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The publication reproduces with some abridgement but keeping as far as possible author’s lexical means and style the report of I. V. Shirman at the meeting of the 8th Department of Imperial Russian Technical Society on March 4, 1910, chaired by O. A. Struve. The meeting discussed engineering and economic issues of operation of transport vehicles using electric traction and the most promising at that time, the idea of autonomously powered passenger systems was also highlighted.

The article deals with the essence and peculiarities of the industrial development of the construction and architecture of Kyiv in the second half of the 19th century.The research covered the industrial complex of Kyiv at that time, including the development of the industry, the construction of bridges, the creation of the railway industry and the first engineering systems: water supply, sewerage, electric transport (tram and funicular).Prerequisites for the development of construction and the emergence of the profession of civil engineer are considered.The data on the construction and subsequent history of the existence of the Mykolaiv-Kiev chain and Darnytsia railway bridges of Kyiv are given.The technological, construction and structural achievements in the construction of the first Kiev railway junction are described - the technology of arrangement of drilling piles for strengthening the foundations of buildings and structures of the engineer AE. sewage system.The drawings depicting the appearance, plans and schemes of buildings and structures, erected in the second half of the nineteenth century.The analysis of architectural forms and stylistic directions of buildings and structures, engineering achievements and town-planning decisions, introduction of new structures and building materials that left a significant mark and significantly influenced the development of construction of Ukraine., В статті розглянуто сутність та особливості індустріального розвитку будівництва та архітектури Києва у другій половині ХІХ ст.Дослідженням охоплений виробничий комплекс тогочасного Києва включаючи розвиток промисловості, зведення мостів, створення залізничного господарства та перших інженерних систем: водогону, каналізації, електричного транспорту (трамваю і фунікулеру).Розглянуто передумови розвитку будівництва і виникнення професії інженера-будівельника. Наведені дані про спорудження і подальшу історію існування Миколаївського ланцюгового і Дарницького залізничного мостів Києва.Описані інженерно-технологічні та будівельно-конструктивні досягнення при зведенні першого Київського залізничного вузла – технологію влаштування буронабивних паль для підсилення фундаментів будівель і споруд інженера А. Е. Страуса та особливості будівництва і експлуатації першої в Києві системи міського водогону та каналізації.Наведені рисунки із зображенням зовнішнього вигляду, планів і схем будівель і споруд, зведених у другій половині ХІХ ст. Представлено аналіз архітектурних форм і стилістичних напрямів будівель і споруд, інженерні досягнення та містобудівельні рішення, впровадження нових конструкцій та будівельних матеріалів, які залишили після себе значний слід і суттєво вплинули на розвиток будівництва України.

We found that the electrical equipment has a dynamics of failure rate growth according to the results of the processing of the statistical information of electric transport enterprises and analysis of the operating conditions of rolling stock systems and aggregates. We established that traction electric motor failures make up 20 % of all failures of electrical equipment. We analyzed the conditions of operation of traction electric motors and estimated the reliability. The study of probabilistic and statistical characteristics of the functions of the distribution density of traction electric motors failure shows that some failures are approximated by an asymmetric distribution. In this regard, it is advisable to use a truncated normal distribution function N N{t; T; }, which will make possible tp increase the adequacy of models. We established that the number of failures in the interval 0-t1 decreases significantly for large probability Q. We can consider the flow of failures in this interval as stationary for certain values. We proposed a mathematical model for reliability evaluation (14), which, unlike existing models, is based on the system analysis of the probabilities of failure of subsystems, which are subjected to diagnosis (brush-holding unit, stator, anchor, collector), on a base of structural and functional diagrams of traction electric motor elements. It makes possible to determine parameters of various elements of traction electric motors during operation. The model differs qualitatively from the existing ones by taking into account structural and electromagnetic characteristics and gibes possibility to optimize parameters of different units in relation to the requirements of the system of planned and preventive repair, when traction motors developed a given resource and continue to operate. Thus, it is possible to estimate reliability parameters a traction electric motor of any type according to the results of the studies and the above calculations.

Frequently in a process of developing new specialized models of wheeled vehicles, the task of integrating a multitude of design criteria for parts, assemblies and mechanisms arises. Using a comparative analysis of various design solutions allows to determine the most optimal options for their design. The authors compare two possible layout drawings of the UMTET load-bearing frame: a simple ladder frame and a combined ladder-backbone load-bearing system. Based on the presented design and layout and weight characteristics, as well as the results of the estimated numerical strength analysis, it is concluded that there are certain advantages of using a combined ladder-backbone frame for the UMTET design.

