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Police misconduct is a serious concern to scholars, police administrators, the media, and the general public. For a variety of reasons, a direct approach to the study of police misconduct poses considerable challenges. To ameliorate research hindrances, an alternative approach has been developed, focusing instead on its complement—police integrity. This chapter presents the theory of police integrity and the accompanying methodology. Each of the four dimensions of the theory, from the emphasis on official rules, curtailing of the code of silence, and the reliance on the internal control efforts, to the influence of the society at large, is described in detail. This chapter describes what an agency of high integrity should be doing along each of these dimensions. Next, a comprehensive account of the methodology has been presented and the two versions of the questionnaire described. The chapter also includes an extensive literature review of the studies that utilized the two questionnaires.

Nuclear grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel (ASS) with an exceptional combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was used to produce AP1000 primary coolant pipe. In order to evaluate the microstructure evolution of the pipe during its forging process, the material database of the 316LN ASS is established with high integrity and reliability. In this paper, the thermal physical parameters, flow stress-strain data and the recrystallization kinetic equations of the 316LN steel are coupled, and the material database is systematically established. Most important, the reliability of the database is verified by an experiment.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy produced by rheo-squeeze casting (R-SQC) were investigated. It was revealed that R-SQC has produced high integrity castings with fine and uniform microstructure, diminished defects, and improved mechanical properties. The solid content in semi-solid slurry determined the grain size of α-Mg phase, the volume content, and distribution of β-Mg17Al12 phase, and predominantly controlled the mechanical properties. A two-stage thermodynamic calculation procedure to analyze R-SQC has been developed, and the solidification path and phase formation of Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy in R-SQC were discussed deeply.

In this article, a novel processing route combining cold gas spraying (CGS) and friction-stir processing (FSP) was employed to fabricate a dense titanium surface coating with high integrity and superior mechanical property. After subsequent implementation of CGS and FSP processes, a coating layer with refined grain structure (

The tilt pour gravity casting process coupled with the Controlled Diffusion Solidification (CDS) process technology was employed to demonstrate the ability to cast AA7050 wrought alloy into high integrity near net shaped components with high strength and ductility. The CDS technology involves mixing two precursor alloys at different thermal mass and subsequently casting the resultant mixture into near net shaped cast components. The process enables casting of the high performance Al wrought alloys into near net shaped components by circumventing the problem of hot tearing by obtaining a non-dendritic morphology of the primary Al phase. This study presents the process and alloy parameters necessary for the casting of 7050 Al wrought alloy (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) using the CDS process technology. The uniaxial tensile properties after various heat treatment conditions such as as-cast, solutionizing and annealing mandatory to the development of the artificial ageing were investigated and presented along with in-depth and quantitative microstructural analyses.

In 2007, the American Petroleum Institute (API 521/ISO 23251) published guidance on the use of High Integrity Protective Systems (HIPS) to mitigate overpressure scenarios. A natural extension of HIPS is to use system design and operating discipline to mitigate overpressure scenarios where use of fully instrumented protection layers or conventional relief devices is neither practical nor effective. In Dow, this approach is referred to as Alternate Overpressure Protection (AOP). System design (HIPS or AOP) is commonly used to mitigate overpressure scenarios when: (1) a conventional pressure relief device (PRD) is not practical or effective, (2) a conventional PRD will not be reliable or (3) a conventional PRD will work but is not cost effective. HIPS or AOP can also be used to reduce the required relief size by limiting the operating window of the process. The purpose of this article is to provide several practical examples on the use of HIPS and AOP and to describe some of the challenges and associated strategies to ensure successful implementation and sustained process safety performance. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 248–254, 2013

An advanced rheo-squeeze casting process, based on the annular electromagnetic stirring (A-EMS) melt treatment technology was developed by GRINM for manufacturing near-net shape Al-alloy components with high integrity. Effects of A-EMS melt treatment process on microstructure and property of squeeze casting Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc alloys were studied. The results revealed that the A-EMS melt treatment process apparently benefited grain refinement and homogeneity, and the hot-cracking of the test alloy for a complicated casting was significantly alleviated, and thus the strength and ductility of the casting were found to be comparable to those of conventionally forged alloys.

PurposeSeveral authors have proposed different approaches to help practitioners deal with the complexity of prioritising improvement projects and initiatives. However, these approaches have been developed as “generic” methods which do not consider the specific needs, objectives and capabilities of different industries and organisations. The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated methodology that prioritises improvement projects or initiatives based on two key performance objectives, cost and quality, specifically important for low volume‐high integrity product manufacturers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews some of the most commonly used prioritisation methods and the theory and logic behind the proposed prioritisation methodology. Then, the prioritisation methodology is empirically tested, through a case study, in a world class manufacturing organisation.FindingsThe results obtained from the case study indicate that the integrated methodology proposed in this paper is an effective alternative for low volume‐high integrity products manufacturers to identify, select and justify improvement priorities.Practical implicationsSelection and prioritisation of projects and initiatives are key elements for the successful implementation of improvements. The integrated methodology presented in this paper intends to aid organisations in dealing with the complexity that is normally handled over the selection and prioritisation of feasible improvement projects.Originality/valueThis paper presents a novel methodology that integrates two commonly used approaches in industry, Process Activity Mapping (PAM) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), to prioritise improvements. This methodology can help, in particular, organisations embarked in the manufacture of low volume‐high integrity products to take better decisions and align the focus of improvement efforts with their overall performance and strategic objectives.

