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For large-scale traffic assignment applications, mesoscopic simulation has more advantages than microscopic and macroscopic simulation because it has a well-designed tradeoff between the level of details and the running efficiency. Currently, the time complexity of time-stepped mesoscopic supply framework is linear to the number of vehicles on the lanes. To simulate an entire city the computation cost is often practically unacceptable. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel approach named ‘Entry Time based Supply Framework (ETSF)’ to improve the performance of mesoscopic applications. The main idea is that ETSF updates the ‘entry_time_to_pass’ and ‘entry_time_to_queue’ parameters of each lane to compute the moving/queuing parts of link/lane vehicles, which means reducing the time complexity of the number of vehicles passing the lanes. To validate this innovation of ETSF, a series of experiments were carried out on a sub-network of Singapore and the outcomes show that ETSF is less sensitive with the demand level (or the total number of vehicles) and greatly improves the performance, especially when simulating congested traffic scenarios. In the global research framework of mesoscopic traffic simulations, ETSF offers an innovative and time-efficient way to model traffic dynamics on links.

In the background of the societys development, more and more females and designers focused on the consumers requirements. Thus the style which consumers are interested is more important to obtain. Some representative bras are selected in this paper. College students in different ages, genders and majors are chosen to do the eye movement experiments to explore the interesting part of bra from consumers. The interesting areas of bra are shoulder stripe, cup and the bottom. Three important parameters are obtained from the experiment which is the Entry time, Revisits and Dwell time, besides the hot spot diagram is also the key index to reflect the different interested degree in different parts of bra from males and females. On the one hand, it turned out that the concern degree is different in different parts of bra from consumers, the cup is the most part which customers pay more attention, the creative design of shoulder stripe and the bottom of bra will absorb more consumers. On the other hand, it found that the difference is really existed in genders focused on the same bra style, such as the males are focused more on the cup, little attention in other parts, but the females are focused more on shoulder stripe except the cup. The results will not only help the designers to know more about the consumers interesting area of bra, but also can promote the development of the bra which consumers satisfied.

Recently, improving the service quality of a theme park has become a very hot topic. Decreasing the queue waiting time for each attraction of a theme park is one of most important ways to gain high service quality. This paper proposes a smart queue system for theme park based on RFID technology. In our setup, each visitor wears RFID tag to record local information. Then all visitors are classified into three types in the proposed system. Finally, smart queue mechanism is built for an attraction in theme park based on the visitor type and entry time. The smart queue system provide a better experience in line and shorten the waiting time for visitors. Furthermore, the theme park operators can easily use real-time movement data of the visitors to improve the management strategy.

Few studies have focused on the effect of countdown timers at signalized intersections in China, where such timers are widely deployed for their perceived benefits of increased safety and capacity. This study examines the effect of countdown timers on driver behavior during the yellow interval.Signal phasing and traffic operations were videotaped at 4 comparable signalized intersections under normal conditions. Microscopic details were extracted manually at 25 Hz to yield 24 h of data on onset time of the yellow, onset time of the red, driver location and actions after the onset of the yellow, red light-running violations, etc. For comparable intersections with and without countdown timers, driver behavior measured by driver decision (stop or go) and vehicle entry time (when the vehicle crosses the stop line) were analyzed using binary logistical regression (BLR) and a nonparametric test, respectively.The results suggest that countdown timers can indeed influence driver behaviors, in terms of decisions to stop or cross the intersection as well as the distribution of vehicle entry times. There was a strong correlation between the presence of countdown timers and an increase in red light violations.Countdown timers may lead to increased entrance into the intersection during the later portions of the yellow and even the red. This alarming finding calls for further research as well as for serious consideration before the field deployment of countdown timers.

This study investigated the effects of age and two keypad types (physical keypad and touch-screen one) on the usability of numeric entry tasks. Twenty four subjects (12 young adults 23–33 years old and 12 older adults 65–76 years old) performed three types of entry tasks: 4-digit, 4-digit of password type, and 11-digit. The dependent variables for the performance were mean entry time per unit stroke and error rate. Subjective ratings for ease of use of each keypad type were collected after the experiment. The mean entry time per unit stroke of the young adults was significantly smaller than that of the older adults. The older adults had significantly different mean entry times per unit stroke on the two keypad types. The error rates between young and older adults were significantly different for the touch-screen keypad. The subjective ratings showed that the participants preferred the touch-screen keypad to the physical keypad. The results showed that the older adults preferred the touch-screen keypad and could operate more quickly, and that tactile feedback is needed for the touch-screen keypad to increase input accuracy. The results of this study can be applied when designing different information technology products to input numbers using one hand. Relevance to industry Touch-screen technology is increasingly used in ticketing Kiosks used in public places such as airports, stations or theaters, and in automated teller machines (ATMs) and cash dispensers (CDs). This paper can be applied to design these products or systems, particularly considering usability improvements for older adults.

