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The unconventional machining processes are popular in machining the difficult to cut type complex contour/ profile. The key parameters are to be machined with care as they directly affects the function and non key dimensions are machined with other than consideration of functional aspect, like design, passage. That means accuracy is less important in those dimensions but finish is to be good. So the machining of engineering materials does not always require optimizing parameters based on multiple responses. This investigation focuses on the sensitiveness of Wire EDM of 12X18H10T - Stainless Steel and identifying the parameters contribution and establish mathematical model to predict values without trial. An austenitic alloy 12X18H10T - Stainless Steel exhibits its inherent mechanical properties even when it expose to extremely high temperature. Ithas potential application in aerospace engine components manufacturing. This investigation utilized the Taguchi L9 experiential Design with factors of Pulse off Time, Wire Tension, Pulse on Time, and Wire Feed Rate. This study aims to examine Maximize the rate of machining with Taguchi approach in the process of Wire EDM of 12X18H10T - Stainless Steel and establish a mathematical model to predict the highly influencing parameter(s) for desired rate of machining.

Search engines are crucial for information gathering systems (IGS). New challenges face search engines concerning automatic learning from user requests. In this paper, a new hybrid intelligent system is proposed to enhance the search process. Based on a Multilayer Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS), the first step is to implement a scalable system to relay logical rules in order to produce three classifications for search behavior, user profiles, and query characteristics from analysis of navigation log files. These three outputs from the MFIS are used as inputs for the second step, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The training process of the ANFIS replaced the rules by adjusting the weights in order to find the most relevant result for the search query. This proposed system, called MFIS-ANFIS, is implemented as an experimental system. The system performance is evaluated using quantitative and comparative analysis. MFIS-ANFIS aimed to be the core of intelligent and reliable search process.

To ensure the structural safety and normal operation of a cable-stayed bridge in China (Rainbow Bridge), cables were replaced and construction monitoring and control were conducted. In the process of cable replacements, the cable force and girder elevation were monitored and the distribution of cable force was adjusted according to the construction monitoring results to improve the structural force and increase the safety reserve of the structure. In the process of monitoring the cable force, the difference between the measured cable force and the design cable force was 0.4–4.4%. After adjusting the cable force, the difference between the measured cable force and the design cable force was less than 2%, and the change in the cable force was uniform, meeting the original design requirements. In the monitoring process of the main girder elevation, the elevation was increased by a maximum of 0.054 m. After completing cable adjustment, the main girder elevation was increased by 0–5 mm. This elevation was more reasonable and met the design requirements.

Multiple performance criteria should be evaluated together in the operating room schedules. Therefore, the operating room scheduling problem is a complex and difficult problem. As a result, it is very difficult to get the best solution, even high-quality solutions, at a reasonable time. For this reason, the evaluation of the criteria that are effective in the scheduling and planning process of the operating room has been discussed. In this study, the analytical network process method which is one of multi-criteria decision-making methods has been used. Because this method considers the interaction of the criteria with each other and their relationships and dependencies. There are 24 sub-criteria under the 7 main criteria related to surgeons, operating room schedules, operating room resources, equipment and consumables, operating room staff, patients and other factors. The network structure of these criteria is created with the analytical network process method. Then, the significance levels of the criteria have been calculated. From the results obtained, the criteria for surgeons among the main criteria is in the foreground. The results show that resources in operating rooms should be used effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to use resources effectively in the operating room scheduling processes., Ameliyathane çizelgeleme süreçleri birden çok performans kriteri birlikte değerlendirilmelidir. Bu nedenle ameliyathane çizelgeleme problemi karmaşık ve zor bir problemdir. Sonuç olarak, makul bir zamanda en iyi çözümü, hatta yüksek kaliteli çözümleri elde etmek çok zordur. Bu nedenle ameliyathanenin çizelgeleme ve planlama sürecinde etkili olan kriterlerin değerlendirilmesi ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada, çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemlerinden biri olan analitik ağ süreci yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem, kriterlerin birbirleriyle etkileşimini ve bunların ilişkilerini ve bağımlılıklarını dikkate almaktadır. Cerrah, ameliyathane programları, ameliyathane kaynakları, ekipman ve sarf malzemeleri, ameliyathane personeli, hastalar ve diğer faktörlerle ilgili 7 ana kriter altında 24 alt kriter bulunmaktadır. Bu kriterlerin ağ yapısı, analitik ağ süreci yöntemi ile oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra kriterlerin önem dereceleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlardan ana kriterler arasında cerrah kriteri ön plana çıkmıştır. Sonuçlar ameliyathanelerdeki kaynakların etkin kullanılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle ameliyathane planlama süreçlerinde kaynakların etkin kullanılmasına özen gösterilmesi gerekmektedir.

