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Affordable roofing is a word, which refers to residence units or habitation units whose prices are assumed/expected to be affordable or economical to a category of community with an identified remuneration limit or scale. Structural roofs are taken in to computation for considerable or valuable price of building in ordinary condition. Thus some savings accomplished in roofing operation or roofing system, significantly decreases the price of the structural units or building unit. In India, BMTPC (Building material and technology promotion council) and HUDCO ( Housing and urban development corporation limited) are the main tow organization or council who have been advertising or promoting appropriate building material and construction technologies in different territory or division of the country. In this roofing, systemized, standardized, advanced roofing units or parts have been used to avoid the temporary structures like shuttering. Hence, the roofing will be economical and progress of work is fast which ensures better in quality. Even though the studies, experiments or researching on this affordable roofing system as not been completely utilized as in other sector or region, a concentrated examination or exploration is to be done to verify the prefabricated roofing which would change the common roofing procedure. The major requisite of choosing affordable roofing system is to develop or advance the rapidity in construction and to decrease the price. In the current work, staadpro software is used for designing the precast RCC roofs and analysis of joist by analytical study using the finite element method. The outcomes which manifest the satisfactory volume of price or cost depletion for various set of panels. In this design, we have considered two least dimensions of 0.5m and 0.75m panels. The aspect ratios which is varying from 1 to 2 and the price depletion is of 0.4% to 9.4% for the least dimension of 0.5m panels. Likewise aspect ratio varying from 1 to 2 with a price depletion from 19.7% to 34.7% for a least dimensions of 0.75m panel size. As the size of the panels increases it becomes cost effective. The preferred roofing system was found to be more cost beneficial as compared with regular RCC roofing system with the increase in dimension of the slab. The roofing system is designed considering M20 concrete and fe415 steel. The beam system panels are precasted and can be easily placed in the position. 3 to 5 masons are enough to easily handle the loads of panels and primary, secondary beam because of weights of panels are less as compare to Conventional slabs. The affordable roofing systems requires lesser time for construction when compare to conventional RCC slab. The major advantage of this roofing is that false roofing works is not required for the dome shaped portion. This dome shaped portion sealing gives good attractive or decorative appearance. The cost analysis made between conventional roofing system and proposed roofing system indicates a cost reduction or depletion of 40% when compare to RCC slab of same size.

Hydrometers are widely used in industry for liquid density measurement. It is important to achieve rapid and high accuracy calibration for hydrometers. Based on the Archimedes principle, a fully automatic hydrometer calibration system in NIM was designed using Cuckow’s method. The liquid density of n-tridecane (C13H28)is calibrated with 441 g high-purity fused silica ring as the solid density standard. The buoyancy of hydrometer is measured by static weighing system with resolution 0.01 mg. The alignment between liquid surface and hydrometer scale was achieved by the lifting platform with the positioning accuracy of 10 μm. According to the weighing value of hydrometer in air and liquid, the density correction value at different scales is calculated. Hydrometer covering a full range (650–1500) kg/m3can be calibrated without changing the liquid. Taking the calibration data of PTB as reference, the experimental data show that the measurement uncertainty of this system is better than 0.3 division (k = 2).

Among the materials that attract attention from the point of view of creating refractory products with increased heat resistance, one can single out materials based on compositions of the MgO – Al2O3 – TiO2 system. As a result of the thermodynamic analysis of the MgO – Al2O3 – TiO2 system, it was found that the partition of the system into elementary triangles will change in three temperature ranges: I – up to 1537 K, II – in the temperature range 1537 – 2076 K and above 2076 K. It has been established that up to a temperature of 2076 K there is a concentration range of spinel phases: magnesium aluminate spinel – quandylite. Above 1537 K, there is a concentration range: tialite – karroite, which meets the requirements for materials with high heat resistance. The elementary triangle TiO2 – Al2TiO5 – MgTi2O5 can be used to obtain heat–resistant materials based on Al2TiO5 stabilized by MgTi2O5. To obtain heat–resistant periclase–spinel materials, an elementary triangle Mg2TiO4 – MgAl2O4 – MgO is recommended, in which only compounds with a cubic crystal lattice are present. Thus, the division of the MgO – Al2O3 – TiO2 system into elementary triangles and the analysis of the geometrical–topological characteristics of the phases of the system made it possible to select in the system under study the regions of compositions that have optimal properties for obtaining materials with the specified optimal properties.

Revolution in Military Affair (RMA) has encouraged technological developments in the field of mine warfare. Technological developments in the field of mine warfare have produced smart littoral mines, in which a threat that can thwart the implementation of amphibious assaults. This study tries to analyze the Auxiliary Mine Counter Measure (MCM) Division portable mine-hunting equipment capabilities to support the success of amphibious assaults. This study uses the Measurement of Effectiveness (MoE) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods to measure capabilities and determine priorities for increasing the capability of portable mine-hunting equipment to support amphibious attack support. As a result, the equipment that rushes portable mines is an increase in support for amphibious assaults because it is incompatible with existing technological developments. To be able to support the spirit of the invasion, it is necessary to procure new equipment designed by following latest developments in mine warfare technology.

