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Optimization of machining parameters has great concerned in manufacturing environments, there for in this study cutting force and surface roughness are optimized based on machining parameters. Many researchers have established the relationship between the surface roughness and machining parameters, but less attention has been paid to tool shape and geometry, in this study tool flute is first time used as machining factor beside cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate. Response Surface Method and analysis of variance are adopted to establish the relationship of machining parameters to the surface roughness and cutting force using Taguchi technique. Optimization of cutting force and surface roughness are simultaneously adopted, either by optimized cutting force or surface roughness. The minimum surface roughness obtained is 0.2398 µm with corresponding cutting parameter is 12.01 N.

Simple coprecipitation method has been used to produce nanoparticles of MgO (magnesia), MgO⋅Al2O3 (spinel), Y2O3 (yttria) and Fe3O4 (ferrite). The raw materials were, in respective, magnesium powder, magnesium and aluminium powders, ytrria powder, and natural sand. The coprecipitation included the use of suitable acid and base to dissolve the powders or sand and to produce precipitates, as well as the use of water to wash and purify the precipitates, and drying at relatively low temperatures, namely lower than 100° C, followed by heating at 450° C, 750° C, 600° C and 200° C to produce magnesia, spinel, yttria and ferrite nanopowders, respectively. X‐ray diffractometry was used to characterise the purity and nanocrystallinity of the final powders. It was found qualitatively that the powders were of high purity. Further line‐broadening analysis using single‐line and Rietveld‐based softwares was performed to reveal the nanocrystallinity of the powders. Different line breadth values were found for the powders...