Efficient and cost effective utilization of WEDM process is a challenge for leading edge era of manufacturing because of the complex and non-linear behavior of the process. The current study focuses on an experimental inquiry carried out for WEDM of Nitronic-30 to obtain optimum process parameters for improved surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR), Nitronic-30 is austenitic stainless steel offers high strength with good corrosion resistant property which high potential in applications such as automotive parts, aqueous applications, solid handling equipment. Therefore, multi-response optimization of Nitronic-30 on WEDM is very essential. Experiments were carried out with Taguchi's DoE and a L9 orthogonal series, with machining parameters like pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), and peak current (IP). Minitab-17 software was used to evaluate response variables such as material removal rate and surface roughness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SN Ratio plot of GRG indicates that peak current is the most important parameter. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) provides optimal process parameters like pulse on time 124 machine units, pulse off time 40 machine units and peak current 230A for optimal response variables as 4.019 µm SR and 8.683 mm3/min MRR.

This article presents a low cost prototype potentiostat, which allows to control electrical variables in obtaining coatings by electrodeposition. The QFD (Quality Function Deployment) methodology was used as a planning tool in order to determine the characteristics that should have the potentiostat along the entire process of obtaining the prototype. The development of the research was based on the design and implementation of a prototype potentiostat that can handle three basic functions of electrodeposition. One first function, chronoamperometry lets to keep a constant voltage in the range of 0 V to 20 V and measures the current delivered to the system. A second function, chronopotentiometry maintains constant a current in a range of 0 A to 2 A and measures the voltage (potential). A third function, cyclic voltammetry, works in the same ranges of chronoamperometry (0 V to 20 V) and excites the system by signals as triangular wave, saw tooth, sine, and square, among others. These implemented features were compared to one conventional potentiostat, demonstrating its efficiency in controlling electrochemical processes.

The effect of servo reference voltage (SRV), peak current (PC), wire feed speed (WFR) and wire tension (WT) on Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR) have been investigated in WEDM of heat treated ASSAB ’88 tool steel. The optimal set of parameters have been obtained using Response Surface Methodology in combination with the central composite full factorial design. Mathematical correlations for MRR and SR have been formed using regression analysis. Total 117 points have been used for get optimal set and 7 solutions have been reported for both MRR and SR. Out of these 7 solution the optimal solution has been judged by plotting the results.

This work focuses on variations in tool wear and its interface temperature with work during operation. EN8 works are heat treated to obtain varied hardness from 15 to 25 HRC which used for investigation. Tools are coated with different composition ranging from R1 to R4. As observed, it is quite interesting in noting down that, tool wear increases as speed and feed increases and temperature increases as speed increases and decreases as feed increases. Maximum of 0.491 mm of tool wear is observed for 25 HRC work with tool 3 of R3 composition at 25 mm/rev feed rate. Maximum temperature recorded is of 65 °C at 1500 rpm speed and 5 mm/rev feed for 20 HRC work with tool 3. Similarly, minimum value of tool wear during testing is 0.053 mm for tool 2 at 500 rpm for 15 HRC work. Minimum temperature of 25 °C is observed for 15 HRC work at 500 rpm cutting speed with tool 2. During comparison of tool wear and temperature for tool with coating, the tool with coatings gives better and satisfactory results. Tool 2 with R2 composition gives better results among others for 15 and 20 HRC EN8 hard work. The tool fails in giving significant performance for 25 HRC work during investigation. Thus, these coated tools are preferred to get good quality work below or at 20 HRC work.

The grading of gemstones is currently a manual procedure performed by gemologists. A popular approach uses reference stones, where those are visually inspected by specialists that decide which one of the available reference stone is the most similar to the inspected stone. This procedure is very subjective as different specialists may end up with different grading choices. This work proposes a complete framework that entails the image acquisition and goes up to the final stone categorization. The proposal is able to automate the entire process apart from including the stone in the created chamber for the image acquisition. It discards the subjective decisions made by specialists. This is the first work to propose a machine learning approach coupled with image processing techniques for emerald grading. The proposed framework achieves 98% of accuracy (correctly categorized stones), outperforming a deep learning approach. Furthermore, we also create and publish the used dataset that contains 192 images of emerald stones along with their extracted and pre-processed features.

Commercial prospect of phase-change random access memory (PCRAM), considered as an encouraging option for future ``universal'' memory, is however challenged by its large programming current that severely impairs device scalability. The recent advent of the blade-type PCRAM configuration can effectively address this issue by shrinking the heated region. However, the thermoelectric (TE) effects that play a key role in write performances of conventional Lance-type PCRAM have not been systematically studied for this blade-type case to date. The influence of TE effects on the amorphization process of the blade-type PCRAM cell is therefore investigated here through the establishment of a comprehensive 3-D electrothermal and phase-transformation model. Two main typical TE effects, i.e., Thomson heat inside the Ge₂Sb₂Te₅(GST) bulk region and Peltier heat at the GST-TiN heater interface, have been mimicked and discussed in detail. Simulation results show that both TE effects depend on the polarities of the programming currents, and the calculated Thomson heat is more than 20 times as much as Peltier heat. Accordingly, a novel skutterudite-based heater that exhibits more pronounced TE effects than TiN heater has been proposed. The practicality of reducing programming current by 13.8% and peak power by 17.9% is demonstrated using the improved version of the PCRAM cell.

