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Humidity sensors using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) technology can provide continuous operation without the need for additional batteries. These sensors provide sustainable and self-powered humidity monitoring solutions, that can be utilized in various agriculture platforms and food processing industries. In this work, a sol-gel method is utilized to process the bismuth ferrite (abbreviated as BFO) materials and a simple mould pressing method to obtain freestanding Ethylene-vinyl acetate (abbreviated EVA)-BFO composites. These composites were characterized to shed light upon structural and microstructural properties. The single electrode mode operating TENG was fabricated having 2 cm × 2 cm active area at various wt.% of BFO onto EVA-based composites to compare the electrical response. The 5 wt.% BFO-EVA-based composites/FEP-based TENG generates a voltage and current of 45 V and 800 nA. Further, the TENG device was tested for long-term stability for 400 s, and charging of various capacitors having capacitance values such as 0.1 μF, 1 μF, 4.7 μF, and 10 μF along with 3 times charging/discharging cycles of 0.1 μF capacitor have been demonstrated. The humidity sensing mechanism elucidated which follows the conduction process based on the Grotthuss proton hopping mechanism. The TENG demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.53 V/RH% over the relative humidity range from 25 % to 85 %. The powering of the wristwatch confirms that fabricated TENG can be a reliable power source for future low-power electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the automotive industry has made significant progress in integrating multifunctional sensors to improve vehicle performance, safety, and efficiency. As the number of integrated sensors keeps increasing, there is a growing interest in alternative energy sources. Specifically, self‐powered sensor systems based on energy harvesting are drawing much attention, with a main focus on sustainability and reducing reliance on typical batteries. This paper demonstrates the use of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in a computer mouse for efficient energy harvesting and in automobile braking systems for safety applications using SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBTO) perovskite, blended PDMS composite operating in free‐standing mode with an interdigitated patterned aluminum electrode. This self‐powered sensor is capable of distinguishing between normal and abnormal braking patterns using digital signal processing techniques. It is noteworthy that the addition of 15% wt. of the SBTO in PDMS composite‐based TENG delivered 13.5 V, 45 nA, and an output power of 0.98 µW. This new combination of energy harvesting and safety applications enables real‐time monitoring and predictive maintenance in the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of global energy consumption and the increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources have urged vast research into harnessing energy from various sources. Among them, the most promising approaches are nanogenerators (NGs) and solar cells (SCs), which independently offer innovative solutions for energy harvesting. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the integration of NGs and SCs, exploring advanced hybrid structures and their diverse applications. First, an overview of the principles and working mechanisms of NGs and SCs is provided for seamless hybrid integrations. Then, various design strategies are discussed, such as piezoelectric and triboelectric NGs with different types of SCs. Finally, a wide range of applications are explored that benefit from the synergistic integration of NGs and SCs, including self‐powered electronics, wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and wireless sensor networks. The potential for these hybrid systems is highlighted to address real‐world energy needs and contribute to developing sustainable and self‐sufficient technologies. In conclusion, this review provides valuable insights into the state‐of‐the‐art developments in NGs and SCs integration, shedding light on advanced hybrid structures and their diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferroelectric‐semiconductor behavior of antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI) has opened up the material as a base for energy‐harvesting devices. Specifically, SbSI has drawn much attention for pyroelectric energy harvesting and thermal sensing with outstanding electrothermal properties. This work investigates the thermistor properties of an SbSI material and presents the development of an SbSI nanorod/Kapton‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for effective energy harvesting and temperature sensing. The TENG based on SbSI/ Kapton operating in vertical contact separation mode delivers a peak‐to‐peak voltage of 90 V and a current of 1510 nA, respectively. Introducing SbSI nanorods for TENG opens the possibility of extending the conventional triboelectric series. The electrical and dielectric properties of the SbSI nanorods are investigated. SbSI exhibits a highly linear temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −0.026 °C−1, making it an excellent candidate material for a thermistor. In addition, the material exhibits an excellent thermal sensitivity (β20/80 = 1612.1 K). For demonstration, the SbSI thermistor is connected