The paper presents such a research of one of the most important layout-forming parts of the unified machine for technological electric transport (UMTET), namely the load-bearing system. With all the variety of design criteria set for UMTET, the bearing frame must satisfy the following requirements: to be an installation base for the assumed units, UMTET mechanisms, as well as attached implements; to be technologically advanced and have a low production cost; to withstand operational operational loads with the minimum possible weight, which will allow to maximize the power and duration of UMTET operation without recharging.

Based on the study of properties of an electric train as a control object, it has been proven that considerable speed fluctuations and shock loads caused by the presence of elasticity and gaps in the coupling devices take place during the train acceleration and stoppage. These loads cause current fluctuations in armature of the traction DС motors of electric locomotives, which adversely affects their service life. By studying the mathematical description of the dynamic system consisting of an electric locomotive and a set of wagons, a model was synthesized that allows one to investigate the processes taking place in this system when motion and coupling device parameters alter. On the basis of the mathematical dependencies obtained, an algorithm was developed that enables parametric optimization of the system from the point of view of minimizing collisions of the train wagons during acceleration and braking. A characteristic feature of the algorithm that distinguishes it from existing ones is that the "locomotive – wagons" complex is considered with taking into account presence of elastic coupler and gaps between the train elements. The problem of eliminating dynamic loads caused by oscillating processes of the "locomotive – wagons" complex was solved which made it possible to conduct an analytical construction of a system for optimal control of the material handling processes of electric transport in conditions of iron ore mines. Application of this system makes it possible to optimally perform high-speed loading of wagons with raw materials and their unloading. It is expected that application of this approach thru shortening the time spent in shifting the wagons for their loading will increase productivity of the mine transport by 20–30 %

Purpose. To develop the fuzzy model of distribution of excess regenerative energy in traction and external power supply systems allowing to exercise effective operation of the power equipment. Relevance. For effective distribution of excess regenerative energy in systems of electric transport, as well as for systems equipped with stationary stores of energy and inverting traction substations with regulators of output voltage it is necessary to solve a number of the problems with high degree of uncertainty demanding taking into account a set of random factors such as the modes of power lines and traction loadings. These factors have to be considered in operation for choosing the rational modes of energy stores, inverters and regulators of voltage on buses of substations to provide the rational conditions for energy regeneration on electric transport. Scientific novelty. The control system of energy storage devices, inverters and traction substation output voltage regulators, designed on the basis of fuzzy logic, can provide the necessary conditions for the regeneration on electric transport on sections with a shortage of traction power consumption and allows to optimize the distribution of excess braking energy of transport vehicles. It is achieved by determining the rational relationship between the components of the excess current of regeneration in real time, which can ensure a minimum of power losses of regenerative energy in traction and external power supply systems. Practical importance. The use of the developed approach is effective under the conditions of incomplete information received by measurement systems and on the basis of additional studies it can allow to minimize rated capacity of stores, inverters and traction substation output voltage regulators that could reduce the costs of modernization of existing sections and electrification of new electric transport systems.

With the continuous development of Artificial Intelligence technology and Internet of Things engineering, more and more driver-less vehicles have been developed and put into the industrial production. The birth of driver-less vehicles undoubtedly brings new vitality to a large amount of industries, particularly in transportation. For the mining industry, transportation is undoubtedly an extremely important link in the whole production process. If the driver-less vehicles can be applied to the underground mines, it can not only improve the production and transportation capacity of the whole mine, but also can reduce the occurrence of many mine safety accidents. ZigBee WSN technology can play a greater role in the narrow environment like underground mines according to the relevant literature, this concept paper just like a engineering project plan mainly tries to integrate the ZigBee WSN technology and the communication-based train control (CBTC) system to explore the possibility of the driver-less vehicles to be used in the underground mines, which aims to solve practical engineering problems for the engineering projects. As the mining engineers, we put forward the concept of this integrated system in this concept paper, but we need to continue to work hard for the future of the underground mines. This concept paper serves just as a guide to the Tossing out a brick to get a jade gem, has a few implications for the development of underground mine transportation.