The paper describes an application of a robust controller design method for calculating the parameters of a controller for a multivariable hard-coal preparation process. The parameters are optimized via a sequential design method in the frequency domain, being based on a combination of the Horowitz/Sidi design (1972), Mayne's (1973) sequential design and Steinhauser/Kreisselrooier's (1979) vector performance criterion method. The design was carried out using a relatively sophisticated CAD-program. The paper shows how the parameters are calculated with this CAD-method and discusses the simulated control results. The simulation is compared with the measured results at the plant after implementation of the designed controller on a process computer AEG 80/30 with a real time software control package ARSI * .

Mobile diamond wire sawing is a highly flexible, productive and, versatile cutting process. Accordingly, it is used in many areas, such as the dismantling of nuclear power plants or wind turbines. Despite the widespread use of the process, the cutting process requires continuous manual monitoring by the machine operator. This is due to the continuously changing cutting conditions. A common process error is tool breakage. It is often caused by the displacement of the grinding segments (cutting beads). Due to the cutting speed (up to 30 m/s), these failures cannot be detected and prevented by the machine operator. However, a measuring system or process monitoring does not exist yet. Accordingly, a damaged diamond wire can become hooked, which often results in wire breaks. As a result, grinding segments break away from the wire, which can lead to deadly accidents. Therefore, a new approach for monitoring the tool for diamond wire grinding will be investigated. The paper is divided into five sections. First, the requirements for the sensor system are derived. After the selection of a measuring principle and the functional verification in the grinding process, the monitoring approach is presented and features for monitoring the tool with regard to the displacement of grinding segments are described. It was shown that the developed approach is suitable for monitoring the diamond wire tool during the sawing process. The investigation on a prepared diamond wire tool also demonstrated that the feature allows the detection of displacing grinding segments already from 2 mm.

As the process parameters in the LPBF-process influence the microstructure, density and hardness of the produced parts, their influence on the milling process is suspected. For this reason the new maraging tool steel alloy Specialis® has been investigated on its machinability depending on the built parameters. The influence of the energy density, laser power and scan speed in the LPBF-process on the milling process Specialis® is examined. During the milling process the process forces are measured as well as the obtained surface roughness. The results confirm the importance of adjusting the process parameters in the LPBF-process to the finishing process.

Drain blockage is a crucial problem in the urban environment. It heavily affects the ecosystem and human health. Hence, routine drain inspection is essential for urban environment. Manual drain inspection is a tedious task and prone to accidents and water-borne diseases. This work presents a drain inspection framework using convolutional neural network (CNN) based object detection algorithm and in house developed reconfigurable teleoperated robot called ‘Raptor’. The CNN based object detection model was trained using a transfer learning scheme with our custom drain-blocking objects data-set. The efficiency of the trained CNN algorithm and drain inspection robot Raptor was evaluated through various real-time drain inspection field trial. The experimental results indicate that our trained object detection algorithm has detect and classified the drain blocking objects with 91.42% accuracy for both offline and online test images and is able to process 18 frames per second (FPS). Further, the maneuverability of the robot was evaluated from various open and closed drain environment. The field trial results ensure that the robot maneuverability was stable, and its mapping and localization is also accurate in a complex drain environment.

Purpose The electric discharge machining (EDM) involves electrons discharged from the electrode and machining progresses due to the removal of the material from the component. This a thermal-based machining process primarily used for hard to machine components with conventional methods. This process is used to make intricate cavities and contours. The fabricated part is the replica of the tool material with high surface finish and good dimensional accuracy. This study aims to evaluate the comprehensive effect of process parameters on electric discharge machining of maraging steel. Design/methodology/approach Multiple criteria Decision making (MCDM) techniques are used to select the best parameters by comparing several responses to achieve the desired goal. There are different MCDM techniques available for optimization of machining parameters. In the current investigation, multi-objective optimization by data envelopment analysis based ranking (DEAR) approach was used for machining Maraging C300 grade steel. Findings The Taguchi L9 runs were planned with process parameters such as current (Amp), Tool diameter (mm) and Dielectric pressure (MPa). The effect of process parameters on the responses, namely, material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) were evaluated. High MRR is found at 15 A current, 14 mm tool diameter and dielectric pressure of 0.2 MPa. Optimum process parameters experiment showed reduced crack density. Originality/value An effort was made successfully to enhance the responses using the DEAR method and establish the decision making of selecting the optimal parameters by comparing the results obtained by machining maraging steel C300 grade.