with TENG, and the outputs at various temperatures are analyzed for self‐powered temperature sensing. This capability allows for efficient temperature monitoring without relying on external power sources, advancing remote, and autonomous sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spent catalysts discarded during chemical manufacturing can be a source of pollution and are classified as hazardous waste. Looking at the bright sides of the mission of waste management, such as recycling and reducing, reuse such types of the spent catalyst can be chemically treated to extract valuable salts and metals. Such a process not only reduces waste disposal issues but also promotes a circular economy ecosystem. This present study aims to extract MoO3 from the spent petroleum catalyst, Mo–Ni/Al2O3, and further processing of Mo‐metal organic framework (MOF) particles using extracted MoO3 and imidazole acting as an organic binder. The structural, morphology, and thermal properties of Mo‐MOF are evaluated. The surface roughness and positive surface potential of the Mo‐MOF are achieved. The Mo‐MOF/Kapton‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) generate a 148 V voltage, 470 nA current, and 17 nC charge. Further, TENG is utilized to charge the capacitors, and powering of the electronic devices is demonstrated. The repetition of the boxing punches and exercises can be monitored using TENGs and paves the way toward intelligent sports or healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has experienced rapid advancement in the past decade. In the present study, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer and lead zirconium titanate (PZT) are taken as the host materials. The EVA–PZT elastomer composites are fabricated using different weight percentages (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%) of PZT in EVA by solvent casting. The X‐ray diffraction investigation of these films reveals the presence of the PZT material and the formation of composites. TENGs have the potential to revolutionize energy harvesting and provide a sustainable energy source for a variety of applications. The electrical output performance of the single‐electrode‐mode‐based TENG is examined. The maximum output of 60 V and 165 nA is produced by the EVA–PZT 7.5 wt%/Al‐based TENG device. Further, TENG is used to power devices and gather biomechanical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiferroics particles with the chemical formula of FeTiVO6 (FTVO) were synthesized using a solid-state reaction and blended with PDMS to obtain flexible composites. The FTVO particles crystallize in orthorhombic symmetry, and the multiferroic nature was confirmed using room temperature M-H and P-E hysteresis loops. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) device was prepared using the composite at different wt% of FTVO-PDMS as a triboelectric layer. To enhance the output performance of TENG, microroughness composites were prepared following a cost-effective route. The 5 wt% of FTVO in the PDMS composite-based device delivered a higher electrical output of 110 V, 0.8 µA, and power of 65 µW at 108 Ω. The demonstration of charging capacitors confirms that the TENG can act as a sustainable power source. The long-term stability of the device output confirms that fabricated TENG can be utilized as self-powered sensors. Humidity is a factor that limits the performance of the TENG. The packing of the TENG could solve this problem by stopping the interaction of triboelectric layers with moisture and humidity. Hence, demonstration of the packed TENG under harsh conditions such as inside the water tub and at varying humidity levels was carried out to confirm the stability of the output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt ferrite bearing the chemical formula of CoFe2O4 was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction. The Rietveld refinement of the experimental XRD data shows that the synthesized material crystallizes in a cubic symmetry with a lattice parameter a = b = c = 8.391 Å. The magnetic property of CoFe2O4 reveals the maximum magnetization value of 84.17 emu/g, confirming a strong ferrimagnetic nature. Further, we have built an electromagnetic energy generator (EMG) device based on the CoFe2O4 magnetic material, copper coil, and three-dimensional (3D) printed tube-like structure. The electrical output response of the device was collected by shaking it by hand and an electric shaker. A voltage of 1.95 V and current of 4.7 mA was generated from the device while delivering a power output as high as 0.86 mW at a load resistance of 103 Ω. The electrical output remained constant over long-term device operation, confirming that the fabricated device is capable of generating a stable output for a longer duration. Powering of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and charging of capacitors were performed by utilizing the fabricated EMG. Further, the self-powered recognition of different speeds when the device was placed upon an electric shaker confirms that it can be utilized in many real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturally available cyclodextrin has opened up a wide range of research avenues because of its superior characteristics such as being non‐toxic, biocompatible, and edible. The cyclodextrin is the green multifunctional material that can add to the triboelectric series and extend its self‐powered applications. The ultrasonic