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Existing literature ignores to consider multiple types of pollutants when analyzing energy efficiency and its convergence. Under this background, using SuperSBM-GML model, the improved entropy method, and convergence model, this paper calculates the green total-factor energy efficiency and its evolution trend of 35 China's industrial sub-sectors considering multiple pollutants, and analyzes its convergence. The results indicate that the average score of industrial green total-factor energy efficiency is low, and there are significant differences among sub-sectors: "Utilization of waste resources" is the highest, while "Manufacture of paper and paper products" is the lowest. The green total-factor energy efficiency shows an overall upward trend from 2006 to 2021, the main driving force comes from technological progress, but numerous sub-sectors have not sufficiently caught up with existing cutting-edge technologies. Specifically, the growth rate of green total-factor energy efficiency in high-energy-consumption sub-sectors is higher than low-to-medium-energy-consumption sub-sectors. There are both σ-convergence and β-convergence in low-to-medium-energy-consumption group, indicating that development of sub-sectors is stable and outstanding. Nevertheless, the high-energy-consumption group only exhibits conditional β-convergence, revealing an imbalance in energy efficiency development. Consequently, formulating the benchmark level of energy efficiency and developing energy efficiency "leader" system are suggested for low-to-medium and high-energy-consumption sub-sectors, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2020, this paper uses entropy method to construct the integrated development indicators of energy Internet, and explores the impact of the development of the energy Internet on reducing carbon emissions in China and its internal transmission mechanism. The research results show that the development of energy Internet can significantly reduce regional carbon dioxide emissions, and increasing the use of renewable energy is an important mechanism for the comprehensive development of energy Internet to curb carbon emissions. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the emission reduction effect brought by the development of energy Internet is more remarkable in the regions with lower carbon emissions and western China. Furthermore, this paper finds that in the setting of the development of energy Internet, the development of renewable energy can promote natural gas consumption and advance energy conversion efficiency. The government's emphasis on regional technology development has an external strengthening effect on carbon emission reduction. The research in this paper expands and diversifies carbon reduction pathways and provides reference for more developing countries to utilize the development of energy internet to achieve carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 22 indexes are selected at three levels, including the informatization development level, the Internet development level, and the digital transaction development level, based on China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020, so as to build a digital economy development index system. Moreover, 28 basic indexes are selected from three aspects, including energy construction, energy production and energy consumption, so as to develop an energy economy development evaluation index system. The development index of China's digital economy and energy economy are measured by using the entropy weight method. The effect of the digital economy on the energy economy and its mechanism are tested by the static panel, the dynamic panel, and the mediating effect and regulating effect models. The results indicate that the digital economy has pronouncedly promoted the development of China's energy economy, and the development of the digital economy can have an effect on the rationalization of the industrial structure and then affect the development of the energy economy, and there is an intermediary effect. Moreover, the upgrading of the industrial structure is conducive to regulating the digital economy and facilitates the development of the energy economy. The development of the energy economy can be better promoted by focusing on the coordinated regional layout of the digital economy development, building a reliable energy commodity trading platform, and expediting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encouraging farmers to adopt greener and cleaner energy is crucial for reducing energy pollution and achieving carbon neutrality goals. In rural China, the decision making of farmers is often closely related to the whole family. At different stages of the family life cycle, the family has different characteristics, which leads to heterogeneity in the focus and final decision of farmers in adopting living clean energy. Therefore, this paper studies the farmers' living clean energy adoption behavior from the perspective of the family life cycle. It is helpful to identify the different policy needs and the evolution of farmers in different stages in order to provide a reference and inspiration for encouraging the adoption of living clean energy by farmers and for promoting the development of clean energy in rural areas. Based on the survey data of 1382 farmers in Jiangxi Province, this paper uses a multiple linear regression model to explore the impact of the family life cycle on farmers' clean energy adoption behavior. The results show the following: (1) The family life cycle has a significant impact on farmers' living clean energy adoption behavior, which is reflected in four aspects: energy demand, livelihood strategy, health demand and support burden; (2) Awareness of environmental ecology and frequency of government promotion have significant positive effects on farmers' living clean energy adoption behavior, while gender has significant negative effects on farmers' clean energy adoption behavior; (3) There are also differences in the influencing factors of farmers' living clean energy adoption behavior at different stages of the family life cycle. Therefore, when promoting clean energy in rural areas, a precise clean energy incentive mechanism should be adopted to treat families in different family life cycle stages differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of biomass energy based on the thermochemical conversion of crop biomass to produce hydrogen are of great significance for promoting China's ecological civilization construction, energy revolution, and low-carbon economic development. Henan province is one of the largest agricultural and pasturage provinces in China. Based on the analysis of the status and trends of Henan's biomass energy (BE) development, this paper summarizes the present status of the construction of ecological civilization (CEC) and the factors restricting its development. Challenges in developing biomass energy are analyzed systematically, and strategies and key technical directions for future biomass energy development are discussed. Finally, the paper presents countermeasures and suggestions for CEC based on the development of BE, which will vigorously promote the development and utilization of BE and the process of CEC. This research provides a reference for the further development of BE and CEC in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing electric vehicle (EV) energy storage technology is a strategic position from which the automotive industry can achieve low-carbon growth, thereby promoting the green transformation of the energy industry in China. This paper will reveal the opportunities, challenges, and strategies in relation to developing EV energy storage. First, this paper clarifies the strategic value and potential of developing EV energy storage under the carbon neutrality goal. Second, this paper demonstrates strategic opportunities and challenges during the development. Third, this paper proposes methods for creating a good market environment and business models. Finally, this paper suggests that relevant policies and