This article provides an update to a paper presented in 2006, sharing the results of a decade of core repair. The process described is for a microconversion coreplate of electrical steel laminations used in ac stators, ac rotors, and dc armatures. The treatment process restores the coreplate and avoids the laborious restack process, saving time and reducing the cost to the end user.

The processing quality of the block hole system affects the working performance of the marine diesel engine block directly. Choosing an appropriate combination of process parameters is a prerequisite to improving the accuracy of the block hole system. Uncertain fluctuations of process parameters during the machining process would affect the process reliability of the block hole system, resulting in an ultra-poor accuracy. For this reason, the RBF method is used to establish the relationship between the verticality of the cylinder hole and process parameters, including cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. The minimum cylinder hole verticality is taken as the goal and the process reliability constraints of the cylinder hole are set based on Monte Carlo, a reliability optimization model of processing parameters for cylinder hole is established in this paper. Meanwhile, an improved particle swarm algorithm was designed to solve the model, and eventually, the global optimal combination of process parameters for the cylinder hole processing of the diesel engine block in the reliability stable region was obtained.

This article describes the optimization of processing parameters for the surface roughness of AISI316 austenitic stainless steel. While experimenting, parameters in the process like feed rate (fd), speed (vc), and depth of cut (DoC) were used to study the outcome on the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The experiment was carried out using the design of experiments (DOE) on a computer numerical control (CNC) lathe. The surface roughness is tested for three conditions i.e. Dry, Wet, and cryogenic conditions after the turning process. Samples are step turned on CNC Lathe for all three conditions with a set of experiments designed. The response surface methodology is implemented, and mathematical models are built for all three conditions. The nature-inspired algorithm is the best way to get the optimal value. For the discussed problem in the paper, nature-inspired techniques are used for obtaining the optimum parameter values to get minimum surface roughness for all set conditions. The Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is the technique that is the most effective method for real-life applications. In this research, GOA is used to get optimum values for the surface roughness (Ra) at Dry, Wet and cryogenic conditions. Finally, results are compared, and it's observed that the values obtained from GOA are minimum in surface roughness value.

Wire cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a hybrid manufacturing technology which enables machining of all engineering materials. This research article deals with investigation on Optimization of the Process Parameters of the wire cut EDM of Bronze material of dimension (80*80*40) in mm. Material removal rate, Surface roughness and Kerf width were studied against the process parameters such as Pulse on time(TON), Pulse off time (TOFF) and Current(IP). The machining parameters for wire EDM were optimized for achieving the combined objectives. As there are three input parameters 27 experiments is carried out and full factorial is used. Optimized parameters were found using (ANOVA) and the error percentage can be validated and parameter contribution for the Material removal rate (MRR) and Surface roughness were found.

Hatch has been developing and deploying a model-based coating control system for over 25 years. The resultant physics-based gas wiping process model has been adapted to a wide variety of equipment and coatings now being produced by the major steel producers. As the coating control technology has matured and the processing ability of PLCs has increased, the process model and control system have been migrated from computers to industrially robust PLCs. The coated product market is moving from traditional zinc and zinc/aluminium coatings and carbon steel substrates to more advanced products with a wide range of coating and substrate properties. At the same time, the relentless demand to lower production costs and increase product quality needs to be met. The Hatch process model, through the addition of techniques such as the parameterisation of the air wiping process, has matured over time to meet these demands. Strip stabilisation and flattening at the wiping zone have become commonplace and can be attained using Electromagnetic Stabilisation (EMS) or Air Floatation Stabilisation (AFS). Tighter requirements, both in the processing of magnesium-dosed coatings and the introduction of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) and other 3rd Generation steels, require the implementation of even more advanced control strategies. Coating process control is now moving into the realm of managing strip shape effects. Hatch’s model-based coating control system can now include passline tracking using laser measurement techniques and is being further developed to include active crossbow control. This paper presents the current state of coating control systems and the progress towards the next evolutionary step, which is the use of crossbow modelling and active crossbow correction to manage the strip shape prior to the gas wiping.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), a welding-based additive manufacturing (AM) method, is a hot topic of research since it allows for the cost-effective fabrication of large-scale metal components at relatively high deposition rates. In the present study, the cylindrical component of low carbon steel (ER70S-6) was built by WAAM technique, using a GMAW torch that was translated by an automated three-axis motion system using a rotation table. The mechanical properties of the component were evaluated by extracting tensile, impact toughness and hardness specimens from the two regions of the building up (vertical) direction. It is found that the tensile properties of the built material exhibited anisotropic characteristics. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength varied from 333 to 350 MPa and from 429 to 446 MPa, respectively, (less than 5 % variation).