synthesized cyclodextrin metal–organic framework (CD‐MOF) designed using sodium as a metal ion and cyclodextrin as a ligand for the triboelectric nanogenerator is reported. The various detailed characterizations of the CD‐MOFs give an insight into the properties of the synthesized material. The Kelvin probe force microscopy suggests three types of CD‐MOFs, exhibiting a positive potential. As per the surface potential, the output of the various CD‐MOF based TENG is varied as alpha CD MOF/Teflon > gamma CD‐MOF/Teflon > beta CD‐MOF/Teflon. The alpha CD MOF/Teflon TENG produces an electrical output of 152 V, 1.2 μA, and 14.3 nC, respectively. The fabricated device output is utilized for powering numerous low‐power electronics through a capacitor and bridge rectifier circuit. The multiunit Z‐shaped TENG device is attached to various surfaces such as the shoe heel and the backside of the school bag, and the corresponding energy harvesting response is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a new class of perovskite materials and enhancing its capability as an energy harvester that scavenges energy from various sources to power electronics systems has attracted significant attention. Herein, we report a cost-effective approach to synthesize a perovskite material, explore its properties, and further develop a high-performance flexible nanogenerator based on hybrid piezoelectric composite. The Aurivillius-based oxide, CaBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (CBTO) was fabricated via a mixed oxide reaction and crystallized in an orthorhombic symmetry at room temperature. The material properties were elucidated to act as a parallel plate capacitor that will further act as a base for the development of filter circuits. Aurivillus/PDMS composite films were used to fabricate a flexible Aurivillus-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (A-PENG) to act as a self-powered exercise counter and power the electronics. The A-PENG was systematically analyzed under different conditions such as weight percentage, before and after poling, and acceleration effects. In addition, device stability, and capacitor charging-discharging tests were performed. This study elucidated the formation of lead-free ceramic materials that were used to make a flexible composite film for the realization of a piezoelectric harvester acting as a sustainable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis and characteristics of the pure MXene using freeze dry method. • MXene based piezo-resistive device for stress sensing. • MXene based tribo-electric device for TENG application. • MXene based self-powered electrical readout device. In present work, MXene based piezo-resistive stress sensor device is fabricated using a freeze-dry method. The device was tested to measure the mechanical stress, sensitivity, and triboelectric response by converting them into electrical signals as readout. With high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and piezo-resistive characteristics, MXene-based device offers novel sensing and triboelectric-related applications. This study showed an extensive characterization after fabricating the sensor using a simple and scalable process to ensure their performance in terms of sensitivity, stability, and repeatability. Using pure MXene layer as the core material, this paper pioneers an interesting investigation focusing on stress monitoring by piezoresistive stress sensor and triboelectric nanogenerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NiFe 2 O 4 is synthesized by solid state reaction and flexible PDMS-NFO composite is formed. • The PN12 device produce voltage of 60 V and current of 300 nA. • X-ray tomographic microscopy images of PDMS-NFO composite is illustrated. • Smart home-based energy harvesting in daily life is demonstrated. Energy harvesting technologies are becoming popular owing to their usage in the operation of low-power consumer electronics and as an alternative power source. Specifically, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have drawn much attention as they can efficiently scavenge waste mechanical energy into electrical output. Careful material selections can further improve the performance of TENGs. In this work, a spinel ferrite material with the chemical formula NiFe 2 O 4 (NFO abbreviated further) is synthesized using a solid-state reaction route. The structural and magnetic property of the NFO has been studied, showing the cubic symmetry and ferromagnetic nature of the sample. The 3D tomography images of the PDMS-NFO composites were carried out using X-ray tomographic microscopy. To enhance the performance of the TENGs, we adopted a porous media by evaporation of water during the curing process of PDMS-NFO composites. A single-electrode operating mode was adopted for TENG fabrication. The electrical response of the device was carried out using different wt% and frequencies. The 12 wt% of NFO in PDMS (PN12 device) delivered a voltage, current, and charge of 60 V, 300 nA, and 34 nC, respectively. The charge density of the plain and porous composite-based TENG was compared to confirm the enhancement of the charge produced on the triboelectric layers. The commercial capacitors and energy harvesting based on a smart home were demonstrated using the TENG devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent substantial advancements in computational techniques, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), have