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Measurement was vital to nineteenth-century engineering. Focusing on the work of the Stevenson engineering firm in Scotland, this paper explores the processes by which engineers made their measurements credible and explains how measurement, as both a product and a practice, informed engineering decisions and supported claims to engineering authority. By examining attempts made to quantify, measure and map dynamic river spaces, the paper analyses the relationship between engineering experience and judgement and the generation of data that engineers considered to be 'tolerably correct'. While measurement created an abstract and simplified version of the river that accommodated prediction, this abstraction had to be connected to and made meaningful in real river space despite acknowledged limitations to measuring practice. In response, engineers drew on experience gained through the measuring process to support claims to authoritative knowledge. This combination of quantification and experience was then used to support interventions in debates over the proper use and management of rivers. This paper argues that measurement in nineteenth-century engineering served a dual function, producing both data and expertise, which were both significant in underpinning engineering authority and facilitating engineers' intervention in decision making for river management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the complex relationship between natural forces and human attempts to control them in the nineteenth century with reference to a failed harbour development project undertaken in Wick in Caithness, Scotland between 1863 and 1877 by the British Fishery Society and the engineering firm D. & T. Stevenson. The paper highlights how modernist ideas that engineering could and should control nature for human ends were challenged and reshaped by geographically and historically specific discourses, including public duty and responsibility; adversarial nature and the danger of the sea; notions of failure, its meanings and its role in engineering; and the contested epistemological, reputational and experiential nature of expertise. Rather than see an historical geography of marine engineering as about successfully directing nature for human ends – shaping a new geography through technical progress – the paper calls for attention to the implications of failure. This emphasis complicates geographical narratives of progress, technological dominance and human control of the sea. • Explores representations of the failure of Wick breakwater between 1868 and 1877. • Argues that engineers explained failure though the metaphor of conflict with nature. • Shows the importance of personal reputation in gaining support for engineering works. • Examines how local residents challenged claims to engineering expertise. • Argues for the importance of a geographical approach to the analysis of historical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines codes of representation in nineteenth century engineering in Britain in relation to broader visual culture. While engineering was promoted as a rational public enterprise through techniques of spectacular display, engineers who aimed to be taken seriously in the intellectual hierarchies of science had to negotiate suitable techniques for making and using images. These difficulties can be examined in the visual practices that mark the career of engineer David Kirkaldy. Beginning as a bravura naval draughtsman, Kirkaldy later negotiated his status as a serious experimenter in material testing science, changing his style of representation that at first sight seems to be in line with the 'objective' strategy in science of getting nature to represent herself. And although Kirkaldy maintained a range of visual styles to communicate with different audiences, making rhetorical use of several technologies of inscription, from hand drawing to photography, nevertheless, his work does in fact demonstrate new uses of the concept of objectivity in representation when up against the practices of engineering. While these might seem merely pragmatic in comparison to the ethical weight given to the discourse of objective representation in science, in the messy world of collapsing bridges and law suits, virtuous engineers had to develop various forms of visual knowledge as practical science. This was not 'applied science' but a differentiated form of enquiry whose complexities hold as much interest as the better known visual cultures of late nineteenth century science or art., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Obesity and other chronic conditions linked with low levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with deprivation. One reason for this could be that it is more difficult for low-income groups to access recreational PA facilities such as swimming pools and sports centres than high-income groups. In this paper, we explore the distribution of access to PA facilities by car and bus across mainland Scotland by income deprivation at datazone level. GIS car and bus networks were created to determine the number of PA facilities accessible within travel times of 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Multilevel negative binomial regression models were then used to investigate the distribution of the number of accessible facilities, adjusting for datazone population size and local authority. Access to PA facilities by car was significantly (p<0.01) higher for the most affluent quintile of area-based income deprivation than for most other quintiles in small towns and all other quintiles in rural areas. Accessibility by bus was significantly lower for the most affluent quintile than for other quintiles in urban areas and small towns, but not in rural areas. Overall, we found that the most disadvantaged groups were those without access to a car and living in the most affluent areas or in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model-making practices and the role of engineering models on display within a British (and since 1999 Scottish) Government-funded, ‘national’, museum are examined. The changing curatorial perceptions of models and their role over the 160-year history of the Museum are analysed, as are the spaces in which, and the processes by which, objects were translated and re-scaled into model form. Particular attention is focused on the Museum’s claims to ‘authenticity’, ‘authority’, ‘credibility’ and ‘realism’ in relation to models. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most science-based courses include practical experimental activity in the laboratory. Many academics and authoritative bodies would claim that a significant level of such activity is essential to the formation of technologists. This paper reviews the literature on laboratory practice. It also reports on an internal survey of staff and student perceptions of the practical work and its value in their courses in the School of Engineering at the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen. It discusses the degree to which practices both within and outwith the School appear to match the declared aims of participants. It concludes by suggesting some strategies, which may lead to laboratory work becoming more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Best of the E&T inbox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at the 15th annual North Britain Student Forum on February 20, 2008 in Edinburgh, Scotland is presented. The event was participated by 92 postgraduate students from geophysics, petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering and other related fields. Guests speakers and lecturers have presented engineering and geoscientific topics.

ABSTRACT Freshwater pearl mussels ( Margaritifera margaritifera) in the River Dee (north-east Scotland) are in decline, and now occur at low densities with poor recruitment levels. The population's deterioration has been attributed to reduced water quality, degraded river-bed habitat and pearl fishing but the specific importance of each of these impacts has not previously been investigated., This study focused on the impacts of artificial structures on the River Dee's freshwater pearl mussel population. Natural hydromorphological features were also included in the analysis. Relationships between the spatial distribution of the freshwater pearl mussel population and 31 explanatory variables were investigated using logistic regression. Three different model selection strategies were compared and contrasted., An absence of freshwater pearl mussels was found to be significantly associated with the following factors: (1) presence of bank protection; (2) proximity of the nearest upstream bridge; (3) presence of a wastewater treatment works; (4) number of upstream tributaries; (5) proximity of the nearest upstream tributary; and (6) presence of sediment deposition., The results strongly suggest that artificial structures on the main stem of the River Dee have contributed to the decline of its freshwater pearl mussel population. Hypotheses are proposed for the causal relationships involved. Requirements for further exploratory analyses, model testing, and experimentation are discussed., This work opens a new line of investigation into the causes of the decline of freshwater pearl mussel populations, providing formal support at a catchment scale for an impact previously identified only on a site-by-site basis., Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With funding from the UK' Royal Academy of Engineering, the University of Edinburgh has developed a series of truly interdisciplinary design courses aimed at improving penultimate-year students' ability to operate across disciplines and improve their preparation for industry. Led by a Visiting Industrial Professor, the course on hydropower design requires students to provide a full feasibility study of a small scheme in western Scotland tackling issues from hydrology through to grid connection. The course has had several very successful outcomes which include: appreciation of other engineering disciplines; experience of teams where different skills and expertise are available; demonstration of the links between engineering design and economic viability; introduction to non-technical areas essential to the UK Standard for Professional Engineering Competence; and enhancing interest in the hydropower sector in technological and career terms. The key message from this project is the need to ensure balance across tasks, within groups and staff support across disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rsum Le chteau dEdimbourg est lun des plus importants sites historiques dEcosse. Il fut construit sur une structure glaciaire particulire, constitue dun verrou glaciaire model dans des basaltes en colonnades et dune accumulation aval de sdiments protgs de lrosion glaciaire par le verrou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]