values of the short – term electrical strength of the samples with the modifying additive, both in the initial and in the aged state, exceeded the similar characteristic of the paper sample without additives. for the paper made of 100% cellulose after 250 hours of accelerated thermal aging the maximal mechanical tensile strength decreased by 2.1 times; for paper containing 5% HGC A.n. – by 1.5 times and for the insulating paper, which was introduced into 10% of the modifying additive, the specified parameter during the test has not changed. Comparative evaluation of the sorption activity of the cellulose component was carried out by determining the light transmission coefficient of transformer oil relative to the standard at the process of thermal aging. It was found that the modification of insulating paper by biopolymer also increases its sorption activity in relation to the products of destruction of paper-impregnated insulation components under the catalytic effect of copper., В работе представлены результаты экспериментов по улучшению эксплуатационных характеристик электроизоляционной бумаги, как компонента высоковольтной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции, за счет введения в бумажную массу модифицирующей добавки. Предложен экологически безопасный и экономически целесообразный способ получения модифицирующей добавки из хитин-глюканового комплекса Aspergillus niger (ХГК A.n.) – многотоннажного отхода производства лимонной кислоты. Модифицирующую добавку вводили в бумажную массу в количестве 5–10% к массе абсолютно сухого волокна сульфатной электроизоляционной целлюлозы. Образцы бумаги подвергали ускоренному термическому старению при температуре 140°С в течение 250 ч. Значения кратковременной электрической прочности образцов бумаги с модифицирующей добавкой как в исходном, так и в состаренном состоянии превосходили аналогичную характеристику образца бумаги без добавок. Введение в состав целлюлозной основы модифицирующей добавки способствовало повышению нагревостойкости бумаги, сохраняя показатель механической прочности на высоком уровне в процессе длительного термического старения: у бумаги из 100% целлюлозы после 250 ч ускоренного термического старения предел механической прочности на разрыв снизился в 2.1 раза; у бумаги, содержащей 5% ХГК А.n. – в 1.5 раза, а у бумаги, в состав которой было введено 10% модифицирующей добавки, указанный показатель за время испытаний не изменился. Сравнительная оценка сорбционной активности целлюлозного компонента проводилась путем определения коэффициента светопропускания трансформаторного масла относительно эталона в процессе термического старения. Установлено, что модификация электроизоляционной бумаги биополимером также повышает ее сорбционную активность по отношению к продуктам деструкции компонентов бумажно-пропитанной изоляции в условиях каталитического влияния меди.

The long-fibred spruce sulphite and kraft pulps, as well as short-fibred soda pulp cooked from rapeseed straw were subjected to displacement washing under laboratory conditions. Pure water was used as wash liquid, the conductivity of which was described by the permeability. The unmovable pulp bed was characterised by its average effective flow porosity, specific resistance, and equivalent pore diameter. The displacement washing process was divided into two periods. The first period, when spent liquor was displaced from the inter-fibre pores, was described by bed efficiency. The transport of solute in the second period, when leaching prevails, was characterised by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The results obtained showed that the bed efficiency increases with increasing Péclet number, however, it decreases with increasing dimensionless dispersion length. The bed efficiency obtained for long-fibred spruce pulps was found to be greater compared to that for short-fibred soda rapeseed pulp. The average volumetric mass transfer coefficient determined for all pulp types had an increasing trend with increasing superficial wash water velocity. Dlouhovláknitá smrková sulfitová a sulfátová buničina spolu s krátkovláknitou natronovou buničinou uvařenou z řepkové slámy byly prány vytěsňovacím způsobem za laboratorních podmínek. Jako prací kapalina byla použita voda. Nepohyblivá vrstva buničiny byla charakterizována průměrnou průtočnou mezerovitostí, měrným odporem a ekvivalentním průměrem póru. Průběh vytěsňovacího praní byl rozdělen do dvou period. Praní v první periodě, kdy dochází k vytěsňování výluhu z pórů mezi vlákny, bylo popsáno místní účinností. Převod hmoty ve druhé periodě, kdy převažuje vyluhování látky z vláken, byl charakterizován objemovým koeficientem převodu hmoty. Získané výsledky ukázaly, že místní účinnost se zvětšuje s rostoucím Pécletovým kritériem, avšak snižuje s rostoucí bezrozměrnou disperzní délkou. Účinnost vrstvy byla větší pro dlouhovláknitou buničinu ve srovnání s krátkovláknitou natronovou buničinou z řepkové slámy. Objemový koeficient převodu hmoty rostl se zvětšující se rychlostí prací vody u všech proměřených druhů buničiny.