raised the demand for smart self-powered devices. But since energy use is a worldwide issue that needs to be resolved immediately, cutting-edge technology should reduce energy consumption without affecting smart applications. Energy harvesting technology convert mechanical vibrations from the environment into electrical energy. Emerging AI technology which intends to meet the challenges of real world applications has open an interesting platform for some energy harvesting technologies, particularly piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this context, advancements in AI technologies for data processing in PENG and TENG are discussed. A brief discussion about the combination of NG output with machine learning algorithms applied to a range of applications, such as robotics, intelligent security systems, medical systems, sports, acoustic sensors, and object recognition, is provided. The primary challenges and potential alternatives of these technologies are also discussed. [Display omitted] • Energy harvesters facilitates energy demand challenge of AI based sensors. • Energy harvesters based AI provides easy data collecting and analysis. • Energy harvesters based AI or IOT is new future for sensors. • Future perspective and advantage of AI is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with triazine skeleton have been developed via reticular chemistry. In this present work, a triazine-based nitrogen-rich organic moiety has been used for the COF synthesis and then tested for the output performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using the same. The synthesized COF has been characterized by several physical characterization techniques. For the first time, the surface potential of the prepared COF material was tested experimentally using Kelvin probe force microscopy, which indicates a very high positive triboelectric potential of 2.03 V. The single unit of COF-based TENG delivered 70 V, 0.6 μA, and 38 nC as an electrical output. In the case of multiunit TENG, the current and voltage values are boosted as the parallel connection of four units of TENG gave the peak-to-peak current output rises by 6.3 μA. In comparison, the series connection of four units of TENG gave a high peak-to-peak voltage of 175 V. This work describes the synthesis of N-rich COF material, fabrication of the TENG, and the excellent energy harvesting performance with the realization of low-cost self-powered hand strengthening device. This result paves the way to achieve fruitful exercise monitoring units towards improving lifestyle. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of covalent organic framework with high positive surface potential. • 3D printed triboelectric nanogenerator structure towards suitable energy. • Multi-unit TENG devices paves the way as a sustainable power source. • A self-powered sensor for determination of proper hand strengthing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) is an effective approach for the development of self-powered systems, as it offers several flexibilities, such as wide material choice, high power density, simple fabrication process, etc. In this present work, the zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-8) is synthesized by two approaches: solvent-assisted (SA) and solvent-free (HG), and explored its applicability in TENG devices for energy harvesting. The formation of the highly crystalline ZIF-8 is established from structural and morphological studies. An attempt has been made to understand the surface roughness and surface potential of the synthesized materials that could directly fit their scopes in the addition of the conventional triboelectric series due to their positive surface potential. A cost-effective and facile approach of re-using the waste 3D printing parts is attempted to design vertical contact separation and single electrode mode TENG. The correlation between the material's properties, such as surface potential and surface roughness, supports the ZIF-8 (HG)/Kapton-based dual-mode TENG device to deliver higher electrical output. The triple-unit TENG was designed and fabricated using an additive manufacturing route to achieve a voltage of 150 V and a current of 4.95 µA. Further, both the dual-mode TENG devices are demonstrated to explore self-powered applications by integration with robotics tilt table and biomechanical energy harvesting. [Display omitted] • The room temperature synthesis of ZIF-8 by solvent assisted and mechanochemical. • ZIF-8 possess a positive surface potential. • ZIF-8 can extend the conventional triboelectric series and act as positive triboelectric layer. • Additive manufacturing approach for energy harvesting and powering of various electronics. • Integration with robotic tilt table to identify sense of balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesize and characterize NiO-Ti-based nanocomposites by mechanochemical reduction. • Positive triboelectric polarity in NiO and NiO-Ti-based nanocomposites. • A sustainable power source to light up LEDs and a wristwatch. • Exploit ferromagnetic nanocomposites for biomechanical energy harvesting. This work presents the mechanochemical synthesis of ferromagnetic NiO-Ti-based nanocomposites and exploits them as a positive triboelectric layer to enhance the performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Magnetization and charge polarization play crucial roles in augmenting the triboelectric