The concept of electronic track map has been introduced and researched in many satellitebased railway train positioning and location-based railway systems. It should characterize the railway tracks and their key objects and facilities with a satisfied accuracy and completeness. Based on the application requirements, design and building of the electronic track maps should be in accordance with the map matching approach, and moreover, considering the integrity effect that is decisive to safety. This paper introduces a paradigm for electronic track map design and generation. According to the satellite-base train positioning scheme, the architecture of the electronic track map and its coupling in the train-borne systems is investigated. Detailed track map generation method is summarized as a five-step process, including raw measurement collection, rejection of abnormal measurement, feature points extraction, track interpolation, and topographic property supplement. Following this approach, the map matching with high integrity is discussed where the statistics of matching residual is adopted to improve the direct error analysis. Practical measurements and field test results demonstrate the capability of the presented track map building and integrity monitoring approaches. That provides great potential to implementation of satellite navigation in railway applications and services.

This panel presentation considers how ubiquitous high integrity PNT might be achieved through multiple diverse technologies, considering failure modes, context, verification and standardization.

In a brown field modification, increasing the capacity of a compressor station from 200 MMSCFD to 350 MMSCFD mandates replacement PSVs at the compressors discharge which in turns leads to excessive flare load and large capital investment. As per the production profile the production rate will sustain at this level for 1.5 to 2 years and then will sharply decrease to a turndown rate of 125 MMSCFD. Considering the short term utilization and the large capital investment to upgrade existing flare network an alternative solution was sought of by introducing a non-conventional design of HIPPS. Introducing this solution, reduction in shutdown duration up to 50% and saving in capital investment by approximately 30 to 40% of project cost the target have been achieved

Recently, high-rise buildings have been mixed in with commercial premises. Most of these buildings have curtain walls as their envelopes. Curtain walls are being adopted widely in high-rise buildings because of their good exterior appearance. But they have some problems such as increased heating and cooling energy consumption. Environmental issues caused by energy consumption, mean methods to save cooling and heating energy are urgently needed. Additionally, there needs to be a reform for energy performance of building exteriors that includes windows which are the cause of most of the energy loss. So far, development of technology to reduce building energy has been concentrated on each individual element. However, for promoting the practical use and commercialisation of element technologies in the part of building energy efficiency it is needed to make high integrity on buildings not only through convergence and integration among element technologies but also though convergence and integration among conve...

In 2007, API 521/ISO 23251 [AANSI/API Standard 521, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 2007] published guidance on the use of high integrity protective systems (HIPS). The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) updated its internal work process to apply Dow's risk-based work processes to HIPS design, application, and evaluation. Rather than just focusing on the vessel-related consequences of substituting a HIPS for a pressure relief device (PRD), the work process calls for stepping back and looking at the overall scenario and all the potential consequence outcomes. Using a risk-based methodology requires looking at a much wider consequence potential than what Dow has traditionally focused on for the design of relief systems. By using a very robust layer of protection analysis (LOPA) process to evaluate the consequences of the overpressure scenarios and to determine the consequence severity factor or LOPA target factor for each scenario (Dow has seven levels), the wider range of consequences is covered. The HIPS safety integrity level (SIL) is determined by the highest risk scenario, which is typically the scenario with the greatest LOPA consequence severity factor. The resulting SIL level for the HIPS is adjusted to close the HIPS scenario risk gap. Other applicable LOPA independent protection layers (IPLs) included in the LOPA HIPS scenario risk evaluation are validated. The HIPS design is verified by calculation to meet the required SIL level. There are PRD services for which PRDs cannot deliver the overpressure protection that Dow needs and expects. The updated work process also identifies key opportunities for using a HIPS when: a conventional PRD is not practical or possible, a conventional PRD will not be reliable or a conventional PRD will work but will result in high treatment cost. Each of these three opportunities is discussed. The overall result is an efficient process that links together the existing work processes for conventional relief design, LOPA, and safety instrumented systems. This produces a risk-based method for applying and designing protection layers into a HIPS. This article gives an overview of this work process with some application examples and describes how this work process is used to improve safety while reducing risks and potentially reducing costs. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011

Summary Position-uncertainty estimates are used to determine if there is adequate probability of hitting a geological target, of avoiding collision with offset wells, and of drilling a successful relief well in the event of a blowout. These high-value decisions are based on tool-error-model predictions, the validity of which is highly dependent on the application of rigorous quality-control (QC) procedures to the survey data. Directional surveys that do not conform to their model's error predictions represent a risk in terms of lost production, damage to infrastructure, and loss of life. This paper documents weaknesses in conventional directional-survey QC procedures. Theoretical considerations, statistical analyses of real survey data, and real examples of failed surveys that have made it through conventional QC procedures without detection are presented. The paper defines principles for survey-program design and implementation to eliminate these weaknesses. It proposes a new set of minimum requirements for survey validation. Where the cumulative QC data do not support the model, it is necessary to adjust the model to fit the data. In the longer term, it might be possible to rework the tools and procedures in the hope of meeting the original model's specification, but the uncertainty estimate assigned to a survey must be valid at all times. The methods described in this paper are capable of ensuring valid positional data and should be incorporated into standard practice. However, to implement these techniques correctly and consistently, it is probably necessary to establish a specialized supervisory function, responsible for the integrity of wellbore positioning across a company's entire operation. This paper is the product of a collaborative work within the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE-WPTS), and combines two previous papers on the subject by Ekseth et al. (2006, 2007).