regulations should be formulated and charts the course of technology development. The results show that EV energy storage technology has potential in terms of technology, the scale of development, and the user economy. The proposal of the carbon neutrality goal, the increasing market share of EVs, lower-cost and higher-efficiency batteries, etc., have all further accelerated the development of EV energy storage. The EV energy storage field should focus on developing battery technology, make advancements toward delivering longer cycle lives and improving the safety and availability of battery materials, and ramp up the R&D efforts with respect to developing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) management technologies. Simultaneously, it is necessary to create a business ecosystem centered on V2G operating platforms, constituting a process to which various players can contribute and achieve mutually beneficial results. It is also essential to formulate top-level strategic plans across industries and organizations, develop an electricity-trading mechanism as soon as possible, and promote the implementation of technical standards related to EV energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of energy firms to green credit policy is of great significance, which is related to the emission reduction effect of green finance and transformation of energy firms. This paper analyzes the impact of green credit policy on the growth of energy firms based on the data of Chinese listed companies from 2009 to 2019. The empirical results show that green credit policy has significantly promoted the growth of energy firms. Further research shows that green credit policy promoted the growth of energy firms by reducing financing costs and promoting green innovation. Besides, the owned firms, big-scale firms and firms in central and eastern China are more susceptible to the impacts of the green credit policy. This study is relevant to the implementation of green credit policies and the promotion of the development and transformation of energy firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the ambitious goal of "carbon neutrality", countries around the world are striving to develop clean energy. Against this background, this paper takes China and Italy as representatives of developing and developed countries to summarize the energy structure composition and development overview of the two countries. The paper analyzes the serious challenges facing the future energy development of both countries and investigates the possibilities of energy cooperation between the two countries, taking into account their respective advantages in energy development. By comparing the policies issued by the two governments to encourage clean energy development, this paper analyzes the severe challenges faced by the two countries' energy development in the future and combines their respective energy development advantages to look forward to the possibility of energy cooperation between the two countries in the future. This lays the foundation for China and Italy to build an "Energy Road" after the "Silk Road". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: China is a significant energy consumer with increasingly severe resource constraints and environmental problems, requiring low-carbon energy transformation and encouraging high-quality energy development (HED). Green finance significantly affects the effect on HED as a cutting-edge financial strategy to support environmental improvement and encourage green development. Design/methodology/approach: Using panel data from 30 provinces from 2007 to 2019 and the system-generalized method of moments method, this paper investigates the impact of green finance on HED, and further explores their threshold effect, heterogeneous and asymmetry analysis. Findings: The main results indicate that: (1) green finance positively affects HED in China; in other words, a 1% increase in the green finance index will boost HED by an average of 0.767%; (2) as the economy improves, the positive impact of green finance on HED will be even more significant and (3) the contribution of green finance to HED is more significant in the northern provinces and areas with lower HED levels. Originality/value: This paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions to further improve the construction of the green financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China's green energy development strategy, this paper constructs a basic model of recycling and a channel expansion model for the circular economy foundation of Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China. Through numerical simulation, it is found that each member of the supply chain should control the rate of price adjustment, otherwise it will cause market disruption. The model is controlled based on a chaos control method. Then, based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, an early warning system for the circular economy of Zaozhuang City is constructed. It is found that the economic development of Zaozhuang is a serious warning, resources are moderate warning, and the environment is not in an alarm state. In addition to paying attention to energy conservation and emission reduction of enterprises, the government should pay attention to creating awareness of energy conservation and emission reduction in society, and strengthen the technological investment in reducing pollutant emissions. This paper provides a strategic reference for the circular economy model in Zaozhuang, Shandong, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving energy efficiency is an important measure of environmental governance. At present, studies on the impact of high-speed rail on energy efficiency need to be further studied. This paper constructs panel data of 285 cities at prefecture-level and above in China from 2003 to 2017, and uses the difference-in-difference (DID) to study the impact of high-speed railway on urban energy efficiency. Based on the theories of "factor flow," "knowledge spillover," and "center-periphery," this paper discusses the influence mechanism and heterogeneity of high-speed railway on energy efficiency. The empirical results show that high-speed railway can significantly improve energy efficiency, and the conclusion is still valid after parallel trend test, propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) test, and instrumental variable method. The results remained true after a series of robustness tests. Mechanism analysis shows that high-speed railway can improve energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation, and market integration. Analysis of heterogeneity shows that the promotion effect of high-speed railway on energy efficiency is greater in central and western cities and core cities. This study provides useful enlightenment for optimizing China's high-speed rail construction planning and seizing the opportunity of high-speed rail development to improve energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is facing the problem of resource scarcity and environmental degradation. Improving energy efficiency is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and reduce pollutant emissions. Based on relevant data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2019, this paper constructs energy efficiency indicators by establishing a super-efficient three-stage SBM-DEA model. It explores the impact of digital finance on energy efficiency using a systematic generalized moment estimation method and constructs an analytical framework for the impact of digital inclusive finance on energy efficiency from the breadth of coverage, depth of use, and degree of digitization of digital inclusive finance. In addition, this paper examines the differences in the impact of digital inclusive finance on energy efficiency from a sub-regional perspective. Research indicates the following: (1) At the national level, the relationship between digital inclusive finance development and energy efficiency in China shows an inverted "U"-shape; the breadth of digital financial coverage, the use of digital