The paper presents the results of theoretical analyses and literature review in the field of construction of remotely and manually controlled weapon systems used by the Polish Armed Forces as well as foreign turret systems. The paper also contains information, not available in the teaching literature, concerning division of weapon systems and development objectives in terms of weapon stabilization systems used in manually and remotely controlled turret systems.

In this paper, we proposed a novel operation to reconstruction tetrahedrons within a certain region, which we call MFRC (Multi-face reconstruction). During the existing tetrahedral mesh improvement methods, the flip operation is one of the very important components. However, due to the limited area affected by the flip, the improvement of the mesh quality by the flip operation is also very limited. The proposed MFRC algorithm solves this problem. MFRC can reconstruct the local mesh in a larger range and can find the optimal tetrahedron division in the target area within acceptable time complexity. Therefore, based on the MFRC algorithm, we combined other operations including smoothing, edge removal, face removal, and vertex insertion/deletion to develop an effective mesh quality improvement method. Numerical experiments of dozens of meshes show that the algorithm can effectively improve the low-quality elements in the tetrahedral mesh, and can effectively reduce the running time, which has important significance for the quality improvement of large-scale mesh.

Liquid plastic films are understood as single- or two- or multi-component polymer or polymer bitumen mixtures. Liquid plastic films must meet the requirements for waterproofing insulation, which means, among others, that they must protect the roof from mechanical damage and have resistance to weather conditions. Suitability for use as waterproofing must be confirmed by an ETA (European Technical Assessment) certificate. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of waterproofing coatings. The application and division of sealing compounds with a brief description of individual solutions are presented. It was also pointed out that the roof aesthetics would be improved due to the use of renovation solutions in the form of plastic films.

The old dichotomy of research vs. practice continues to play out in the constructed division between academia and the profession. Unlike other disciplines with licensure, in which the ultimate goal...

Background: Correction of caudal septal deviation is a challenging task that may require multiple surgical approaches. Objective: To introduce a novel technique – caudal septal division and interposition batten graft – and evaluate its surgical outcomes in patients undergoing correction of caudal septal deviation. Method: The surgical procedure includes a division of the deviated caudal L-strut preserved after resection of the deviated quadrangular septal cartilage at the central portion. A batten graft made of septal cartilage or bone is interposed between the cut ends of the caudal L-strut, the upper part of which mobilized toward the more concave side of the nasal cavity, and then sutured. The medical records of 29 patients with caudal septal deviation who underwent septoplasty using caudal L-strut division and interposition batten graft technique between January 2016 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient satisfaction and symptom improvement were evaluated by using the Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation scores. Endoscopic assessment of deviation correction was performed and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: Of the 29 patients, 19 (65.5%) answered the telephonic interview. Mean Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation scores were 62.1 preoperatively and 9.2 postoperatively, exhibiting significant improvement ( P Conclusions: Caudal septal division and interposition batten graft can serve as an alternative surgical approach with acceptable surgical outcomes for managing severely deviated caudal septum. Level of evidence: 4

The rules for the design of high temperature reactor components in Section III, Division 5, Subsection HB, Subpart B (HBB) of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code contain two options for evaluating the deformation-controlled design limits on strain accumulation and creep-fatigue: design by elastic analysis and design by inelastic analysis. Of these options design by inelastic analysis tends to be less overconservative and produce more efficient designs. However, the HBB currently does not provide approved material models for use with the inelastic analysis rules, limiting their widespread use. A nonmandatory appendix has been developed to provide general guidance on appropriate material models and provide reference material models suitable for use with the design by inelastic analysis approach. This paper describes a viscoplastic model for Alloy 617 suitable for use with the HBB rules proposed for incorporation into the new appendix. The model represents the high temperature creep, creep-fatigue, and tensile response of Alloy 617 and accurately accounts for rate sensitivity across a wide range of temperatures. The focus in developing the model was on capturing key features of material deformation required for accurately executing the HBB rules and on developing a relatively simple model form that can be implemented in commercial finite element analysis software. The paper validates the model against an extensive experimental database collected as part of the Alloy 617 Code qualification effort as well as against specialized experimental tests examining the effect of elastic follow up on stress relaxation and creep deformation in the material.

This paper provides an overview of the significant revisions to the upcoming 2021 edition of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Section VIII Division 3, Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels, as well as potential changes to future editions under consideration by the Subgroup on High Pressure Vessels (SG-HPV).

The distributive power of the arithmetic operators: multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction, gives the arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) its unique ability to find the global optimum for optimization problems used to test its performance. Several other mathematical operators exist with the same or better distributive properties, which can be exploited to enhance the performance of the newly proposed AOA. In this paper, we propose an improved version of the AOA called nAOA algorithm, which uses the high-density values that the natural logarithm and exponential operators can generate, to enhance the exploratory ability of the AOA. The addition and subtraction operators carry out the exploitation. The candidate solutions are initialized using the beta distribution, and the random variables and adaptations used in the algorithm have beta distribution. We test the performance of the proposed nAOA with 30 benchmark functions (20 classical and 10 composite test functions) and three engineering design benchmarks. The performance of nAOA is compared with the original AOA and nine other state-of-the-art algorithms. The nAOA shows efficient performance for the benchmark functions and was second only to GWO for the welded beam design (WBD), compression spring design (CSD), and pressure vessel design (PVD).