The melt conditioned high pressure die casting (MC-HPDC) process is introduced, where Mg-alloy AZ91D was intensively sheared at different temperatures over the liquidus temperature using the melt conditioning by advanced shear technology (MCAST) process prior to high pressure die casting (HPDC). The resultant microstructures were investigated and compared to those obtained from conventional HPDC. This study shows for the first time that the implementation of intensive shearing in the fully liquid state has produced high integrity Mg-alloy castings with fine and uniform microstructure, reduced cast defects and improved mechanical properties.

Hydrophilic breathable coatings were developed by coating the cotton fabric with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution (20 wt%) containing poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) (10% neutralized using sodium hydroxide) as a cross-linker, followed by drying and curing. The effect of cross-linker concentration and add-on on the properties of coated textile was studied. The coated substrate with the combination of molar ratio of PVA to PAAc of 25 and coating add-on of 18 wt% was found to have high integrity with the optimum breathable properties. This sample showed high resistance to hydrostatic head at 1400mm and very high water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) at 2165g/m2 24 h, which was ~50% of the WVTR value shown by the uncoated substrate (cotton fabric). Physical investigation of the surface morphology showed that the coating was continuous without cracks or pin holes and appeared to be well adhered to the substrate even after a harsh wash.

A key component of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is the navigation system. It is important for navigating the vehicle but it is also vital for being able to utilize the data collected during a mission. This paper presents the main challenges faced when designing reliable underwater navigation systems, and outlines a framework for detecting and isolating sensor faults using a bank of Kalman filters and innovation testing.

Diehl Aerospace GmbH (DAs) is currently involved in national German Research & Technology (R&T) projects (e.g. SYSTAVIO, SESAM) and in European R&T projects like ASHLEY to extend and to improve the Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) technology. Diehl Aerospace is investing to expand its current IMA technology to enable further integration of systems including hardware modules, associated software, tools and processes while increasing the level of standardization. An additional objective is to integrate more systems on a common computing platform which uses the same toolchain, processes and integration experiences. New IMA components enable integration of high integrity fast loop system applications such as control applications. Distributed architectures which provide new types of interfaces allow integration of secondary power distribution systems along with other IMA functions. Cross A/C type usage is also a future emphasis to increase standardization and decrease development and operating costs as well as improvements on time to market and affordability of systems.

An aluminium content of 6% offers the optimum combination of strength and ductility for Mg–Al based alloys. Mg–6Al–1Zn (AZ61) is one such alloy utilising this concept; however, it is not suited to high pressure die casting (HPDC) and has been used as a wrought alloy. We demonstrate that rheo-diecasting imparts high integrity and excellent properties to AZ61 while retaining all benefits of the HPDC process.

Telecommunications power requirements continue to evolve and to meet new patterns of use, new battery configurations have been developed to maximise energy density, optimise space utilisation and provide for ease of installation and maintenance. Front-access terminal batteries are well-matched to these requirements and are now widely applied in rack-mounted power supplies for telecommunications. A new range of sealed lead–acid batteries are described which embody front-access terminals but adopt a somewhat different approach where applications issues have been brought into sharper prominence rather than established design and manufacturing criteria. This range uses absorptive glass mat separators and state-of-the-art electrochemical designs to produce a range of batteries that has strong user benefits and enhanced performance. The technical characteristics of these batteries are described and compared to other constructions to demonstrate their behaviour under a wide range of operational conditions.

Model-Based Development (MBD) has become increasingly used for critical systems, and it is the subject of the MBDV supplement to the DO-178C standard. In this chapter, the authors review the requirements of DO-178C for model-based development, and they identify ways in which MBD can be combined with formal verification to achieve DO-178C requirements for traceability and verifiability of models. In particular, the authors consider the implications for model transformations, which are a central part of MBD approaches, and they identify how transformations can be verified using formal methods tools.

Universities such as Brigham Young offer a central facility for computerized testing. Michigan Technological University is following this model with the establishment of the Michigan Tech Testing Center (MTTC) in 2012. The center creates a space that supports flexible, high integrity computerized exams. This paper focuses on the pilot testing of a spreadsheet lab practical using file submission through Canvas and Jotform.