insurance services and digital credit services, and the degree of digitalization of digital finance all have significant effects on energy efficiency. (2) From a regional perspective, the impact of digital inclusive finance on energy efficiency has regional heterogeneity. Based on this finding, first, the government should speed up the construction of digital financial infrastructure to promote the further development of digital finance. Second, the government should take appropriate measures to regulate industry giants. Third, the government should adjust measures to local conditions when formulating policies. The above research has certain implications for improving the targeting of digital finance–related policies and promoting the high-quality development of China's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of energy technology, hydrogen is gradually becoming widely used. China is also rapidly developing its own hydrogen energy industry in an effort to accomplish the "dual carbon target'. Hydrogen from methane is one of the mainstream sources, of which hydrogen from methane cracking is the decomposition of methane into hydrogen and solid carbon, with the solid carbon also having a high economic value. In particular, this technology does not emit carbon dioxide, which is very friendly to the environment, but it cannot avoid larger energy consumption. In contrast, hydrogen production from methane cracking driven by solar energy not only combines the characteristics of no CO 2 emission, but also greatly reduces the consumption of primary energy, which is the future development trend of hydrogen production from methane. This paper provides a brief overview of the various technological pathways for methane to hydrogen production in the context of China's actual development, focusing on the current status of the development and application of solar methane cracking to hydrogen production technologies at home and abroad. Among them, this paper mainly discusses the characteristics of solar reactors of different sizes and structures, and summarizes the results of related optimization studies. Meanwhile, the application of catalysts in solar reactors and the problem of carbon deposition are analyzed, and the practical application of solar methane cracking hydrogen production system is outlined. Finally, the future development of solar methane cracking hydrogen production technology is prospected from the national situation of China. [Display omitted] • Solar methane cracking for hydrogen can reduce emissions and energy consumption. • The current state of research on solar reactors is summarized. • Solar methane cracking requires higher performing catalysts. • Providing insights into the future development of solar methane cracking in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa possesses extremely rich renewable energy resources, including solar energy and wind energy, in spite of this, South Africa traditionally relies on coal as its primary energy source. Recently, South Africa confronted with severe electricity shortage. With pressure of power shortage and the transition to low- carbon energy, South Africa has been actively promoting the development of renewable energy, aiming to diversify its energy structure. China, as the world's leading country in the development and utilization of renewable energy, has long been committed to helping South Africa achieve renewable energy development. This article reviews the cooperation progress between China and South Africa in renewable energy, and provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges currently faced by both sides. To address such challenges, it is suggested to strengthen the design of top-level cooperation mechanisms, create diverse collaboration platforms, prioritize the exchange and collaboration of scientific talents. This paper aims to provide a typical reference for deepening renewable energy cooperation between China and South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the large-scale development of renewable energy power, China has faced with the challenges of the reverse regional distribution of wind and solar resources and power load, as well as the intermittency and randomness of renewable energy power. Therefore, China is vigorously developing ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission technology to solve the problem of insufficient flexibility caused by the uncertainty of renewable energy and the fluctuation of multi-energy loads in integrated community energy systems. UHVDC plays an increasingly pivotal role in the west-east transmission system in China's power system due to its high transmission capacity and long transmission distance. Once the fault occurs in the ultra-high voltage direct (UHVD) transmission line, quick and accurate fault location identification is of great significance. Hence, this paper proposes a UHVDC transmission line diagnosis method based on wavelet analysis for integrated community energy systems. Wavelet transform (WT) is used to decompose the transient signal on a multi-scale, and then power systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software is utilized for simulation calculation to obtain the singular spectrum entropy of each layer and facilitate wavelet transformations for signal denoising with advanced tools such as MATLAB. The prediction results can distinguish outside the rectification side fault, within the rectification side fault, and outside the inverter fault with an accuracy of 100%. A large number of simulations demonstrate that combining singular spectrum entropy with support vector machines (SVM) has emerged as a robust technique for integrated community energy systems, suggesting its potential as a standard method in UHVDC transmission line diagnosis. This study is of significant reference for realizing the complementarity of multiple types of power supply and ensuring a reliable power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy distribution justice is of primary concern within the energy justice framework and it is crucial to increase public acceptance of offshore wind energy and further advance its development. The rapid development of offshore wind energy in China has inevitably impacted the livelihoods of coastal vulnerable groups (CVGs) engaged in fisheries and tourism in the coastal zone. While current policies often compensate for livelihood losses through cash payments, the fiscal strain caused by COVID-19 renders this approach unsustainable. Consequently, this research pioneers the exploration of Chinese tourist groups' landscape preferences towards offshore wind farms (OWFs). This study proposes a new approach to enhance OWF landscapes for tourism development, thereby balancing the distribution of costs and benefits between CVGs and tourists. The research focuses on Beihai City in the Beibu Gulf Economic Region, utilizing a combination of Q-methodology and choice experiments that incorporates cut-offs. Answers to eighty Q-methodology questionnaires and 1324 choice experiment questionnaires are obtained. The findings indicate that this region can achieve energy distribution justice by compensating for the livelihood losses of CVGs through tourism. Contrary to traditional assumptions about wind farm noise preferences, Chinese tourists prefer proximity to OWFs, as an appropriate coastal acoustics landscape can enhance their tourism experience. In light of these findings, this paper presents policy recommendations towards energy distribution justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe global warming issue currently threatens humans' existence and development. Countries and international organizations have effectively implemented policies to reduce carbon emissions and investigate low-carbon growth strategies. Reducing carbon emissions is a hot topic that academics and government policy-making departments are concerned about.Through necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA), this paper investigates local governments' configuration linkage effect and path choice to improve carbon emission performance from six dimensions: energy