Biorefinery of grassland plants may enable the production of feed for both ruminants and monogastrics at the same time. The pulp fibre fraction from twin-screw processed white clover, red clover, lucerne, and perennial ryegrass, is a major side-stream commonly considered of low value. However, it maintains a crude protein (CP) fraction of which a high proportion is expected to be fibre-associated. The pulp is expected to be suitable as forage for ruminants but knowledge of the feed value is limited. The objectives of this study were to assess the protein degradation in the rumen and the protein value of pulp compared to the original plant material, and to study the protein distribution among fibre fractions in order to evaluate the pulp as a source of forage for dairy cows. The ash concentration in the pulp was 51.1–72.3 g/kg DM compared to 86.3–104 g/kg DM in the original plant, while the in vitro digestible organic matter (DOM) in dry matter (DM) did not decrease significantly in pulp (532–689 g/kg DM) compared to plant (564–694 g/kg DM). Neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) concentration was higher in pulp (529–694 g/kg DM) than in original plant (342–503 g/kg DM), while the CP concentration of the aNDF from pulp (77.8–186 g/kg aNDF) did not differ from the concentration found in the plant aNDF (74.7–137 g/kg aNDF). Furthermore, the total amino acid (AA) concentration increased in pulp (825 g/kg CP) compared to original plant (768 g/kg CP), and the individual concentration of all essential AA in DM increased. The in situ rumen degradation of CP showed that the potentially degradable fraction was not different between plant (889–953 g/kg) and pulp (817–939 g/kg), although the fractional rate of degradation was lower in the pulp (0.093–0.109 h−1) than in the plant (0.113–0.192 h−1). Thus effective degradability (ED) of CP was lower in pulp (579–647 g/kg) than in plant (657–786 g/kg) increasing rumen escape protein (REP). The intestinal digestibility of REP was similar, thus a higher proportion of the pulp CP (225–256 g/kg) was digested in the intestine compared to plant CP (125–190 g/kg). The indigestible neutral detergent fibre (INDF) proportion of aNDF was not different between plant (88.1–422 g/kg aNDF) and pulp (85.3–460 g/kg aNDF). This study demonstrated that pulp from twin-screw pressing of white clover, red clover, lucerne, and perennial ryegrass has a protein concentration and value for ruminants, which is similar to the original plant material.

This study determines the proximate, mineral, amino acid and anti-nutritional compositions of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) kernel and pulp using standard analytical methods. The result showed that the contents of crude fat and protein in the kernel are higher than that of the pulp. The only minerals whose values ranged between 40.0 to 200 mg/100 g were P, Ca and Na for the kernel and pulp samples but values of other minerals (Mn, Fe, Zn, K, Cu and Mg) were below 10.00 mg/100 g on wet weight basis. Amino acid analysis of kernel and pulp showed concentrations of TAA (57.92 and 57.48 g/100 g crude protein), TEAA (27.10 and 19.04 g/100 g cp) and TNEAA (30.82 and 38.44 g/100 g cp). Arginine was the most concentrated EAA in both the kernel and pulp samples. Except for the alkaloid, the kernel sample contained higher concentrations of anti-nutritional factors than the pulp. Generally, Vitellaria paradoxa kernel and pulp contained nutritive minerals and sufficient proportions of EAAs however, supplementation of all the EAAs will be required in order to meet up with FAO/WHO dietary requirements. Also the high contents of some of their anti–nutrients may pose a nutritional problem in their consumption.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V72018091811 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1811

Isatis tinctoria and Isatis buschiana were evaluated as raw materials for pulp and paper production. Chemical composition and morphological aspects of Isatis stalks were determined. Lignin contents of I. tinctoria and I. buschiana were 23.9 % and 19.9 %, respectively. alpha-cellulose ratio was found to be 48.5 % in I. tinctoria and 32.9 % in I. buschiana. Fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were measured and the obtained data was used to calculate felting rate, elasticity coefficient, rigidity coefficient, runkel index and F factor. Handsheets were produced from Isatis stalks, and physical and optical properties were determined. Breaking length, tear index and burst index values were higher for the beaten pulp than for unbeaten pulp, while brightness and whiteness values were higher in unbeaten pulp.