The Electrochemical Society was formed in 1902, three years before Einstein published his Nobel-winning paper on the photoelectric effect, his paper on Brownian motion, and his earth-shaking paper on special relativity. The early years of the society did not include Technical Divisions, and only Technical Committees were established in 1915 to address very and only Technical Committees were established in 1915 to address very specif ic topics associated with electrochemical processes and materials. As the number of committees grew, ECS leaders decided to consolidate several the number of committees grew, ECS leaders decided to consolidate several into the Society’s first Technical Division, the Electrothermics Division (which is today’s High-Temperature Energy Materials & Processes or H-TEMP Division).

Food wastes are mixtures constituted from different phases, whereas their components can be divided into macro- and micromolecular groups. In a third level of division, components can be further classified according to their structural characteristics and physicochemical properties. This simple consideration, moving from macroscopic to micromolecular level, allows the separation of target and nontarget compounds gradually in different streams. Based on these principles, a holistic methodology (the so-called “5-Stage Universal Recovery Process” ) was herein designed to ensure an optimized management of the available technologies and recapture several kinds of valuable compounds from any waste source. This methodology was further developed to a more general approach (the so-called “Universal Recovery Strategy” ), which includes all the relevant information in each case (e.g. waste distribution, availability, and production data, microstructure, etc.) for the designing of a particular application.

A simplification strategy for Segmented Mirror Splitters (SMS) used as beam combiners is presented. These devices are useful for compact beam division and combination of linear and 2-D arrays. However, the standard design requires unique thin-film coating sections for each input beam and thus potential for scaling to high beam-counts is limited due to manufacturing complexity. Taking advantage of the relative insensitivity of the beam combination process to amplitude variations, numerical techniques are used to optimize highly-simplified designs with only one, two or three unique coatings. It is demonstrated that with correctly chosen coating reflectivities, the simplified optics are capable of high combination efficiency for several tens of beams. The performance of these optics as beamsplitters in multicore fiber amplifier systems is analyzed, and inhomogeneous power distribution of the simplified designs is noted as a potential source of combining loss in such systems. These simplified designs may facilitate further scaling of filled-aperture coherently combined systems., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

We present a new scheme for modeling of the ion self-diffusion coefficient. Our scheme broadens the applicable scope of the ‘ab initio + modeling’ approach, which combines modeling of the self-diffusion coefficient with ab initio predictions. Essential concepts in our scheme are ‘domain division’ and ‘coarse-graining’ of the diffusion network, according to calculated barrier energies. With the former concept, the diffusion network is divided into a few types of simple disjunct domains. Their networks are further simplified with the latter idea that groups some ion sites and regards them as just a single site. We applied this scheme to Cu diffusion in the ε-Cu_3Sn phase of the Cu–Sn alloy and succeeded in reproducing experimental diffusion coefficients in a wide range of temperature.

In this survey, the ionic current along microtubules equation is handled by applying the modified Khater method to get the solitary wave solutions that describe the ionic transport throughout the intracellular environment which describes the behavior of many applications in a biological non-linear dispatch line for ionic currents. The obtained solutions support many researchers who are concerned with the discussion of the physical properties of the ionic currents along microtubules. Microtubules are one of the main components of the cytoskeleton, and function in many operations, comprehensive constitutional backing, intracellular transmit, and DNA division. Moreover, we also study the stability property of our obtained solutions. All obtained solutions are verified by backing them into the original equation by using MAPLE 18 and MATHEMATICA 11.2. These solutions show the power and effective of the used method and its ability for applying to many other different forms of non-linear partial differential equations.

This paper was removed from publication at the author’s request, August 30, 2021. Copyright © 2021 by ASME

The current ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code Section III, Division 5, Subsection HB, Subpart B has only one design fatigue curve for grade 91 steel (Gr. 91) at 540 °C (or 1000 °F). The ASME Section III Working Group on Creep-Fatigue and Negligible Creep (WG-CFNC) has taken an action to incorporate the temperature-dependent design fatigue curves for Gr. 91 developed by Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) into ASME Section III Division 5. During the process, issues regarding the effect of mean stress on fatigue analysis, and how to consider the mean stress effect for elevated-temperature design, were brought up. To evaluate whether the design fatigue curves of Gr. 91 needed adjustment to account for mean stress, critical tests were designed and performed at 371 °C (700 °F) and 540 °C (1000 °F). This study is similar to the work performed on Alloy 617 when its fatigue design curves were established for temperature range of 538–704°C (1000–1300°F) as part of the Code Case package for Alloy 617 to be used as Class A construction material in Division 5. The effects of mean stress on Alloy 617 were evaluated at 550°C (1022°F). The results showed that the mean stresses introduced by the non-zero mean strain could not be maintained under strain-controlled fatigue and resulted in negligible effect on the fatigue life. Mean stress correction was not recommended for Alloy 617 fatigue design curves in Division 5. This study shows the same conclusion for Gr. 91.