consumption, industrial structure, technological innovation, government support, economic development, and demographic factors. The research findings include the following: (1) Individual condition does not represent necessary conditions for the government's carbon performance. Among the two sets of second-order equivalence configurations(S and Q) (five high-level carbon performance configurations), those dominated by economic development or low energy consumption can produce high-level carbon performance. Therefore, the six antecedent conditions dimensions work together to explain how the government can create high levels of carbon performance. (2)According to the regional comparison, China's eastern, central, and western regions exhibit similarities and differences in the driving forces behind high carbon emission performance. All three regions can demonstrate carbon emission performance when all the factors are combined. However, when constrained by the conditions of each region's resource endowment, the eastern region emphasizes the advantage of economic and technological innovation, the central region favors government support and demographic factors, and the western region prefers upgrading industrial structure based on a specific level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy in China has made remarkable achievements, but the problem of renewable energy consumption has become increasingly prominent. This paper establishes a power market trading system for renewable energy, with the aim of promoting large-scale renewable energy consumption and increasing the enthusiasm of renewable energy producers and users to participate in market transactions. First, according to the power generation cost, the backup cost of renewable energy power plants and the possible quotation strategies of other renewable energy producers, a quotation model of renewable energy producers is established. In the clearing of the spot market by renewable energy producers, the independent market operator conducts the first-stage clearing of the electricity market with the goal of maximizing social welfare. After the announcement of the clearing results, the renewable energy producers that did not win the bid will revise their quotations and carry out the second stage clearing to realize the consumption of renewable energy. In this paper, the particle swarm algorithm combined with the CPLEX solver is used to solve the problem, and finally, different scenarios are analyzed through example analysis. The results show that, compared with the conventional power market trading mechanism, the energy abandonment rate of the power market trading mechanism for renewable energy proposed in this paper drops from 8.2% to 2.1%, and the profit margin of renewable energy producers increase by 6.6%. It is demonstrated that the proposed electricity market mechanism can effectively promote the consumption of renewable energy and increase the income of renewable energy producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saving energy is an important strategy to address the current energy crisis and environmental degradation. Regarding the pilot policy of the energy quota trading as a quasi-natural experiment by employing a difference-in-differences method, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of this pilot policy on energy saving and its mechanisms based on city-level data in China from 2006 to 2020. We find that the energy quota trading policy can reduce the total energy consumption and energy consumption intensity of pilot cities, and the effect of the policy can gradually strengthen over time. The market-oriented reform of energy factor allocation can effectively promote energy saving and economic growth. These results are convincing through a series of robustness checks. The heterogeneity test shows that the energy quota trading has a significant energy saving effect on economically developed cities, densely populated cities and southern cities, but not in economically underdeveloped cities, sparsely populated cities and northern cities. Further mechanism inspection suggests that the pilot policy of energy quota trading mainly achieves energy conservation through industrial structure upgrading and green technology innovation. Our findings provide a valuable insight for China to control energy consumption and promote the high-quality development of the energy economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a raw material for clean energy supply for the new generation, the soybean is conducive to the realization of global energy transition and sustainable development in the context of "carbon neutrality". However, global warming has been affecting soybean yields in recent years. How to clarify the correlation between meteorological factors and soybean yields, so as to ensure the security of soybean growth and development and the stability of renewable energy development, is a key concern of the government and academia. Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and active accumulated temperature during the soybean growing season in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 1951 to 2019, and soybean yield data of the city from 1985 to 2019, this paper adopted statistical methods such as the Trend Analysis Method, the Rescaled Range Analysis Method and so on to analyze the trends of yield changes, characteristics of abrupt changes and periodic patterns of climate factors and soybean yields in Hulunbuir. A Pearson Correlation Analysis and a Grey Relation Analysis were used to explore the correlation between climatic factors and soybean yields, followed by a comprehensive impact model of the combined effect of temperature and precipitation on soybean yields established by the Method of Integral Regression. The results showed that temperature and active accumulated temperature are the dominant factors affecting soybean yields in Hulunbuir, while the decrease in precipitation is unfavorable to the improvement of soybean yields. Meanwhile, temperature and precipitation have different effects on the growth and development of the soybean at different stages. The conclusion of this paper is of great practical significance for Hulunbuir to promote the sustainable development of clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising global concern over environment and energy issues, there are many scholars incorporating them into total factor productivity (TFP) analytical framework. This paper aims to outline the dynamic change trend and convergence characteristics of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 14 sub-sectors in China's service industry. This is of great significance to the coordinated development and green transformation of sub-sectors of China's service industry. This paper commences to gauge and decompose GTFP of China's service industry by cutting-edge epsilon-based measure (EBM) generalizing slacks-based measure (SBM) and radial measure as well as Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) productivity index, and to examine the existence of convergence hypothesis in China's service industry. The core conclusions are as follows: (1) the average annual growth rate of GTFP in China's service industry is 1.00%, and there exists heterogeneity for GTFP in different sub-sectors; (2) there are phenomena of σ-convergence, absolute β-convergence, and conditional β-convergence in GTFP of China's overall service industry, producer service industry, and consumer-oriented service industry. The main policy suggestions include: increasing investment in green technology innovation of the service industry, formulating more effective industrial development planning and energy policies, and optimizing energy structure and industry structure of the service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a spatial perspective, this paper constructs a spatial Durbin model based on the adjacent weight matrix to analyze the impact of environmental regulation on the development of renewable energy in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China from 2007 to 2020. The results show that (1) both environmental