With the development of technology, wireless and IoT devices are increasingly used from daily life to industry, placing demands on rapid and efficient manufacturing processes. This study demonstrates the fabrication of an IoT device using a roll-to-roll printing process, which could shorten the device fabrication time and reduce the cost of mass production. Here, the fabricated IoT device is designed to acquire data through the sensor, process the data, and communicate with end-user devices via Bluetooth communication. For fabrication, a four-layer circuit platform consisting of two conductive layers, an insulating layer including through holes, and a solder resist layer is directly printed using a roll-to-roll screen printing method. After the printing of the circuit platform, an additional layer of solder paste is printed to assemble the electrical components into the device, inspiring the fully roll-to-roll process for device fabrication. Successful IoT device deployment opens the chance to broaden the roll-to-roll fabrication process to other flexible and multilayer electronic applications.

Magnesium alloys have gained interest in biomedical applications due to the mechanical properties (very similar to the human bones) and the capability to be absorbed (additional surgery steps after the implantation not necessary). But suitable manufacturing techniques are required for these alloys, since the standard ones (machining, casting) or even the newest (additive) cannot be successfully adopted in every situation or cannot guarantee the requirements in terms of precision or cost. In the present paper two sheet forming processes (the Super Plastic Forming and the Incremental Sheet Forming) have been investigated for manufacturing a resorbable cheekbone implant using the Mg alloy AZ31B. An experimental/numerical approach was adopted: specific tests were conducted for determining the material behaviour to be implemented in the process simulations used for designing both the manufacturing processes; finally some prototypes of the investigated case study were produced and the post forming characteristics (thickness, roughness, accuracy) evaluated. Both the processes allowed to successfully and optimally produce the resorbable prosthesis adopted as case study, which revealed to be characterised by good enough surface quality (especially in the case of the Super Plastic Forming) and uniform thickness distribution (especially in the case of the Incremental Sheet Forming).

The number of the insulating materials, including fiberglass products, are widely used in the construction, industry, oil and gas facilities, agro-industrial complex, transport, and defense. When using fiberglass, like some other insulating materials, it is possible to encounter their destruction and perforation, followed by a transition to the source of double-sided corona effect. Sliding spark discharges of static electricity, capable of igniting a combustible or explosive environment, are also likely to occur. The formation of such discharges depends primarily on the electrostatic and electrical strength properties of the used materials. These parameters should be used when assessing the most dangerous consequences of the fiberglass application in the process pipelines, apparatus, and equipment under the conditions of electrification processes. Comparison of the electrostatic and electrical strength properties of the corona-forming air layer in the electrization processes with the similar indicators of non-conductive structural materials is the main criterion that determines the possibility of their perforation and the occurrence of spontaneous sliding spark discharges. Electrostatic intrinsic safety should be ensured by eliminating static electricity discharges that are capable to become the flammable substances source of ignition (materials, mixtures, products). Sliding sparks can be eliminated by managing the electrostatic load. But at the same time, the hazard of ignition by discharges would remain if they could occur. When replacing the metal element (the wall of an apparatus or vessel) electrified by a liquid (technological medium), a product made of an insulating material, including fiberglass, with similar geometric, technical, and operational parameters, it is possible to maintain the efficient protection of the metal structure by means of its grounding.

Nowadays, the effectiveness of the enterprise depends on all departments of enterprises, including logistics. One of the strategic areas of logistics, although often overlooked, is the turnover of returnable packaging. Turnover of packages is an additional process in the enterprise that creates additional costs. With the optimal management of this process throughout the entire supply chain, enterprises can minimize the costs associated with it. This study presents the process of managing returnable packaging. The aim of the work is to identify and analyze the possibility of using returnable packaging in the process of preparing shipment and transport of finished products in the automotive industry. The article uses a case study of one of the companies operating in the automotive industry - Volkswagen Motor Polska sp. z o.o. The article presents three possible solutions for the transport of engines manufactured by the described company. One of the solutions is currently used by enterprises. The other two are a proposal to apply. When analyzing the costs of these solutions, the best one was presented, the costs of which will be the most profitable in the long run.

Skin-attachable and flexible strain sensors have attracted extensive interests because they enable to monitor individual physical actions, health status, and vibrations of sound. In this paper, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are transfer-printed into Ecoflex substrate to fabricate the MWCNT grid/Ecoflex strain sensors. We investigated the effects of the distribution and amount of MWCNTs on the sensor properties by tuning mesh sizes of nylon screens and repeated times of spray-coating and found that the distribution and amount of MWCNTs could influence on the response equilibrium process of sensors, besides the response value. Among the as-prepared samples, the sensors based on 75-mesh screens with 20-time coating exhibit the fastest equilibrium of response with a relatively high response, which the response time is about 274 ms. Meanwhile, the sensors have a good stability and durability. Furthermore, the as-prepared attachable and flexible strain sensors are capable of monitoring different finger gestures, diverse subtle motions of human body, and vibrations of sound, which demonstrate an application prospects in the fields of human motion detection, electronic skins of bionic robots, and human–machine interfaces.