Heavy hex nuts may be selected with similar hardness to the studs to avoid stripping of nut threads for pressure containing (closure bolting) and primary load bearing bolting. However, industry specification for subsea production systems, e.g. such as API Specifications 6A, 16A, 16C, and 17D, allows the use of low strength heavy hex nuts, e.g. ASTM A194 Grade 2HM or 7M, to be applied together with high strength studs, e.g. ASTM A320 Grades L43 or L7. In the refining and chemical industries the common practice is to use ASTM A193 B7 studs with 2H nuts. Calculations and testing of nuts have been performed and capacity formulas have been established for nut structural capacities. Guidance is given on selecting nut strength/hardness to avoid stripping of nut threads. ASTM specifications give minimum quality requirements during manufacture. A brief review of standard quality requirements is given and guidance for additional requirements for high integrity fasteners in order to have equivalent quality as pressure containing forgings is given. The results from this paper may be used as background for requirements in code updates and purchaser specifications.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

This SAGD development is a tie-back extension to an existing upgrader. Two parallel pipelines ship water and emulsion between the two facilities: water is piped from the upgrader to the SAGD wellpads at 130°C where it is heated through OTSGs before injection into the wells and a water/bitumen emulsion is then retrieved from the wells, to be piped back to the upgrader at 150°C where the bitumen is separated out. The terrain between the two facilities is difficult with ca. 60% muskeg and several creeks, railroads and highways that require HDDs (Horizontal Direction Drill). Given the high design temperatures and the mostly non-competent soil, an electrically traced ITP pipe-in-pipe was selected as the most robust solution. The following advantages in operation, construction and for integrity surveillance were identified by the operator: Extremely efficient thermal insulationUnlimited shutdown capabilitySelf-anchoring of the inner pipe to the outer pipe, reducing reliance on soil propertiesSimple pre-tensioning using the heat-tracing systemReduced thermal expansion, eliminating expansion loopsNegative buoyancy, eliminating the need for anchoring the pipelineHigh integrity of the jacket pipe with ○Leak before spill detection capability○Second-to-none leak detection sensitivity (x1000 relative to volumetric methods) A key learning of construction during the winter of 2013 was that up to 1 km per day could be built. The presentation will detail the system key elements, the rationale for its design and provide the lessons learned from the wintertime installation in a typical northern Alberta SAGD development, and in particular how the electrical heat tracing provides schedule control for the pre-tensioning. The technology has the potential to significantly change the operation of oil/bitumen fields by eliminating the requirement for diluent. The heat tracing technology combined with an extremely efficient insulation allows transport of the hot fluids over unlimited distances. In the wider picture, the pipe-in-pipe technology provides a means to achieve an extremely sensitive pipeline integrity surveillance with almost instantaneous detection of all but the smallest leaks (which will be detected eventually); it could be proposed as a reliable solution for difficult areas where enhanced scrutiny is deemed necessary, such as wetlands, HDDs, unstable terrain etc., at an installed cost that is not significantly higher than for a simple pipeline. During the winter of 2012-2013, a first application of an Electrically Heat Traced Flowline (EHTF) based on pipe-in-pipe (PIP) technology was installed in the Fort McMurray area. It consists of two buried high-temperature lines to be operated by a major Canadian Oil&Gas Company at design temperatures of respectively 110°C and 150°C. This technology has been selected by the operator because of advantages inherent to the technology and the project execution has demonstrated that this novel solution is compatible with the severe weather conditions and areas of northern Alberta. Moreover, careful planning and use of the heat tracing capability of the pipelines provides simple schedule control of the required pre-stressing of the pipelines prior to burial. The technology has the potential to significantly change the operation of oil/bitumen fields by eliminating the requirement for diluent and providing a means of tying satellite developments back to existing facilities. The heat tracing technology combined with an extremely efficient insulation actually allows transport of the hot fluids over unlimited distances. From an integrity and environmental perspective, the pipe-in-pipe technology provides a means to achieve extremely sensitive pipeline integrity surveillance with almost instantaneous detection of all but the smallest leaks (which will be detected eventually); it could even be proposed as a safety feature on non-thermal pipelines for difficult areas where enhanced scrutiny is deemed necessary, such as wetlands, HDDs, unstable terrain etc., at an installed cost that is not significantly higher than for a simple pipeline. The articles details the system key elements, the rationale for its design and provide the lessons learned from the wintertime installation in a typical northern Alberta SAGD development, and in particular how the electrical heat tracing provides a simple means of controlling pre-tensioning.

Honeywell has implemented a versatile integrated avionics (VIA) architecture in several advanced commercial flight deck applications ensuring a military tie to future commercial upgrades related to global air traffic management functions. The VIA architecture can also be easily extended to meet unique military requirements of the advanced military flight decks for military tanker/transport upgrade programs. The subtle changes in the architecture are a result of unique equipment interfaces and unique military equipment such as communications radios, identification friend or foe, station keeping equipment and defensive systems which must be integrated within the architecture. The ability to integrate both commercial and military functions in the same high integrity computing platform truly offers the military the best of both worlds.

Until recently there has been a problem integrating safety related sensors and other safety components with software based control systems for process plant and machinery. Marrying effectively, traditional safety components such as emergency stop buttons, gate interlocks, light curtains, pull cords, safety mats, etc. and the traditional safety relay with modern PCs and PLCs offers quite a challenge. Such problems have now been solved by Smartscan Limited, based in Corby, Northants, UK who have developed the Safenet integrated safety control system ‐ an entirely new approach to machine safety. The Safenet system provides a Master Controller which communicates with field based safety components over a two wire data highway which carries the system power, diagnostic information and all safety related data.