regulation and renewable energy development have positive spatial autocorrelation and form relatively similar spatial agglomeration areas, specifically showing the characteristics of "high-high" agglomeration in resource-rich areas and "low-low" agglomeration in resource-scarce areas. (2) Environmental regulation significantly promotes the development of local renewable energy and has a significant spatial spillover effect on the development of renewable energy in neighboring provinces. (3) The moderating effect results show that renewable energy installed capacity and electricity demand play an inverse moderating role between environmental regulation and renewable energy development. (4) From the perspective of different regions, the impact of environmental regulation on the development of renewable energy is heterogeneous. Based on the research conclusions, this paper finally provides corresponding policy suggestions from three aspects: regional cooperation, technical support, and differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of the new energy vehicle, application of lightweight technology can effectively improve the endurance level of new energy vehicles and promote the steady improvement and rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry. By keeping in view the importance of lightweight effect of new energy vehicles, in this paper, we have carried out an in-depth analysis of key contents such as new materials, battery weight, carbon fiber technology, and structural design technology in the process of lightweight development of new energy vehicles. Furthermore, this paper introduces the pseudorandom proportional rule to improve the selection method of the seed solution, makes appropriate random disturbance to the center of the pheromone distribution, and reforms the standard deviation of the pheromone distribution. Taking the lightweight of new energy vehicle doors as an example, this paper verifies the new energy vehicle lightweight algorithm based on ant colony algorithm. It is found that the improved continuous domain basic ant colony algorithm is superior to the other two algorithms and it has the capacity to solve optimization problems and has the advantages of high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Under the big data background, there are many influencing factors for investors of new energy vehicles (NEV), and government subsidies promote the sustainable development of the new energy vehicle industry. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to provide solutions for the sustainable development of NEV. Design/methodology/approach: The sustainable marketing strategy of NEV in China is put forward. This paper first analyzes the subsidy policy effect of NEV under the background of big data. It then establishes the online optimal leasing strategy under multiple strategy choices and the online leasing strategy of multiple vehicles under the inflation market. Findings: With the fixed cost of NEV in each lease period, the optimal competition ratio of online decision-makers will continue to decrease with the increase of the difference between prepaid funds and government subsidies. In the decision-making of renting and purchasing multiple vehicles, the general strategy competition ratio is 2.922, while the optimal competition ratio of the online renting and purchasing strategy proposed by the research is 2.723. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited by the limited data and information collected, so the optimal decision-making model has some limitations. The authors need to find more representative data to optimize the model. Practical implications: As an emerging industry, NEV have developed rapidly in recent years. Based on the online algorithm and competitive ratio theory, this paper solves the decision-making problem of operators and gives the optimal strategy to promote the green development of the new energy vehicle industry. Originality/value: This paper proposes the optimal strategy for online investors of new energy vehicle operators by combining online algorithm and competitive ratio theory. The numerical analysis results of the optimal online model under multi strategy selection show that with the same difference between prepaid funds and government subsidies, the time point will be delayed and the time point will be advanced as the cost of leasing NEV in each period increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and environmental policies are important methods for the government to restrain carbon emissions growth. Identifying the potential dynamic trends of China's carbon emissions under different scenarios has important reference significance for the government's policy implementation. This paper firstly predicted China's carbon emissions from 2017 to 2040 based on three energy transition scenarios at the industrial level. Then, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition model was applied to evaluate the driving forces of emissions changes during 1997–2040. Finally, the Spatial–Temporal Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model was used to explore the emissions reduction potential and the potential reduction path at provincial level. The results showed that (1) as the reduction in energy intensity cannot offset the growth of industrial scale, the carbon emissions of all industries have shown an increasing trend from 1997 to 2017; (2) In the current policies scenario, China's carbon emissions cannot reach the peak before 2040. And only in the sustainable development scenario, the carbon emissions of the three industries will all reach the peaks before 2030. And the development of non-fossil energy will reduce carbon emissions by more than 30%; (3) Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Heilongjiang are key provinces and improving energy efficiency of the secondary industry is a potential way to promote carbon emissions reduction. The framework and main content of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large-scale centralized development of wind and PV power resources is the key to China's dual carbon targets and clean energy transition. The vast desert–Gobi–wilderness areas in northern and western China will be the best choice for renewable energy development under multiple considerations of resources endowment, land use constraints, technical conditions, and economic level. It is urgent to carry out a quantitative wind and PV resource assessment study in desert–Gobi–wilderness areas. This paper proposed a multi-dimensional assessment method considering the influence of the power grid and transportation infrastructure distributions, which includes three research levels, namely, the technical installed capacity, the development potential, and the development cost. Nine main desert–Gobi–wilderness areas were assessed. The wind and PV technical installed capacities were 0.6 TW and 10.7 TW, and the total development potentials were over 0.12 TW and 1.2 TW, with the full load hours of 2513 and 1759 and the average development costs of 0.28 CNY/kWh and 0.20 CNY/kWh. Finally, this paper proposed the meteorological–electrical division distribution. A case study in the Kubuqi and Qaidam Deserts was carried out on wind–wind and wind–PV collaborative development across different meteorological–electrical divisions, which can reduce by 58% the long-term energy storage capacity and decrease the total system LCOE from 0.488 CNY/kWh to 0.445 CNY/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A renewable portfolio standard is implemented to promote the development of renewable energy at a minimum cost through tradable green certificate market mechanism. Formulating a scientific and feasible renewable energy quota allocation scheme helps RPS function smoothly and optimize resource allocation. This paper proposed a bi-level programming model combined with entropy weight method to allocate renewable portfolio standard quotas with provincial heterogeneity and stakeholders' behavior, and an optimized quota allocation scheme among China's 30 provinces in 2020 was obtained. By comparing with the government's issued scheme, the