One of the problems appearing at creating of new pantographs designs is associated with the geometric parameters selection for the minimum wear of the coal insertion and the catenary wire. To determine the dynamic loads in the contact between the pantograph and the wire, there was performed the simulation analysis using MSC.ADAMS software. According to the computations the contact force-time dependence for the case of connected pantograph and wire was obtained. The simulation results were later used to analyze the stress-strain state of the coal insert. The finite element modeling of the pantograph-catenary wire contact interaction was performed in ANSYS. The created model included parts of wire, coal insert and steel lining. Taking into account the symmetry of the construction it was created the half-model of real construction. The total number of model finite elements was equal to 401 717. Longitudinal and vertical forces were applied to the wire part end points. These forces correspond to the interaction forces between the pantograph and a contact wire. The computational results demonstrate that the highest values of equivalent stresses appear at the lining corners, and, if for the case of the rectangular cross-section there is a phenomenon of graphite crumbling.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine both the technical feasibility and the commercial viability of several demand-side integration (DSI) programs to utilize the charging flexibility of electric transport vehicles in a logistic facility. DSI is important for improving system reliability and assisting in integrating renewables into the energy system. Design/methodology/approach – A pre-assessment of several DSI programs is performed by considering effort for implementation, costs and economic potential. Afterward, the most promising programs are compared economically on the basis of optimization methods and economic analysis. The analysis is based on a comprehensive electric mobility project dealing with electric transport vehicles operating in container terminals. Findings – The pre-assessment of several potential DSI programs revealed that many of these programs are unsuitable, largely due to regulatory requirements. Although using DSI to optimize the company’s load is feasible, controlled charging based on variable prices is particularly advantageous because the implementation requires modest effort while identifying significant cost-saving potentials. Practical implications – Based on the analysis, other companies using electric transport vehicles have a foundation for identifying the most promising demand-side management program. Originality/value – While most research has focused on individually used electric vehicles, here commercial electric transport vehicles operating in closed systems were investigated as this area of application was found to be particularly suitable for participation in DSI programs.

The problems of carrying out energy recovery in a subway and increasing the efficiency of subway trains are studied. The problem of energy efficiency in a subway is important because the subway itself is a large consumer of energy, of which a significant amount is used for traction of electric trains. To reduce energy consumption by a subway, a project is examined that has been developed at the Electric Transport Department of the Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Vocational Education National Research University, Moscow Energy Institute. The efficiency is determined of using recuperative braking in modernization of 82-717/14 railway cars with replacement of the regular rheostatic controller by control using bipolar transistors with an insulated gate. A calculation for finding the efficiency of energy recovery for the developed assembly is presented.

The beginning of 21th century is extremely important for developed countries because of the reduction of theirdependence on fossil fuels. The biggest vehicle manufacturing companies are planning to start selling at least one model ofelectric vehicle and it is expected that by 2025 approximately 10% of the new cars sold worldwide will be electric. In order toreach this goal, some countries are successfully executing an effective electric transport development policy: to create a publiclyaccessible network for charging electric vehicles, pay incentives for purchasing an electric car, create free of charge parkingplaces and implement other encouraging measures. While analysing world trends it has been noted that the majority of electriccars owners live in private houses. This is due to the fact that people who are living in apartment buildings and planning onpurchasing an electric car come across multiple issues when it comes to charging the car at their living area at night. Therefore,the aim of this article is to evaluate the opportunities of developing access points for charging electric cars around the territoryof apartment buildings. To achieve this we have raised these main objectives: have the EU member states already foreseen thenecessary measures ensuring comfortable charging of electric cars in the territory of apartment buildings?; have the plans forthe development of charging facilities in the territory of apartment buildings already been prepared?; which new technologieswill be used for the safe charging of electric cars? DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.113

Specific energy consumption related to the bus of traction substation is considered as a criterion of energy recuperation efficiency in the paper. It is shown that in this case we take into consideration not only the pert of braking energy in total value of energy consumed in traction mode but also real value of energy loses in power supply system. The method is proposed that allows to estimate a functional dependence of energy recuperation efficiency in electric transport systems from different parameters of power supply system and traction vehicles. It is shown that application of recuperative braking in traffic conditions in Novosibirsk (Russia) allows the reduction of energy consumption on 10–12%.