The continuous increase in demand for light alloys in different applications involves manufacturing high integrity and superior performance components using cost-effective and safety processes. In this direction, the research communities together with manufacturing industries are focusing their attention to develop new products using innovative procedures, i.e., Semi-Solid Metal (SSM) processing routes. The central issue is the technological transfer to industry for affordable mass production. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of alternative methods of production of enhanced performance light alloys components for critical areas. The origin, development and current evolution of the SSM processing are illustrated with characteristics of real-life components for automotive industry. Different techniques are presented to provide a general idea prevalently on the commercially available SSM processing techniques. A comparison with traditional methods, in particular High- and Low-Pressure Die Casting technologies, in terms of process parameters and properties is illustrated and discussed.

An advanced melt processing technology, spiral annular electromagnetic stirring (SA-EMS) based on the annular electromagnetic stirring (A-EMS) process was developed for manufacturing Al-alloy components with high integrity. The SA-EMS process innovatively combines non-contact electromagnetic stirring and a spiral annular chamber with specially designed profiles to in situ make high quality melt slurry, and intensive forced shearing can be achieved under high shear rate and high intensity of turbulence inside the spiral annular chamber. In this paper, the solidification microstructure and hardness of 7075R alloy die-casting connecting rod conditioned by the SA-EMS melt processing technology were investigated. The results indicate that, the SA-EMS melt processing technology exhibited superior grain refinement and remarkable structure homogeneity. In addition, it can evidently enhance the mechanical performance and reduce the crack tendency.

An Al–12Si alloy has been laser alloyed using premixed powders and a carbon dioxide laser. Tracks 6 mm wide were alloyed with various amounts of Si, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Mo, and Ti and assessed for integrity,uniformity, hardness, and response to age hardening. In general, above a certain concentration the tracks were smooth with high integrity. Alloys containing more than 30%Fe cracked, and Mo and Ti were difficult to melt. Aging at 150aC for 25 h produced a significant increase in the hardness of Cu, Mn, and Cr alloyed tracks. Coatings 18 mm wide were alloyed with a series of Al–Ni and Al–Fe compositions containing various amounts of Cu, Mn, and Cr. After aging, the coatings were characterised and their resistance to cavitation erosion and sliding wear was determined. Additions of Cu, Mn, and Cr considerably increased the hardness of the Ni based coatings. In general, thecoatings had excellent properties. The resistance to erosion was very high, the best coating having an erosion rate 0.03 ti...

On board train control and monitoring systems (TCMS) share with traction systems a major role in the design of modern trains. Train operating companies are now asking for trains that are capable of more than a simple passenger journey from one location to another. Modern "intelligent" train control and monitoring systems play a vital role in the provision of reliable, adaptable and flexible trains necessary to provide reliable train services that meet the expectations of today's customers. Increased utilisation of intelligent on board systems combined with reliable high integrity development methodologies can provide today's train operating companies with modern systems that meet basic safety, operational and maintenance needs and can also be adapted to meet longer term changing business needs. The object of this paper is to provide the attendees with an insight to the main issues associated with the design, development and operation of modern on board train control and monitoring systems.

The design of high integrity interlock systems involves more than the simple specification of high-quality components. Redundancy of components is often used as a strategy to improve the reliability of an interlock system. This paper uses quantitative reliability engineering methods to explore the relationships of component reliability, time between proof tests, redundancy and common cause failures to overall system performance. The paper demonstrates that addition to redundancy often, but not always, improves the reliability of an interlock system. The paper also demonstrates how common cause failures can greatly reduce the chances of an interlock system performing when needed.