following were the results under the optimized scheme: (1) Quotas in most provinces have increased, and the responsibility for renewable electricity generation is shared with the provinces with developed economy and well-constructed transmission facilities, where electricity producers can meet the quotas by purchasing tradable green certificate. (2) Quota allocation has positive effects on energy, economy, and environment. Specifically, the non-hydro renewable electricity generation increased by 43.8%, the non-hydro renewable electricity producers' profit increased by 18.4%, and the environmental pollution cost reduced by 27.9%. (3) Quota allocation equity measured by the environmental Gini coefficient increased by 14.3%. Based on these findings, some policy implications related to quota allocation and renewable portfolio standard's institutional arrangement have been put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the new economic background, the new normal characteristics of China's power development are also obvious, highlighting the slowdown in the growth of electricity consumption in the whole society, the overall downturn in power consumption in high energy consumption industry, the continuous optimization of power structure, and the more obvious regional differences. In view of these problems, this paper analyzes the economic and stability of the power grid and the constraints of the power grid stability and the transmission capacity of the transmission section, and constructs the economic consideration with the minimum purchase cost and the minimum discharge amount of the pollutant gas as the objective function. And the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. In this paper, an example is given to calculate and analyze the actual grid, and the validity and feasibility of the model are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world energy structure dominated by fossil energy has brought about the depletion of fossil energy and a series of environmental pollution problems. The development of new energy has become the direction of joint efforts of China and other countries in the world. Wind energy is an important part of new energies. Accurate wind speed prediction can effectively reduce the adverse impact of wind farm fluctuation on power system. To solve the problem of low and poor accuracy of short-term wind speed prediction, a hybrid prediction model based on improved optimized extreme learning machine (ELM) is provided in this paper. The wind speed series are decomposed by using the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN), the phase space of each modal component is reconstructed to obtain some new time series, and thus to enhance the stability of the wind speed series. Also, the improved chimpanzee optimization algorithm (CHOA) is used to determine the optimal value of the extreme learning machine (ELM) so as to predict the processed wind speed sequence. Through related empirical analysis and comparisons with other models, the hybrid prediction model reduces wind speed prediction error and improves the accuracy of wind speed prediction accuracy effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a financial innovation model to promote sustainable economic development, carbon finance promotes green and inclusive economic development by reshaping the financial system. As a big energy consumer, China has been committed to the green transformation of energy structure, and carbon finance has been regarded as an important tool to support carbon emission reduction. This paper divides carbon finance from three levels, financial macro, environmental governance, and technological development, and selects 17 indexes to measure the development level of carbon finance in China. Time series regression model and the entropy weight method (EWM) are used to analyze the impact of carbon finance on China's energy consumption structure. The empirical results show that carbon finance plays a positive role in promoting China's energy consumption structure, and developing carbon finance is conducive to the use of clean energy and the optimization of energy consumption structure in China; carbon finance can further optimize China's energy consumption structure by investing capital, resources, and technology in industries related to promoting clean energy consumption. Therefore, China should continue to develop carbon finance and promote the establishment of a unified national carbon trading market; at the same time, China should use the CCER trading mechanism to promote the development of renewable energy and enhance the endogenous driving force of energy transformation by promoting technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Chinese Central Government has put great emphasis on the marine economy, since it has been a new driving force of the national economic development. Yet, the relationship between marine economic development and energy efficiency remains unknown. In this paper, we investigate whether marine economic development affected energy efficiency. We focused on the Zhoushan Archipelago, the first National New Area for marine economic development in China. We applied panel data approach to construct the counterfactual of Zhoushan Archipelago. We compared Zhoushan and its counterfactual, the synthetic Zhoushan, and viewed the difference between them, after the Zhoushan Archipelago New Area, as the impact of marine economic development on energy efficiency. We found that compared with its counterfactual, the real Zhoushan had a more substantial improvement in energy efficiency after the National New Area construction. We estimated that the construction of the National New Area for Marine Economy increased energy efficiency by about 10 percentage points. We also applied the bootstrapping technique to illustrate the significance of the estimated results. The results suggest that the Zhoushan Archipelago New Area construction had a statistically significant impact on energy efficiency. In addition, we conducted two tests, including leave-one-out tests and permutation tests, to check the robustness of estimated results, which also serve as an illustration of significance of the estimated results from an alternative empirical perspective. The results from these two tests are similar to each other, both indicating that the Zhoushan Archipelago New Area construction had a statistically significant positive impact on energy efficiency. Overall, our results suggest that marine economic development had a sizable improvement in energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new energy demonstration city policy (NEDC), an essential economic system aiming to implement innovative development strategies and energy structure transformations in China, is crucial for solving the current plight of resource-based cities. This paper studies the effect of the implementation of the NEDC on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of resource-based cities in China; understanding this relation is of great significance for the further promotion of the NEDC. For this purpose, the SBM-undesirable model is employed to measure GTFP. The propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) model and the mediation effect model are also utilized to empirically examine the impact of the NEDC on GTFP across a dataset of 106 resource-based cities between 2005 and 2016. The empirical results indicate that the NEDC can significantly improve the GTFP of resource-based cities. After both counterfactual and common trend tests are performed, the research conclusion of this paper is still robust. Moreover, the NEDC promotes the GTFP of resource-based cities through structural effects, technological innovation effects, and fiscal support effects. Furthermore, the effect of the NEDC on GTFP is also affected by the regions, sizes, and types of the different resource-based cities. This research provides evidence for the ability of the NEDC to improve GTFP and optimize the spatial layout of new energy demonstration cities in resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentration makes global warming