In the present investigation, a worn-out hot strip mill roller of AISI 4140 material has been reconditioned by the deposition of hardfacing. The roller belongs to Arcelormittal Nippon Steel India, which is used to transfer metallic strip. This roller is continuously subjected to wear due to the oxide scale on the slab surface. Its regular maintenance and repair cause significant production loss. Therefore, two hardfacings of martensitic stainless steels with different composition are deposited on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by submerged arc welding and comparative analysis is performed to achieve the superior wear resistance. Further, hardfaced samples are evaluated on the basis of abrasive wear test, hardness, microstructure and worn-out morphology. The results showed that the hardfacing with combination of large volume fraction of martensite and small volume fraction of residual austenite attained the highest value of hardness up to 380 HV whereas the reverse combination showed 332 HV hardness and the minimum mass loss is observed for sample with 380 HV hardness. At the end, the most suitable material for the hardfacing of AISI 4140 is suggested. The outcomes of this work would be beneficial to improve the service life of roller of hot strip mill.

In this work, they going to use a foundry simulation software to compare the virtual vs real results and try to reduce the time of the real process in the foundry area. In the real process they work with the re-engineering process of the pistons, first they take the original element and take the physical properties (length, width, thicknesses, etc.), after make a cast design and is assigned some parameters for the process, planning the process to make a test, after the casting process it goes to the machining process and finally the final inspection says if all the process during the tests is correct, if not, we need to take others parameters or casting design. With this project is going to be possible to save time in the foundry area and make a virtual process to see the result and change all the necessary things to have a perfect process.

Tumble Strength (TS) of iron ore sinter, affected by numerous factors, is considered as a vital performance to assess sinter quality for blast furnace (BF) iron-making. For the sake of providing a credible manipulative strategy of TS in sinter production, we built a mathematical model using artificial neural network, the so-called ANN technology, to predict the sinter TS. In building process of this model, the principal component analysis method (PCA) and the genetic algorithm method (GA) were introduced to optimize the ANN model so that we could obtain an accuracy model. Moreover, the sensitivity of possible influence factors was analyzed to pick up their detailed influence on TS. The calculating data demonstrate that the forecast precision of the model here is 95.1%, signifying that this model is available to describe the sinter TS basing on the initial values of numerous influence factors.

A methodology for the controlled synthesis of multifunctional coatings of valve metals by the method of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was developed. It includes theoretical models describing the mechanism of oxide layers’ formation and the effect of technological parameters of the MAO process on them, and the methods of controlled synthesis. The latter allows us to carry out an automated selection of the optimal technological parameters of oxidation based on the obtained regression equations for the experimental dependences of the oxide layers’ properties on dissimilar influencing factors for the sake of required coating properties. We further propose the structure of an intelligent system for the synthesis and study of MAO coatings with a unique hardware. In particular, a pulsed technological current source provides a full range of regulation of the current pulses’ parameters; a measurement module combines measuring transducers of the parameters of the technological process and the electrophysical characteristics of oxide layers in the process of their obtainment with a guaranteed accuracy. The software contains an intelligent application that implements the proposed theoretical models and methods for obtaining coatings with the required properties. Information support contains databases and knowledge bases used in the operation of intelligent application. The results achieved in this work allow to increase the efficiency of MAO processing by reducing the time for selecting the optimal technological mode at least twice, which is a prerequisite for the development of an intelligent technology for the formation of oxide layers by the MAO method.

The paper investigates the influence of boron carbide powder (B4C) mixed in dielectric fluid on EDM of Inconel X-750 alloy. The process parameters selected as discharge current (Ip), pulse on time(Ton), pulse off time(Toff), boron carbide(B4C) powder concentration to examine their performance responses on Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness(Ra) and Recast Layer Thickness (RLT).In this study, o examine the process parameters which influence the EDM process during machining of Inconel X-750 alloy using combined techniques of Taguchi and similarity to ideal solutions (TOPSIS).Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on multi-optimization technique of Taguchi-TOPSIS. ANOVA results identified the best process parameters and their percentages. It developed the mathematical equation on Taguchi-TOPSIS performance characteristics results. The multi optimization results indicated that Ip and Toff are more significant parameters; V, and Ton parameters are less significant. Finally, surface structures were studied at optimized EDM conditions by using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Multi-vehicle tracking is crucial in many applications, such as traffic surveillance, intelligent transportation systems, and advanced driver assistance systems. Most conventional multi-target tracking algorithms are not ideal for multi-vehicle tracking, since they assume that the targets move independently of one another. However, due to traffic volume and limited lane resources, vehicles have to interact with their neighbors, resulting in highly dependent motions. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel multi-vehicle tracking algorithm for the single-lane case that considers motion dependence across vehicles by integrating the car-following model (CFM) into the tracking process with on-road constraints. A new CFM-based motion model that describes the dependent motion of vehicles in the single-lane case is proposed, and the notion of car-following clusters is defined. In order to exploit all available information in sensor measurements, the proposed algorithm updates the state estimates of car-following clusters by utilizing a stacked-update strategy. Furthermore, the variable structure interacting multiple model estimator is modified and integrated into the proposed algorithm to handle maneuvers that may violate the CFM. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed multi-vehicle tracking algorithm over other state-of-the-art multi-vehicle tracking algorithms.