The article considers the process of converting electrical energy into targeted mechanical motion of electric stock during the implementation of all technological conditions of the production system of urban electric transport. The aim is to confirm the proposed scientific hypothesis that the operation modes of electric traction equipment are formed under the influence of a complexly organized electric thrust process and are the basis of its topological structures. The theoretical study carried out on the basis of the methodological analysis of the theory of electrical equipment, the theory of automatic control and automated electric drive, the theory of electric traction, the theory of motion construction, the systematic approach and the synergistic paradigm resulted in the formulated scientific concept (theoretical system), which identifies the process of electric traction as a system consisting of five levels that are hierarchically related and solve an individual specific task of developing the electric vehicle motion. The obtained theoretical system will allow developing the general theory of electric traction of urban electric transport by improving its methodological foundations and can find practical application when developing methods for calculating its rational modes of operation.

The article presents the scientific hypothesis that the modes of operation of electric traction equipment as part of an automated electric drive of the rolling stock of urban electric transport are formed under the influence of a complexly organized technological process of electric traction and are the topological basis of its structure. The aim of the study was to study the process of converting electrical energy into a targeted mechanical movement of rolling stock in the implementation of all technological conditions of the production and technical system of urban electric transport. The theoretical study was carried out on the basis of a methodological analysis of the theory of electrical equipment, the theory of automatic control and an automated electric drive, the theory of electric traction, the theory of motion construction, a systematic approach and a synergistic natural science paradigm. The main result is a formulated scientific concept, which allows to present the process of electric traction as a system consisting of five levels that are in hierarchical relations and solve each specific problem of building the movement of electric transport. The obtained theoretical system will allow developing the general theory of electric traction of urban electric transport by improving the methodological principles of the formation of operating modes of electric traction equipment when implementing the transportation process technology in the production and technical system of urban electric transport.

The UK government has made substantial investments in electric transport as a potential means of reducing CO2 emissions (DoECC, 2012). This paper investigates responses to recharging plug-in battery electric vehicles from the perspective of electric vehicle (EV) drivers. Drivers in the UK Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle trial (n = 135, 29% female, M = 47 years) completed questionnaires and were interviewed to assess their attitudes and experiences before they obtained their EV and after driving the EV for 3 months. The results demonstrated that drivers were positive about recharging – preferring it to ‘refuelling’ – and they became more relaxed over time about the frequency of recharging. Drivers managed without using a public charging infrastructure although such an infrastructure may be desirable to promote EV use. Finally, there was an interesting difference in drivers’ awareness of the environmental impact of driving and recharging an EV before and after the trial in relation to CO2 emissions and the energy cycle. The results are discussed in relation to the implications for developing the future EV market.

P urpose. Development and theoretical ground of the analytical method for the calculation of the active, reactive and total powers in the electric traction devices, taking into consideration the non-stationary character of the stochastic processes change of the voltage and current in the elements of these systems. Methodology. The mathematical methods of the random processes theory and the “discrete electrical engineering” methods are used for solving the main problem of this paper. Findings. The Method of the Correlation and Dispersion is developed for definition of the active power, the reactive power by Fryse and the total power of the devices in the elements of the electric traction system of the main-line railways. The method is based on the well-known concepts of auto- and inter-correlation functions of the random processes which govern the feeder voltages and the currents in the traction power supply subsystem as well as the currents and voltages of the electric rolling stock. The method developed in this paper allows estimating the powers of both stationary and non-stationary processes. This method can be used for the analysis of both the traction mode and the regenerative braking mode of the electric rolling stock. The total power components were calculated for the one of the feeder areas of the Prydniprovsk railway using this method. The results show the significant flow of the reactive power in the traction power supply system. This fact is also confirmed by the high values of the reactive power coefficient. Originality . Scientific novelty of the research is consisted in the following. Firstly, for defining the active and reactive powers in elements of the traction power supply system the new method (the Method of Correlation and Dispersion) is created and grounded. This method is different from other existing methods because it takes into consideration the varying non-stationary character of the chance processes of the feeder and substation voltages and currents. Secondly, in the DC traction power supply system the large values of the exchange reactive power by Fryze were created for the first time. Practical value. The method and its technique allow calculating the main energy coefficients for the traction power systems such are the reactive power coefficient, the main and additional active power losses in the power circuit of the electric rolling stock and the traction power supply system.