increasingly serious, which leads to sea-level rise, coastal lowland inundation, glacier melting, extreme weather, species extinction and other environmental problems. China, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, is facing climate change. In 2020, the Chinese government promised at the UN General Assembly to achieve the peak of carbon by 2030, and also put forward the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve the carbon peak and carbon in target, China needs to reduce the use of fossil energy and replace the use of fossil energy with renewable energy with less carbon dioxide emissions. Tidal energy, as a low-carbon renewable energy, is an important alternative to fossil energy. But can the tide be developed at the expense of the environment? In this paper, the impact of the development of tidal energy on the environment is analyzed and elaborated. According to the environmental impact, the solutions of developing environment-friendly tidal energy, wave energy and temperature difference energy are given. Based on this, policy suggestions are put forward to the Chinese government. The research results of this paper will provide reference for developing countries to develop and utilize tidal energy for power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, China pledged to peak its carbon emission before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. These ambitious carbon targets will inevitably boost the development of renewable energy generation, which has advantages from energy and water perspectives but disadvantages from land use perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the interaction among renewable energy development, water consumption as well as land use in the power sector, and determine a reasonable power-related land use range for the land administration in China. In this research, a series of multi-period, multi-regional power system optimization models with different objective functions and constraints are established to study the interrelationship among renewable energy development, water consumption, and land use in the coverage area of China Southern Power Grid from 2018 to 2030, and provide a reasonable land use range for the power sector in this region in 2030. Based on the above calculation results, the development of renewable energy promoted by energy and water policies will increase the land use of power sector under a cost objective function, and the minimum land area demand for this power system in 2030 considering energy and water policies is 24785.14 km2. What is more, according to the influence of land use constraint on the total cost of power sector from 2018 to 2030, this paper selected the increase ratio from 5 to 16% compared with the minimum land area demand as the reasonable land use range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable hydrogen energy has received growing attention due to the energy shortage and increasing CO2 emissions. With these issues in mind, renewable hydrogen has become an important component of future energy systems in many countries, especially in the transportation sector. However, the shortage of hydrogenation station and the risks associated with their construction have become an urgent issue for the development of hydrogen energy transportation. To better implement the hydrogenation station project, a risk management framework is proposed for risk control. First, a comprehensive risk index system is developed, using a weighting method based on the G1 method and the C-OWA operator. Second, a grey fuzzy synthetic assessment method is applied to evaluate the risk based on the 3D risk assessment framework. Finally, risk is assigned to different participants and actionable measures are proposed. This paper summarizes the obstacles to the development of hydrogen energy transportation, highlights the potential of hydrogen energy development, and suggests workable solutions for the use of hydrogen energy in the future transportation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical method is employed to assess tidal current energy resources in the Pearl River Estuary, China. The numerical model for tidal current simulation in the estuary is developed based on the MIKE 21 model, which enables numerical simulations in estuaries, coastal areas, and oceans. The model has a grid resolution that varies from about 2500 m at the open boundary to 500–1000 m inside the estuary. Extensive model validation is performed by comparing the model predictions with field observations of tidal level and velocity at various stations in the Pearl River Estuary. The tidal characteristics are thoroughly analyzed. Energy fluxes and power densities are calculated along selected cross sections to evaluate the feasibility of tidal energy development in the Pearl River Estuary. The results indicate that the distribution of annual average tidal current power density in the Pearl River Estuary generally aligns with the spatial distribution of tidal currents. The annual average power density of tidal energy is typically below 0.10 kW/m2. The theoretical potential of tidal current energy resources in the Pearl River Estuary is assessed to be approximately 11,000 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the potential for improving regional cooperation and clean energy generation in the South China Sea (SCS) through Offshore Wind Energy (OWE). The literature review depicts the broad relationship between renewable energy and regional cooperation. The study identifies three variables-great game of geopolitics, geo-economics, and NEO politics- to arrive at a concept of wind-blindness. It refers to the attempt (of the countries involved) to downplay the existing wind resources and avert attention from them to safeguard the region's strategic military importance, existing trade routes, and rich availability of marine resources. Addressing these concerns could strengthen cooperation between the claimant states for technology, knowledge, and practice sharing, to ensure a sustainable South China Sea region. China's investments in OWE in the South China Sea have the potential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals" target of cleaner, accessible, and affordable energy. Finally, the paper suggests that renewable energy development in the region can reduce the maritime transport of fossil fuels, reducing the carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance development is a comprehensive system with three aspects interacted: economic, environmental, and financial activities. Based on its internal mechanism, this paper constructs an evaluation system of green finance development, which fills the absence of existing studies on green finance development. The internal development of green finance is transformed into three subsystems by PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model, and the evaluation scores are calculated by the entropy weight method. As the applications of the evaluation system, the horizontal comparison and vertical trend of green finance development in different regions of China from 2004 to 2017 are analyzed, and the relationship between green finance and sustainable energy development can also be quantitatively analyzed. The results show that sustainable energy development can be promoted through the development of green finance, using various measures in dimensions of economic development, financial development, and environmental development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of green campus is related to the global sustainable development. Under the guidance of campus energy-saving policy, China's green campus mainly focuses on campus' energy saving. In contrast, the green campus in the USA pays more attention to environmental problems. This study focuses on the impact of "energy saving" on the sustainable development of green campus. On the one hand, it puts forward targeted optimization suggestions for the Chinese universities. On the other hand, it provides the experience reference and new development ideas for the global campus sustainability. Based on the characteristics of