The analysis of methods for assessing the properties of contact pairs "hard alloy tool - steel workpiece" with the aim of improving the reliability of the choice of turning modes in generations of CNC systems equipped with technical intelligence. The models for calculating the cutting speed, the cutting force, the value of roughness Ra, have been corrected by introducing into their structure an additional informative value about the properties of each contact pair - the thermoEMF of the trial cut.

This study focussed on the multi-response optimisation of turning process using an easier and accurate hybrid approach namely Taguchi-PCA-Utility approach. Turning of alloy steel under dry and LN2-...

The effect of Spindle Speed, Feed rate, and Depth of cut on the Surface Roughness of Al-7075 alloy during face milling is the subject of this study [1]. To examine the machining attributes of Al-7075 amalgam, eight exploratory runs dependent on a L9 symmetrical cluster of Finite Element strategy are utilized. [2]. the optimization of processing parameters improves not only the processing economy, but in addition the item quality to a huge degree. The 7000 series aluminium alloy Al 7075 can be used in a large number of applications [3]. The thinness and hardness of grade 7075 are highly valued by both manufacturers and end users. With the use of experimental design techniques, this article analyses and compares the contribution of cutting parameters, such as MMR and MT, to quality characteristics [4]. Using Explicit Dynamics Analysis, the authors present a FEM model for face milling of AISI 7075. This model will simulate the formation of chips during the process. The consequences of dynamic motion, the constitutive harm law, and touch friction are all considered. [5].

This work aims to optimize the process parameters for improving the wall thickness distribution of the sheet superplastic forming process of AA7075 alloy. The considered factors include forming pressure p (MPa), deformation temperature T (°C), and forming time t (minutes), while the responses are the thinning degree of the wall thickness ε (%) and the relative height of the product h*. First, a series of experiments are conducted in conjunction with response surface method (RSM) to render the relationship between inputs and outputs. Subsequently, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted to verify the response significance and parameter effects. Finally, a numerical optimization algorithm is used to determine the best forming conditions. The results indicate that the thinning degree of 13.121% is achieved at the forming pressure of 0.7 MPa, the deformation temperature of 500°C, and the forming time of 31 minutes.

When designing a new material for hot rolling rolls, it is necessary to be aware of the conditions in the later utilisation phase. The first step is to quantify stresses, and temperatures the mater...

Compressive residual stress is the major aspect in the extension of the fatigue life of aeroengine components. In this study, a modified burnishing surface treatment and conventional shot peening process was used was proposed to improve surface integrity characteristics such as surface finish, hardness, and stable, advantageous compressive residual stress in turned Cylindrical Aluminum 2024Specimen. In burnishing process, a rolling rigid spherical HSS ball is pressed across an Aluminum 2024Specimen under definite fluid pressure generated by the hydraulic unit and also shot peening was carried out at a shot velocity of 300 m/s. This research examined the effect of burnishing treatment and shot peening process on beneficial compressive residual stresses.

Purpose Friction stir welding (FSW) is considered an environmentally sound process compared to traditional fusion welding processes. It is a complex process in which various parameters influence weld strength. Therefore, it is essential to identify the best parameter settings for achieving the desired weld quality. This paper aims to investigate the multi-response optimization of process parameters of the FSWed 6061-T6 aluminum (Al) alloy. Design/methodology/approach The input process parameters related to FSW have been sorted out from a detailed literature survey. The properties of weldments such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation and microhardness have been used to evaluate weld quality. The process parameters have been optimized using the Taguchi-based grey relational analysis (GRA) methodology. Taguchi L16 orthogonal array has been considered to design the experiments. The effect of input parameters on output responses was also determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Finally, to corroborate the results, a confirmatory experiment was carried out using the optimized parameters from the study. Findings The ANOVA result indicates that the tool rotation speed was the most significant parameter followed by tool pin profile and welding speed. From the confirmation test, it was observed that the optimum FSW process parameters predicted by the Taguchi method improved the grey relational grade by 13.52%. The experimental result also revealed that the Taguchi-based GRA method is feasible in finding solutions to multi-response optimization problems in the FSW process. Originality/value The present study is unique in the multi-response optimization of FSWed 6061-T6 Al alloy using the Taguchi and GRA methodology. The weld material having better mechanical properties is essential for the material industry.