Light electric vehicles may challenge established forms of transport in the near future. This paper looks at how different kinds of consumers assess the future uses of light electric vehicles. Such uses are further characterized by examining how they could replace the current uses of existing modes of transport such as cycling, cars and public transport. The paper approaches the take-up of light electric vehicles from the vantage point of technological niches which have the potential to transit to sociotechnical regimes (Schot and Geels, 2008 and Geels, 2002). It considers insights from recent user studies on light electric transport and broadens their scope to include a wider range of vehicles. Data from a representative survey of 1030 Finns are used to analyse and characterize future uses of light electric vehicles. Currently, light electric vehicles remain technological niches, but consumers show interest in them, and the paper addresses the match between different kinds of consumers and these vehicles, building opportunities for large scale use.

This study is dedicated to optimize the electric transport traffic by adjusting timetables using evolutionary algorithms and scheduling theory. Developed multiple criteria objective function's energy consumption criterion is used for the assessment of adjusted schedules. The scheduling results of immune algorithm is compared with results of genetic algorithm by providing better energy saving effect and eliminating of schedules overlapping. This article also discusses one of the possible energy savings — proper planning of transport operations. It is considered on the railway irregular transportation operations example.

The method of evaluation of energy recuperation efficiency is proposed. This method based on the research of trolleybus power consumption in real operating conditions. It was determined that the part of recuperation energy is about 18% from the energy utilized in traction mode. Also it was estimated that the probability of energy recuperation is about 90% in case of fully paralleled bilateral feeding of traction network and the presence of 14 trolleybuses at the feeding area.

In a Middle Eastern environment typified by very rapid development growth, a strong emphasis on use of the car, low fuel costs, an evolving public transport system, an extremely aggressive climate and a complex socio-economic framework, Masdar City in Abu Dhabi aspires to become of one of the most sustainable cities in the world. Gaining from the experience in Masdar City, this paper explores and highlights the general requirements and challenges in developing a modelling system to assist with the sustainable planning and implementation of an integrated virtually carbon dioxide-neutral transport system, which includes the option of an innovative electric transport system such as personal rapid transit (PRT). The paper identifies travel demand and supply characteristics to be considered and explains the specific modelling requirements compared with more conventional situations. Key considerations are the quantification of demand patterns, determination of public transport and PRT patronage, the integration between external and internal systems and verification of the performance of all system components.

The direct current-voltage stabilization system using a high-frequency link in traction substations of urban electric transport based on applying modern semiconductor, the operating principle of these stabilizers, and the results of modeling the power part in OrCAD 9.2 are described.

In the article the results of experimental research and calculation of wear of current collector system elements of electric transport are presented.

Algorithm for Public Electric Transport Schedule Control for Intelligent Embedded DevicesIn this paper authors present heuristics algorithm for precise schedule fulfilment in city traffic conditions taking in account traffic lights. The algorithm is proposed for programmable controller. PLC is proposed to be installed in electric vehicle to control its motion speed and signals of traffic lights. Algorithm is tested using real controller connected to virtual devices and real functional models of real tram devices. Results of experiments show high precision of public transport schedule fulfilment using proposed algorithm.

The effect of energy storage on the operation of an energy-supply system is estimated. The operation modes of a traction drive with energy storage are simulated using MatLAB Simulink software.

The drive liquid cooling issue research results are given. An assessment of the cooling cost effec-tiveness was executed. The cooling circuits and modes of operation were substantiated, tempera-ture control unit was described.

The rapid growth of the urban population is expected to further increase to 70% by 2050, therefore the demand for transport is growing exponentially and this has resulted in a cheap offer of transport systems that use yet fossil fuels, that have caused, especially in large urban agglomerations, major pollution problems, traffic congestion, oil demand [1].

We present a first principles study of the magnetoresistance (MR) perpendicular to the planes of atoms and the interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) in Fe-Si-Fe trilayers. In both cases the dependence on the number of spacer layers is investigated, whereby the spacer thickness ranges between 3 and 21 A for the IEC and extends to 33 A for the MR in order to obtain the asymptotic behavior. Additionally, the influence of alloy formation at the interfaces on the MR and the IEC is examined. The calculations of the electronic structure are performed within the fully relativistic spin-polarized screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method and the transport properties are derived from the Kubo-Greenwood equation. Our results give evidence that inter-diffusion is one of the origins of the small MR, which is observed experimentally in Fe/Si/Fe trilayers. AFM coupling occurs for spacers thicker than 4 A which is in accordance with the experimental findings. It seems that interdiffusion stabilizes AFM coupling in Fe-Si-Fe tri...