RESUMO A eficiência da deslignificação com oxigênio (pré-O2) é muito baixa para polpas de baixo número kappa e que contêm altas concentrações de ácidos hexenurônicos, pois o oxigênio não reage com esses ácidos, sendo mínima a eliminação destes durante a deslignificação com oxigênio em simples ou duplo estágio. Neste estudo, investigaram-se as propriedades físico-mecânicas de polpas produzidas por cozimentos cineticamente modificados até número kappa 17 e 14 e branqueadas pelas técnicas AD(EO)D, para polpa de kappa 17 e DHT(EPO)DP, para polpa de kappa 14. O objetivo principal do estudo foi o de avaliar as propriedades físicomecânicas das polpas submetidas a sequências de branqueamento sem o oxigênio, no início da sequência. Como referências, foram produzidas polpas de número kappa 17 e 14 as quais foram posteriormente deslignificadas com oxigênio e branqueadas com sequências convencionais: A/D(EO)D, para polpa de número kappa 17 e DHT(EPO)DP, para polpa de kappa 14. O branqueamento alternativo, sem a pré-O2, resultou em polpas branqueadas de maior integridade que as da referência, o que foi comprovado pelos valores significativamente mais altos de VEA (bulk), índice de rasgo, opacidade e resistência à passagem de ar (RPA) da polpa fracamente refinada (polpa para produzir papel tissue). Por outro lado, a alta integridade das fibras oriundas das polpas branqueadas por processos alternativos diminuiu suas conformabilidades e colapsabilidades, com consequente diminuição do índice de tração da polpa fracamente refinada. Porém, mediante um refino mais intenso (polpa para produzir papel de imprimir e escrever - P&W) o índice de tração foi recuperado. A alta integridade das polpas branqueadas sem a pré-O2 dificulta o seu refino. Para alcançar o grau de drenagem de 35oSR com as polpas provenientes dos processos alternativos de branqueamento, foi necessário aplicar cerca de 30% a mais de energia em relação à referência. ABSTRACT The efficiency of oxygen delignification is very low for pulps of low number kappa and with high concentrations of hexenuronic acids, therefore the oxygen does not react with these acids, so being minimum the elimination of these during the oxygen delignification (pre-O2) in simple or double stage. In this study, the physicalmechanical properties of pulp of kappa number 17 and 14, produced with modified cooks and with the application of AD(EO)D techniques for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14 for the bleaching up to 90% ISO, had been investigated. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the physicalmechanical properties in pulps submitted to the bleaching sequences without oxygen in the beginning of the sequence. As references, cooks had been carried until numbers kappa 17 and 14, oxygen delignification and conventional bleaching for sequences A/D(EO)D for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14. The alternative bleaching, without pre-O2, resulted in bleached pulps with bigger integrity that of the reference, what it was confirmed by the values significantly higher of bulk, tear index, opacity and air resistance of the pulp weakly refined (for tissue papers). However, the high integrity of the fibers from pulps bleached with alternative processes lowered their conformabilities and collapsibility, with consequent reduction of tensile index of the pulp weakly refined. Therefore, with more intensive beating (for printing and writing papers), the tensile index was recovered. The high integrity of the bleaching pulps without pre-O2 makes beating difficulty. To reach the draining degree of 35°SR with the pulps proceeding from alternative processes of bleaching, it was necessary to apply 30% more energy than the reference.

Transport flasks are required for the movement of spent nuclear fuel. Due to their nature of operation, it is necessary that these flasks are produced from forged steels with exceptional toughness properties. The material specification generally cited for flask manufacture is ASTM A350 Grade LF5 Class 1, a carbon-manganese-nickel alloy. The range of chemical analysis permitted by this specification is very broad and it is the responsibility of the material manufacturer to select a composition within this range which will satisfy all the mechanical properties requirements, and to ensure safe and reliable performance. Forgemasters Steel and Engineering Limited have experience in the manufacture of large high integrity fuel element flask forgings which extend over several decades. This experience and involvement in international standards in US, Europe and Japan has facilitated the development of an optimized analysis with a low carbon content, nickel levels towards the top end of the allowed range, a deliberate aluminum addition to control grain size and strictly controlled residual element levels. The resultant steel has excellent low temperature impact properties which greatly exceed the requirements of the specification. This analysis is now being adopted for the manufacture of all current transport flasks.

Since its establishment 60 years ago, the International Institute of Welding (IIW) has had numerous successes that have helped the world. In 2006, the IIW introduced a major project entitled "To Improve the Global Quality of Life Through Optimum Use of Welding Technology". Many of the initiatives being implemented will be of benefit to many countries, particularly with such significant global growth taking place throughout the world. It is estimated that during this next decade, many trillions of US dollars will be spent on infrastructure projects in the energy and processing industry, in this truly global world. Besides the normal fabrication, construction and maintenance work within countries, the additional infrastructure projects will create challenges for welding technology. Such challenges include the fabrication, construction, maintenance, inspection and testing of trillions of components whilst ensuring that they are made efficiently and cost effectively, in an environmentally friendly manner and have high integrity and reliability in service. In most industrialised countries, pressure equipment is aging and plant life is pushed well beyond original design considerations. Much plant is now required to operate at extremely high levels of availability with very limited time available for inspection and maintenance. This is a recipe for disaster. It is predicted that in five years time the world will see an increasing number of failures such as these, possibly resulting in death, injury, environmental damage and lost production. The subsequent economic impact will be enormous. This paper gives an overview of the work of IIW internationally, in various regions of the world and industry sectors utilising welding, the challenges being faced, opportunities available, and probable requirements for the successful introduction and optimum use of welding technology. Successful models used in other countries, particularly for technology diffusion to industry, education and training, improving the image of welding and the use of appropriate technologies will be highlighted. Examples of how the elements of such models could be used in many regions of the world will be given. The involvement of industry and governments across the world in conjunction with the work of IIW and its 53 member countries is critical to the success of such initiatives.