The purpose of this study is to compare assessment techniques for Korean characters entry methods of mobile phones. This study was performed based on survey of relevant existing studies. The assessment techniques were classified into three: 1) predicting entry time using conceptual models such as Fitts' law, Hick-Hyman's law and KLM-GOMS model (conceptual model); 2) counting the number of pressing button(number of pressing button); and 3) measuring performance or rating subjective measures using real mobile phones(real mobile phone). The comparison revealed that the assessment results were different depending upon the techniques used. The results from the conceptual model using only Fitts' law and the number of pressing button were opposite to those from techniques of the real mobile phone and conceptual model using Fitts' and Hick-Hyman's laws. Based on this result and suggestions provided by the literature, it is recommended that for more precisely assessing interfaces of mobile phones such as Korean characters entry method, real mobile phones be used instead of the conceptual models. Keyword: Mobile phone, Korean characters entry method, Fitts' law, Hick-Hyman's law, KLM-GOMS model

• NASA-Hitachi Space Act Agreement to test MOPS compliance prototype technology utilizing NASA-GRC CNS Test Bed • AeroMACS features and performance specified in MOPS validated through airport environment Field Trials • “Network Entry Time” defined in SARPs(ICAO) verified to be applicable.

This research study examined the design of a virtual keyboard that can be used for text entry with a rotary controller, particularly for users who may differ in age and experience with a particular system. Features of a virtual keyboard that have been shown to affect the individual movement and visual search components of the text entry task were assessed for younger and older adult users. Participants entered words by finding and selecting individual letters with a rotary controller on a keyboard arranged alphabetically or following the standard QWERTY keyboard. Performance was examined across different levels of experience with the task. We found that experience independently interacted with shape, arrangement, and age group. Both age groups improved their entry time overall and at each measurement period, but older adults learned more slowly. Although performance improved for both arrangements, the Alphabetic arrangement was significantly faster. Neither shape was significantly faster, but results suggest that the more salient corner features on the Plus facilitated memorization and retention.

An individual-based model that simulates fish selection processes in diamond mesh cod-ends of towed fishing gears is outlined. The model is implemented in a computer program called PRESEMO. A typical simulation can be carried out within a few minutes on a personal computer. Up to four different populations of fish entering the cod-end during a tow can be accounted for. Each fish is assigned a weight, girth, width and height according to its length, and is assumed to have an elliptical cross-section. Fish are allocated a period of travel time down the cod-end, a period for swimming in the cod-end without being exhausted, a period between escape attempts and a packing density for those swimming ahead of the catch. An escape attempt is deemed successful if a fish can pass through the mesh opening at the position in the cod-end where the escape attempt takes place. The mesh opening value is obtained from information on the shape of the cod-end, which depends on the catch weight. The cod-end shape is updated dynamically as the catch builds up during the tow. During a simulation the selection process is continually visualized, that is, the entry, movement and escape attempts of individual fish are shown as well as the changes in the cod-end geometry. At the end of a simulation, a logistic function is automatically fitted to the selection data to obtain estimates of the 50% retention length and the selection range.

Milking parlor performance was evaluated in herringbone, parallel, automated side opening, and rotary milk parlors. The effects of entry time of the first cow, operator walking distance, pre-milking hygiene, and milking routine were determined. Operator walking distance is the highest in automated side opening parlors and lowest in rotary parlors. As the length of herringbone and parallel parlors increases, operator walking distances for double-10 parallel and Herringbone parlors ranged from 762 to 875m/h (2500-2871 ft/h) and double-40 parallel and herringbone parlors ranged from 991 to 1141 m/h (3251-3743 ft/h). Operator walking distance in parallel parlors is 95 to 150 m/h (312- 492 ft/h) less than herringbone parlors. Entrance time of the first cow increases with parlor length. Implementing a premilking hygiene routine increases labor requirements. Using a rotating milking routine will increase the number of cows milked per hour in larger parlors.