performance. Various physicochemical properties, such as structure, morphology, surface topology, and magnetic properties of nanocomposites, are presented. The fabricated single-electrode (SE) operating mode TENG device generates a voltage of 62 V and a current of 250nA. SE-TENG can power up low-power electronics such as a wristwatch and LEDs and harvest biomechanical energy from breathing (inhale and exhale) during standing, sitting, and bending positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ion Injection by ion gun can instantly increase the output of triboelectric nanogenerator. • Cilia microstructure can improve the electrical performance of triboelectric nanogenerator. • A simple single electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator is designed. • Biomechanical energy harvesting and powering low-power electronics are demonstrated. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) can convert the waste mechanical energy into useful electrical energy and act as a sustainable power source for micro/nanoelectronics. The utilization of advanced surface designs and materials compositions can further enhance the performance of TENGs. A single-electrode mode TENG with cilia microstructures (C-TENG, abbreviated further) was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane-carbonyl iron (PDMS-Fe) composite by using a simple and fast magnetic field-guided method and its energy harvesting performance was evaluated. The structures, electrical properties, and surface roughness were compared between the flat and cilia-formed PDMS-Fe composites. The single-electrode mode TENG based on PDMS-Fe 10 wt% gives an open-circuit voltage of 70 V, the peak to peak current output of 250nA, and the power density of 2.75 μW/cm2 at 30 MΩ. Further, the ion injection was applied to the PDMS-Fe 10 wt% composite films using an antistatic gun, and it doubles the voltage output of the device. C-TENG can convert biomechanical energy (i.e. wind blowing and finger tapping) into an electrical output. In addition, the powering of a calculator was showed by charging a commercial capacitor using a bridge rectifier circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laboratory waste produced in several parts of the world has scaled up the pollution and adverse effect on human health in the present era. The "3 R" (reduce, reuse, and recycle) scheme is adopted by many communities for efficiently recovering waste products and utilizing them for the production of energy. In the present work, the laboratory waste is collected and directly utilized for fabricating a laboratory waste-based triboelectric nanogenerator (LW-TENG) operating in vertical contact-separation mode. The substrate, electrode, and triboelectric layer are randomly selected from lab waste. The waste plastic petri dishes were extruded into thin filament wires for 3D printing of the substrate for the LW-TENG. The effective electrical output is generated by LW-TENG having a triboelectric layer plastic-glass delivering voltage of 185 V, current of 1.25 μA, and power density of 8.1 μW/cm2 across the load resistance of 500 MΩ. The positive and negative triboelectric layers are altered and the electrical output is systematically investigated. Additionally, the LW-TENG device is attached to various locations of the laboratory to demonstrate the energy harvesting from the mechanical motions. It is also utilized for demonstrating real-time applications that could be beneficial as a self-powered human tracking device (HSD) that tracks the location of the human during an emergency and self-powered exercise counter. [Display omitted] • Circular economy-Circumvention of laboratory waste to sustainable energy. • Straightforward and cost-effective 3D printing of plastics into devices. • Recycling of plastic wastes to develop LW-TENG device. • Demonstration of self-powered biomechanical energy harvesting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Green Metal-Organic Framework-Cyclodextrin MOF: A Novel Multifunctional Material Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Highly Efficient Mechanical Energy Harvesting (Adv. Funct. Keywords: cyclodextrin; metal-organic framework; self-powered applications; triboelectrics EN cyclodextrin metal-organic framework self-powered applications triboelectrics 1 1 1 07/10/21 20210709 NES 210709 In article number 2101829, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda, Hoe Joon Kim, and co-workers demonstrate the application of cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (CD-MOF), a green multifunctional material, to the electrifying layer of a multi-unit triboelectric nanogenerator. Cyclodextrin, metal-organic framework, self-powered applications, triboelectrics. [Extracted from the article]