The presentation provides a high level overview of the safety assurance activities undertaken for, and the issues arising from, the introduction of the Alstom Smartlock 400 interlocking into the UK to its current status in revenue service, following a successful period of pilot running. The presentation provides a brief introduction to the concept and a system overview of the Alstom Smartlock 400 interlocking system. The presentation follows the safety assurance process from the development and assurance of the individual sub-systems to their integration into the overall Smartlock 400 System. The issues associated with the application of ISAs for the sub-systems and system to the release of the UK generic application safety cases are explored and summarised as lessons learnt. The case study finishes by briefly reviewing some of the ongoing issues that a modern high integrity product like Smartlock 400 will be subject to, in order to maintain its approved safety assurance status. (31 pages)

TAGSI is an acronym for The UK Technical Advisory Group on the Structural Integrity of High Integrity Plant. The purpose of TAGSI is to address and make recommendations on issues raised by its sponsoring organisations in discussion with independent advisors. Collectively, these sponsoring organisations operate, maintain, assess and regulate nuclear power producing and chemical plant. Against this background, an overview is presented of the recent work of TAGSI in terms of structural integrity issues addressed, symposia organised, and output appearing in the open literature. Other papers at this conference describe some of the technical work of TAGSI in more detail.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

The UK Technical Advisory Group on the Structural Integrity of High Integrity Plant (TAGSI) has recently undertaken an assessment of a new method of classification of austenitic stainless steel components based on their safety function and the consequences of their failing to perform that function. The intent of the safety classification is to ensure that the probability of occurrence of any potential failure bears an inverse relation to the severity of its consequence, so that a low risk is incurred from failure of any type. Specifically, TAGSI was invited to: 1. consider circumstances under which Subsection NB of the ASME III Code for Class 1 components contributes adequate margins against gross failure of austenitic stainless steel components classified as High Integrity; and if necessary 2. define additional contributions that need to be met to provide assurance against gross failure of austenitic stainless steel components for the High Integrity severity level. In producing its response, TAGSI interpreted the Question as relating strictly to the austenitic stainless steel pipework and associated welds of the relevant class of PWR systems that have the safety classification of High Integrity. Dissimilar metal welds were excluded from consideration, and it was assumed that a robust EAC prevention strategy is in place. The generic response produced by TAGSI to the above Question is summarised within this framework.

Coatings such as TiN may be used to modify the surface properties of CoCrMo alloy surgical implants, but their performance may be influenced by the structure of substrate. In the present research solution treatment and age hardening tempers designed to produce a more homogeneous substrate microstructure were not beneficial to the mechanical properties of the alloy. However, control of the coating process can provide a TiN film of high integrity which does not compromise the static or dynamic properties of the component.

With the advent of parallel processing redundancy in the form of multiple microprocessors is automatically available. There is now much interest in trying to exploit this redundancy for fault tolerance while at the same time utilising the increased processing power. In such systems dynamic reconfiguration and graceful degradation can be employed presenting many interesting challenges to system developers. In this paper the experiences of developing these systems using transputers for safety-critical real-time control systems will be discussed. Although the work highlights aircraft applications many of the ideas proposed can be translated to other areas which require high integrity.

This paper reviews some possible techniques for the future development of high-integrity, high-reliability software for use in critical applications in road vehicles. The customer is concerned with the overall reliability of electronic equipment in a vehicle. High reliability requires designers both to minimize the possibilities of random failures and to reduce or eliminate systematic design errors. Following a discussion of some ways in which microprocessor-based equipment can fail, formal techniques of specification and analysis are identified as possible methods for the automotive industries in the next decade. Combined with exhaustive dynamic testing and static analysis of programs, it should be possible to reduce the probability of failure in equipment based on the use of programmable microcontrollers.

This paper provides an introduction to the topic of safety-critical control systems for those engineers and managers who are skilled in the disciplines of computer-based control, but have not had to face the additional engineering problems which arise when equipment is crucial to the protection and preservation of human life. Increasingly, control engineers are using computers and complex real-time software in circumstances in which serious malfunctions can result in accidents and loss of human life. Those involved professionally in such work need wide, general engineering experience, plus specialised knowledge of topics such as; Hazard Analysis, the derivation of rigorous engineering specifications, and Software Engineering

Abstract As oil and gas exploration has moved into increasingly deep water in the Gulf of Mexico, the potential to find increasingly higher pressure and higher temperature reservoirs has increased. High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS) are seen as essential for development of these prospects. The paper will cover the key differences between applying HIPPS in the Gulf of Mexico compared to North Sea applications, as well as the associated regulatory process involving the Minerals Management Service, the regulatory authority in the Gulf of Mexico. It will also provide an update on API 17O and industry developments. 1.0 Introduction The installation of High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS) has been limited to the North Sea for subsea applications. As exploration and drilling have moved into deeper water in the Gulf of Mexico, discoveries have increased in pressure and also temperature resulting in an increased need to address the application of HIPPS technology in this region. Although there are a number of subsea systems operating successfully in the North Sea, it has not been possible to transfer this experience directly to the Gulf of Mexico without a significant amount of ground work. This paper discusses the key differences, the impact on subsea architecture and the work with the regulatory authority associated with HIPPS technology.

The most fundamental concept in designing multi-lane smart electromechanical actuation systems, besides meeting performance requirements, is the realization of high integrity. The main aim of this paper is to provide fundamental consolidation designs schemes in different architectures. The paper will also address other fundamentals that are essential at the design stage, such as force fight (between mismatch lanes) reduction through lane equalization, and threshold settings concepts (scheduled and unscheduled). The analysis is based on a 4-lane actuation system capable of driving aerodynamic and inertial loads (with 2 lanes failed) of an aileron control surface similar to that of the Sea Harrier.