A mathematical model of entry-time processes was developed, and a computational method for solving that model was verified. This methodology was demonstrated via application to a succession of increasingly more complex subsystems of nuclear power plants. The effort culminated in the application to main generators that constituted the PhD dissertation of Shuwen (“Eric”) Wang. Dr. Wang is now employed by ABS Consulting, in Anaheim, CA. ABS is a principal provider to the nuclear industry of technical services related to reliability and safety.

A study was conducted to examine the accuracy of the keyboard requirements of MIL-STD-1472D and to assess the consequences of operating an aircraft keyboard which was reduced in size to values below the requirements of the military standard. Four keyboard configurations were examined: key size and separation within MIL-STD-1427D requirements: key size and separation within the requirements, with key barriers; key separation below the requirements; and key separation below the requirements, with key barriers. The barrier design was proposed as a technique for reducing the probability of inadvertent key activation, especially for the smaller keyboard configuration. The experiment was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of keyboard training, and examined data entry (keying speed and accuracy) in a ground environment. Phase 2 examined both the extent of keyboard entry degradation during a simulated flying task, and the consequences of increasing flying task workload on keying performance. High levels of accuracy (>96%) were attained for all keyboards. Under the simulated flying task, increased error rates were obtained with the close-separation keyboards. Under the simulated flying task, error rates were slightly higher than under the training condition when the barrier was used. Barriers increase entry time without reducing errors. >

We present results of a detailed investigation into the error sources associated with en route sector demand prediction. Our analysis is based on interviews with air traffic controllers and personnel from the Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC), aggregate data collected over the National Airspace System (NAS), and observations and data collected from on site visits to two en route center facilities (Chicago ZAU and Cleveland ZOB). Potential error sources are ranked in terms of their influence on sector demand prediction accuracy. Sector demand prediction data was generated using NASA’s Future ATC Concept Evaluation Tool (FACET) to predict future trajectories. Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) and Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) data were used for truth data. Given these data, both detailed and aggregate characteristics of errors in sector entry time and sector demand were analyzed. Results indicate several areas where computer readable input data sources are needed and where future research should be directed to improve our ability to predict sector demand.

In this paper, models and algorithms for real-time control of the TMA are proposed. We consider two cases: in the first one (static) we assume that there is a set of aircraft to be sequenced for which we know in advance their entry time in the terminal area; in the second one (dynamic), the entry times of future aircraft are unknown and the sequence of aircraft is recomputed whenever a new aircraft approaches the terminal area. For the static case, we model the sequencing problem as a Cumulative Traveling Salesman Problem with Ready Times and propose two lower bounds for testing heuristic solutions. For the dynamic case, where only a limited knowledge of the arrivals is assumed, we add to the basic model a set of constraints which allow the controller to maintain given patterns of the landing sequences previously generated. For both cases, heuristic algorithms are proposed and computational results are discussed.

In the study of the initiation of solid, polycrystalline explosives by short-duration (thin) shock waves, several investigators have found that the relationship between initial pressure (P) and shock duration (τ) can be described with the equation P2τ = const. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship. However, the possibility that the relationship arises from the hydrodynamics of the overtake of the shock wave by a rarefaction from the rear has not been considered. I have investigated five simple models, three analytic and two numerical models, to examine the relationship between the entry time of the rarefaction and the time of its overtaking the initiating shock wave in a solid explosive. The purpose of this study is not to define a new quantitative model, but is to explore what effects changes in the wave profile and sustained-shock parameters have on the interaction of the rarefaction and the shock front. One of the analytic models fits the experimental data for the explosive PBX 9404 exceptionally well, but the very simplicity of the analytic model argues that transit time data on fixed-length samples are not sufficient to verify a proposed model for the initiation of solid explosives by thin shock waves. The analytic models show, in a simple manner, how the sustained-shock initiation parameters can influence the thin-shock initiation. The two numerical models, neither of which are intended to model reality, could be forced to fit the experimental sustained- and thin-shock data. They also illustrate some of the additional data that will be required before a realistic model can be developed. Given a more realistic model for the hydrodynamic conditions behind the shock front, this study indicates that a model based on rarefaction overtake is apparently adequate to describe thin-shock initiation.