STREAM is the acronym of a new concept of mass transit system designed and developed by Ansaldo Trasporti S.p.A. to provide an efficient solution to rubber‐tyred transportation problems in urban areas. One of STREAM's most distinctive feature is the power supply system, which uses a magnetic lift contact line embedded in the road surface to deliver traction power and to provide operating and control information. In this paper the field and the current flow analyses of this buried feeding track are presented and discussed. Analyses are aimed at determining the highest values of accessible voltages on the ground under different environmental and operating conditions. Results provided by a numerical simulation of the 3D model representing the feeding track allow us to identify the most critical conditions and to verify the safety and reliability of the system.

The research goal is the development and investigation of the recommendations and practically applicable methods for an evaluation of the public transport passengers' thermal comfort and for an automatic application of this evaluation in adjusting the parameters of the passenger compartment's environment. In the research, for improving thermal comfort of the public electric transport's passengers, the methodology determining passenger's satisfaction with thermal comfort using the fuzzy logic controller, and the method of an automatic adjustment of thermal parameters' setpoint, carried out in passenger compartments and based on an evaluation of passenger satisfaction, are designed.

The two-way memory training across the B2 to or from B19 transformation of a 50 at.% Ti-4O at.% Ni-10 at.% Cu alloy has been investigated here following both the strain and the electrical resistance change. Training loops of the form (P to M transformation to strain to shape recovery on reverse transformation) under applied stress levels of 51, 70.1, 89.2 and 108.3 MPa have been examined. The chief aim of the paper has been both to detect the electrical resistance change across the B2 to or from B19 transformation, which is linearly related to the strain, and to discuss the different contributions related to the electric transport properties. The results found here provide sound support for selecting the electrical resistance as a state control variable in a two-way memory effect device.

Recent epidemiological studies suggest a link between transport magnetic fields and certain adverse health effects. Here we present a short review of epidemiological research among transport workers and results of our waveform measurements of complex-spectra magnetic fields encountered onboard DC- and AC-powered transport systems. The obtained measurement information allowed quantitative characterization of specific magnetic field features that could be biologically plausible: frequency and intensity, interaction with DC-field, geometry (e.g. polarization) and other aspects. given in this document.

The recent tendency to move from conventional combustion-based mobility to electric mobility poses many questions, some of which are connected to electromagnetic compatibility. In view of this it became necessary to measure and evaluate magnetic field inside electric mobility systems. We present here results of our study of magnetic fields on different electrified transport systems (electric trains, metro, trams and trolleybus) and compare them with scanty information on magnetic fields onboard electric/hybrid cars.

Optical wireless is an emerging technology with applications in fixed and mobile networks. In particular, it is beginning to be useful in areas such as marine, aircraft, and vehicular technologies. This review paper outlines some of these topics, especially automotive areas in which its particular advantages include versatility, ability to operate in confined spaces, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low power. The latter is important as the energy crisis continues, and in electric transport where power consumption is at a premium also.

Šinī darbā izstrādāta uzdevuma nostādne mākslīgās imūnsistēmas pielietojumam sarakstu uzdevumu risināšanai sabiedriskajam elektriskajam transportam.. Mākslīgā imūnsistēma imitē dzīvu organismu imūnsistēmas mijiedarbību starp antigēniem un antiķermeņiem. Tiek ierosināts izmantot algoritmu un tā matemātisko modeli optimāla sabiedriskā elektrotransporta kustības organizēšanai ar mērķi minimizēt elektroenerģijas patēriņu un transporta kustības laiku. Mākslīgā imūnsistēma, kuras pamatā ir ģenētiskie algoritmi, var tikt pielietota šāda veida uzdevumu risināšanai. Šinī darbā ir aprakstīts jauns imūnā algoritma pielietojums, ar tā palīdzību izveidot luksoforu darbības sarakstu atbilstošu optimālai sabiedriskā elektrotransporta kustībai maršrutos. Šāda uzdevuma risināšanā mākslīgās imūnsistēmas algoritmu pielietošanai ir labas perspektīvas. Izveidojot matemātisko modeli un izpētot imūnā algoritma pielietojumu sarakstu sastādīšanas uzdevumu risināšanā var secināt sekojošo. Bioloģiskās imūnsistēmas īpašības imitējošais imūnais algoritms var tikt pielietots saskaņota luksoforu darbības saraksta izveidošanai. Tā kā vairākus transporta plūsmu ietekmējošus kritērijus nav iespējams definēt viennozīmīgi, pielietojot šo algoritmu transporta plūsmas optimizācijai iegūtais rezultāts būs aptuvens. Imūnais algoritms var tikt pielietots transporta plūsmas daudzkritēriju optimizācijas uzdevumu risināšanai.