The design of metallic card clothing, which is one of the most important devices in the textile industry, has always been based on operational experience. With the development of types of fibers and the requirements for the quality of yarns, those principles concluded by engineers seem to be losing their efficiency. Recent research found that airflow played an important role in the card process, which means airflow should be carefully studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation greatly helps in the analysis of airflow because the gauge between carding elements is too narrow to put in any measuring device. In the present study, with the help of CFD simulation, the air around different carding clothing with varied tooth depth was analyzed. It was concluded that the carding efficiency improvement in card clothing with lower tooth depth may be related to more concentrated air velocity at the tooth tips. This resulted in more probabilities that fibers would get through the cylinder surface at the teeth tips, so that the fibers could be caught by flat-top needles more efficiently. With this assumption, a new generation of card clothing called “double teeth” containing two teeth in a single section has been invented. The new configuration design of card clothing was then applied in several spinning mills on an industrial scale for experiments. The results showed about a 30% improvement in production at the same quality level as conventional card clothing, which implied the usefulness of the newly applied principles related to airflow. Despite the difficulty in the study of the complex carding process, the new airflow analysis method has shown an optional and worthwhile way of thinking that could make a difference in future research in the textile industry.

The novelty of the present work is the investigation of friction stir spot welding between AA2024 and AA7075 aluminum plates performed by Box-Behnken technique of response surface methodology. The ...

Water content or moisture of materials is a parameter widely used in the industry. In mining, it is an important variable to control in iron ore production. High moistures may cause instability of iron ore piles and may make transport by ship unfeasible. Therefore, this paper presents the development of a system for measuring iron ore moisture on a conveyor belt (laboratory-scale). The structure that supports the sensor has two degrees of freedom, which allow perpendicular and parallel movements. The parallel movement makes the relative velocity between the measurement cell and the ore almost zero. The vertical movement allows the sensor to be placed at different depths in the ore. These sets enable real-time and in situ measurements. The system uses the capacitive method to determine the dielectric constant of the iron ore located between the sensor electrodes and, consequently, the moisture. This system has a measuring range of 0 to 14% on a dry basis and presents an uncertainty up to 0.07 percentage points for a 2-standard-deviation confidence level. In the validation process, the absolute error was less than 0.34 percentage point in the mining interest range of 6 to 14%. The founded results achieve a significant advance in the development of real-time equipment for measuring ore moisture since there is no device capable of doing it with the necessary level of accuracy and precision. For mining, this kind of system represents a big step to take corrective and preventive decisions around iron ore moisture control.

The present paper presents a comprehensive study based on numerical and experimental investigations testing the use of NC lathe machine in SPIF process of a dome part made of AA1060-H14 aluminum alloy. The main idea is to check the viability of NC turning machine in SPIF process of axisymmetric parts usually manufactured using 3-axis milling machines. For this purpose, aluminum thin sheet is firstly characterized and the right material behavior is identified. A VUMAT subroutine is used to implement this material behavior in ABAQUS/explicit FE used to simulate the SPIF-Turning operation. A comparison between experimental and numerical results showed the efficiency of this FE model to simulate a 2-axis SPIF strategy. Results, covering forming effort, thinning, the strain state distribution, fracture occurrence, and surface finish proved that NC turning machines could manufacture rapidly and with more accuracy, revolved components usually formed by a 3-axis NC milling machine.

Given the importance of the reliability of data on the fire-retardant ability of fire-retardant materials in determining the design parameters of fire-retardant objects, research aimed at developing procedures for evaluating methods for determining the properties of fire-retardant systems is relevant. The study aimed to improve the implementation of the existing procedure for validation of methods for calculating the characteristics of the fire-retardant ability of coatings for steel structures, which is based on a computational experiment. To achieve this goal, a block diagram of the algorithm was developed and software was created using the Python 3.7 programming language with integrated JetBrains PyCharm development environment for automated implementation of this validation procedure, which minimizes the number of manual input and data transfer operations between software packages, it is applied. The block diagram consists of three modules. Module № 1 is designed to automate the process of input data input and determine the actual temperature values of experimental samples of steel structures. Module № 2 introduces procedures for determining the thermal conductivity of the fire-retardant coating. Module № 3 is designed to determine the deviation between the calculated and actual values of the required minimum thickness of the fire-retardant coating for different values of the cross-sectional coefficient of the steel structure, the critical temperature of steel and the normalized period of fire resistance. The results of approbation of the created software product testify to its suitability for practical application for validation of methods of calculation of the characteristic of fire-retardant ability of coverings for steel designs given in EN 13381-4: 2013 and EN 13381-8: 2013. The directions of further researches which are focused on revealing of dependences between degree of conformity of results of calculation to actual value of necessary minimum thickness of a fire-retardant covering, thermal properties of a fire-retardant covering and parameters of experimental samples of steel designs are defined.