Increasing deep-water oil and gas recovery has highlighted the need for high integrity, high fatigue performance girth welds in steel catenary riser systems. Such systems include girth welds made from one side. However, the widely used fatigue design classification, UK Class F2, for such welds is not well founded, but probably over-conservative for pipeline welds. In an attempt to justify upgrading current fatigue design classifications and providing a better basis for design, fatigue tests were performed on a range of girth-welded pipes produced by pipeline welding contractors. This paper presents the results of those tests and their evaluation in terms of the factors that influence the fatigue performance of girth welds, including welding process, welding position, backing system, joint alignment, weld quality, specimen type and fatigue loading conditions. Conclusions are drawn regarding the scope for adopting higher design classifications and the conditions that must be met to justify them.Copyright © 2006 by TWI, Ltd.

In the oil industry, high-integrity protection systems tend to replace traditional safety systems. In this paper, a snapshot is provided of the methods and tools designed by the authors to evaluate efficiently safety integrity levels of high-integrity protection systems, as required by IEC 61508 and 61511 standards. These standards provide rigorous processes to build the safety of safety-instrumented systems. They are very efficient from an organizational point of view. However, difficulties arise with definitions and probabilistic calculations. To overcome these difficulties, the existing methods and tools were extended. These extensions are presented by means of simple examples. The focus is on the treatment of high-integrity protection systems working in low-demand mode (that is, with less than one demand per year according to the standards), e.g. systems such as high-integrity pressure protection systems. Some indications for safety systems working in continuous mode are given. Some practical conclusions are drawn from the various experiments performed. First, fault trees, when properly used, are very efficient for low-demand safety systems. Second, multi-phase Markov processes provide accurate results, even if only very small systems are tractable with this approach. Finally, behavioural modelling coupled with Monte Carlo simulation on Petri nets is both efficient and accurate. From the authors’ point of view, these approaches are simpler to handle than the informative formulae proposed in the present issue of IEC 61508 and 61511 standards.

Laser surfacing, also known as laser cladding is an emerging technology that has gained a very important foothold in the area of industrial maintenance. Not only is the process providing new opportunities to resurface and extend critical component life, it is also facilitating the development of new products by providing design opportunities that were previously considered impractical.The process is amongst the most expensive industrial coating processes available to the market today. However the last 8 years in Australia has seen process acceptance grow from one potential corrosion based application in the coal mining industry, to a multitude of applications and opportunities covering a broad range of industries.Process acceptance is mainly based on the high integrity of the deposit, the physical and chemical properties of the coating, its low-invasive metallurgical bonding to the substrate, and its reputation as a low heat process. This communication reports some of those applications and describes why laser surfacing was selected for such applications.Laser surfacing, also known as laser cladding is an emerging technology that has gained a very important foothold in the area of industrial maintenance. Not only is the process providing new opportunities to resurface and extend critical component life, it is also facilitating the development of new products by providing design opportunities that were previously considered impractical.The process is amongst the most expensive industrial coating processes available to the market today. However the last 8 years in Australia has seen process acceptance grow from one potential corrosion based application in the coal mining industry, to a multitude of applications and opportunities covering a broad range of industries.Process acceptance is mainly based on the high integrity of the deposit, the physical and chemical properties of the coating, its low-invasive metallurgical bonding to the substrate, and its reputation as a low heat process. This communication reports some of those applications and describes why ...

Despite the advances in high integrity software development there remains the problem of adequately specifying the requirements for a safety related system. This is compounded in bespoke applications. This paper describes a behavioural model based process for eliciting a requirement set covering normal and abnormal behaviour that is deterministic and verifiable. (5 pages)

The improvements in quality of advanced aerospace steels have brought new challenges for the materials testing and inspection teams. Looks at the advances of this type of testing at British Steel Engineering Steels. Details non‐destructive testing of aerospace steels and the ultrasonic immersion tank. Finally looks at Engineering Steels’ recent investments in automation.

The Systems Assurance Group within QinetiQ Trusted Information Management is concerned with the development of high integrity systems. Historically these have been military safety or security critical applications, more recently our focus includes customers with dependability concerns from the civil and commercial sectors. CSP has become a core capability of the group, and is widely applied throughout our work. Central to our use of CSP is the ability to verify automatically refinements using the FDR model checker. This talk will present an overview of our application of model-checking to industrial systems assurance, the technical challenges we face, the methods we employ to overcome them, the future technology landscape that we will be facing and the associated opportunities and challanges for application of CSP.

As part of the effort to achieve an economical development of offshore fields, focus is directed towards reducing construction cost while ensuring that the quality of construction details is maintained. This construction quality is particularly important for deepwater developments because of the increased demand for higher structural integrity to minimize in-service inspection, maintenance, and repairs. High structural integrity requires that particular attention is given to improved welding details. Achieving high integrity, while maintaining adequate control on cost, requires a thorough evaluation of the constructability factors that have major influence on a project CAPEX. These factors include project organization, contracting plans, materials and welding specifications, fabrication schemes and erection and load-out procedures. While significant benefits may be achieved through knowledge base transfer and lessons learned, these factors are typically design specific and can vary on a project by project basis. I this paper, constructability parameters will be discussed along with yard selection criteria and impact of design requirements on construction cost.Copyright © 2005 by ASME