Self-powered sensor development is moving towards miniaturization and requires a suitable power source for its operation. The piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is a potential candidate to act as a partial solution to suppress the burgeoning energy demand. The present work is focused on the development of the PENG based on flexible polymer-ceramic composite films. The X-ray spectra suggest that the BTO particles have tetragonal symmetry and the PVDF-BTO composite films (CF) have a mixed phase. The dielectric constant increases with the introduction of the particles in the PVDF polymer and the loss of the CF is much less for all compositions. The BTO particles have a wide structural diversity and are lead-free, which can be further employed to make a CF. An attempt was made to design a robust, scalable, and cost-effective piezoelectric nanogenerator based on the PVDF-BTO CFs. The solvent casting route was a facile approach, with respect to spin coating, electrospinning, or sonication routes. The introduction of the BTO particles into PVDF enhanced the dielectric constant and polarization of the composite film. Furthermore, the single-layered device output could be increased by strategies such as internal polarization amplification, which was confirmed with the help of the polarization-electric field loop of the PVDF-BTO composite film. The piezoelectric nanogenerator with 10 wt% BTO-PVDF CF gives a high electrical output of voltage 7.2 V, current 38 nA, and power density of 0.8 μW/cm2 at 100 MΩ. Finally, the energy harvesting using the fabricated PENG is done by various actives like coin dropping, under air blowing, and finger tapping. Finally, low-power electronics such as calculator is successfully powered by charging a 10 μF capacitor using the PENG device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We emphasize on innovative device designs and novel materials for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. • The review discussed on the different type of self-powered gas sensors in terms of source gases and energy harvesters used. • The future prospective and opportunities for self-powered sensing has been discussed. Gas sensors play a crucial role in day-to-day life due to their application in leakage detection, environmental monitoring, and healthcare applications. Self-powered gas sensors (SPGS) are rapidly emerging, harnessing ambient energy sources. Various energy harvesting sources, such as photovoltaics, PENG, triboelectric nanogenerators, and thermoelectric generators, were used to design and fabricate SPGS. These devices provide uninterrupted power to gas sensors and replace bulkier, environmentally harmful batteries. In addition, these batteries require periodic replacement and frequent charging for their continuous operation. Although the field of SPGS was emerging, moving towards commercialization needed significant progress in device design, materials, and power management. This review focuses on innovative device designs, novel materials, and types of gas sensors reported so far, and the details are systematically categorized. Also, this review envisions and discusses the future trends in the SPGS and the potential path to commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Argon Ion Implantation on kapton is a more rigid and reliable technology. • Metal oxides such as zinc oxide add up to extend the conventional triboelectric series. • A simple vertical contact separate triboelectric nanogenerator is designed. • Biomechanical energy and powering low-power electronics is demonstrated. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a widely used energy-harvesting unit for self-power applications. The electrical output performance of the TENG could be significantly improved by ion implantation and explore new triboelectric materials beyond the conventional triboelectric series. In this present work, the phase pure hydrothermally synthesized ZnO particles, argon ion-implanted Kapton acted as a positive triboelectric layer while pure Kapton behaved as a negative triboelectric layer. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) were performed to investigate the surface roughness and surface potential of the triboelectric materials utilized in vertical contact mode TENG (I-TENG, abbreviated further). The elemental mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested successful Argon-ion implantation upon Kapton. Finally, the I-TENG device was subjected to various forces to systematically depict its electrical output responses and power up a wrist-watch and calculator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• EVA-PZT-PANI composite based TENG, was fabricated. • A voltage and current of 17.8 V, 190nA output was achieved. • TENG help to power capacitors and harnesses human motion. • Demonstration of self-powered traffic counter, advancing intelligent transportation. This work aims to create energy-harvesting composites using poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) EVA, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and polyaniline (PANI) composites. The novelty lies in the fabrication of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using EVA-PZT-PANI composites. These composites combine the flexibility of EVA polymer with the electricity-generating power of PZT ceramic and the conductivity of PANI. Systematic investigation of the structural, electrical, and microstructural properties of these composites is carried out to optimize their energy-harvesting performance. Among various compositions, the EVP3 device demonstrates exceptional output, generating a peak voltage of 17.8 V and a current of 190 nA at 2 Hz and 5 N applied force. The TENG demonstrates its versatility in harvesting energy from various sources by powering capacitors and collecting energy from human motions. Moreover, we show the potential application of the TENG for real-time traffic monitoring. By embedding the TENG into roads, we can measure car speeds and serve as a traffic management counter, opening up new possibilities for self-powered intelligent transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]