This paper on urban electric transit vehicles is from the proceedings of 14th International Conference on Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, which was held in Malta in 2008. The authors are all affiliated with the company ICPE SAERP S.A., the main producer of the electric drives for urban traction and for railway vehicles in Romania. They briefly describe the last 57 years of evolution of these technologies, based on the development of the semiconductor and of the microprocessor control techniques. The next focus must be improvement of the passenger’s comfort and the downsizing of costs for public transportation companies, regarding trolleybuses and trams. The authors contend that these improvements can both be achieved by using modern electric drives (dc-choppers or 3-phase inverters), which can reduce the power consumption and can increase the control of the vehicle. They review these drives, how they can be used, and the resulting benefits.

Problems of diagnosing and forecasting of reliability of electro-technical systems of electric transport are considered; the mathematical model of an optimal cycle of diagnosing for various kinds of the electro-technical equipment of a trolley bus is received.

Analysts of electric transport vehicle power-supply system of various traction networks topologies are given. Power loses for network with converter are compared with different networks types.

The problems of diagnosing and forecasting of reliability of electrotechnical systems of electric transport are considered; the mathematical model of an optimal cycle of diagnosing for various kinds of the electro-technical equipment of a trolley bus is received.

The paper considers possibility of energy consumption decrease by using a 3-wire power line in the power supply system of a trolleybus. Certainly, it is necessary further to transit from extensive way of improvement and development of the transport infrastructure of megapolises by simple increase of the vehicles number to intensive one. Intensive way of transport development means replacement of existing types of city electrically propelled vehicles by more fitted ones and equipped by across-the-line systems to control high power driving motors. However, 1,5 and more times increase of tractional drive power leads to ultimate increase of current load of power lines. Analysis of different types of trolleybuses has shown that increase of tractional drive power makes it necessary to improve the existing electric transport power supply system (ETPSS).

this paper describes a research of maintenance system and development of new control and operation diagnostics of KT4 type trams in Tallinn (Estonia). System operation modes and diagnostic methods were studied during hard- and software development of trams. Also it gives a short overview of used methods, integrations problems and profitability calculation.

This paper presents a methodology for analytically comparing approaches to modular assembly of large space platforms. The methodology combines a physical model of the modules, a life‐cycle cost model, and a risk model to capture influential trade‐offs. The physical model includes alternative module design characteristics, assembly time scenarios, alternative work systems (human, robotic), and infrastructures. A life‐cycle cost framework is defined to capture the benefits and costs of modular alternatives for single or multi‐mission (programmatic) applications. A probabilistic risk model to address launch and assembly risks is employed to capture uncertainties in launch, as well as in the assembly approaches and their complexity (number of assembly steps, module connections). An illustration of the tradeoffs between these models for a single mission is described using a 448kW Solar Electric Transport Vehicle (SETV) supporting a human lunar mission. The illustration was limited to the launch and assembly phase from beginning of first element launch to completion of assembly. Results and observations are presented and discussed.

The problems of diagnosing and forecasting the reliability of electrotechnical systems of electric transport are considered. The mathematical model of an optimal cycle of diagnosing the various kinds of the electrotechnical equipment of a trolley bus is received.

The interlayer exchange coupling and the perpendicular magnetoresistance of Fe/Si/Fe systems have been investigated within the fully relativistic screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method and the Kubo-Greenwood equation considering interdiffusion effects, i.e., inhomogeneous Fe-Si alloy formation at the interfaces. It is shown that the experimentally observed strong antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling is caused by the formation of Fe-Si alloys at the interface. Furthermore, our calculations give evidence that the small magnetoresistance, which has been observed experimentally in Fe/Si/Fe trilayers has a similar origin. The results presented here give no evidence for a direct connection between the magnetoresistance and interlayer exchange coupling in Fe/Si/Fe systems.