the development mode of green campus in China and the USA, this paper studies the motivation of "energy saving" to "sustainability" in the construction of green campus in China. In terms of research methods, this paper selects Zhejiang University a typical representative of China's green campus that combined with the comparative group of four American universities and conducts a quantitative analysis of G-value and S-value that represented energy consumption and sustainability, respectively. Zhejiang University's G-value (0.019) in 2016 is one-sixth of that of the comparative group in the same period, indicating that the implementation effect of the energy-saving monitoring platform is remarkable. From 2014 to 2017, the G-values are basically stable at 0.02, indicating that its future development potential is insufficient. Zhejiang University's scores in the four categories of S-value are significantly lower than those in the comparative group, showing that there are great differences in the construction achievements of the five universities. According to the score rate of 17 sub-items of S-value, the five universities have different advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the green campus construction of China's case university is too one-sided and only stays at the level of energy conservation. The diversification of construction and the balanced development of all aspects should be paid more attention in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is a proliferation of studies on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), there is a gap in the literature in terms of an exploration of the costs and benefits from the perspective of the energy sector, in both the areas of sectoral development and energy transition. This paper uses Australia as a case study. The paper is the first to quantify the impact of the BRI in the energy sector, and the analysis informs the current debates on the BRI in Australia. We find that energy cooperation under the BRI enhances the performance of energy companies, but the Chinese energy investment in Australia faces mounting challenges. We suggest some areas for cooperation and such cooperation could be extended to third countries. Amid the increasing trade and political tensions, the two countries need continued, level-headed discussions and debates about the potential cooperation areas at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Carbon neutrality" refers to the total amount of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions directly or indirectly produced by a country, business, product, activity or individual over a period of time. Through afforestation, energy saving and emission reduction, etc., to offset the carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions generated by itself, to achieve positive and negative offset, to achieve relative "zero emissions", which belongs to the same term as "carbon peaking" in energy saving and emission reduction. "Carbon" means carbon dioxide, and "neutralization" means a positive and negative balance. The carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emitted is offset by afforestation, energy saving and emission reduction, which is called "carbon neutrality". Goal decomposition is the process of gradually completing the overall goal according to multiple fields to form a goal system. Target decomposition should be carried out according to the principle of integration and integration. That is, the overall goal is decomposed into sub-goals of different levels and departments, and the synthesis of each sub-goal reflects the overall goal and ensures the realization of the overall goal. This paper aims to study the decomposition of building carbon neutrality goals to sustainable energy development strategies, combining energy conservation and emission reduction with the building industry to reduce environmental pollution and energy waste. Based on the theory of sustainable development, combined with the development characteristics of China's new energy industry, this paper makes a theoretical analysis of the sustainable development of the new energy industry from the three systems of economy, society and ecology. Using the new growth theory and the dissipative structure theory, the restricting effect of the depletion of basic energy on economic development and the influence on the alternation of industrial structure are discussed. The experimental results of this paper show that the building energy consumption intensity will reach 1.43tC/10,000 yuan, 1.25tC/10,000 yuan in the ideal scenario, and 1.1tC/10,000 yuan in the low-carbon scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of clean energy can promote the coordinated development of the economy and the ecological environment. However, few studies have paid attention to the changes in the health status of residents in the process of economic development and energy use. To fill this gap, this paper uses health energy intensity, which refers to the amount of energy consumed per unit of health status (composed of population mortality, maternal mortality, and perinatal mortality), to explore the impact of clean energy (expressed by the share of clean energy consumption in total energy consumption) on economic development and healthy energy intensity. By using the panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2019, this paper constructs a simultaneous equation model for empirical analysis from the perspective of the whole country and areas with different income levels. The results show that from the national perspective, in the early stage of clean energy development, the level of economic development and healthy energy intensity increased; however, with the further development of clean energy, the sample period shows that the level of economic development and the healthy energy intensity decreased. Heterogeneity analysis shows that in both high-income and moderate-income areas, clean energy has a U-shaped effect on economic development; but in low-income areas, clean energy has an inverted U-shaped effect on economic development. In high-income and low-income areas, clean energy has an inverted U-shaped effect on healthy energy intensity; but in moderate-income areas, clean energy has a U-shaped effect on healthy energy intensity. China's clean energy market is still in its early stage, and the research conclusions of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the realization of China's clean energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fossil energy reserves have decreased year by year, and the development and use of renewable energy has attracted great attention of governments all over the world. China continues to promote the high-quality development of renewable energy such as solar power generation. Accurate prediction of the share of solar power in China is beneficial to implementing the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. According to the website of China's National Bureau of statistics, the earliest annual data of China's solar power generation is 2017, which leads to there being very few data on the share of China's solar power generation. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of most prediction methods is low, and the advantages of the grey prediction model are shown. Based on the share of solar power in China from 2017 to 2020, this paper constructs an FGM (1,1) model, calculates r using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and predicts the share of solar power in China in the next few years. r = 0.3858 and MAPE = 0.20% were obtained by calculation of the model. The prediction results show that the share of solar power generation in China will increase year by year, and it will reach about 4.2301% by 2030. In addition, it is found that the share of China's solar power generation in 2021 is 2.1520%, and the predicted value is 2.1906%. It can be seen that the prediction error is small. Finally, the limitations and future research directions are elucidated. The prediction results presented in this paper will help to guide the development of solar power generation in China, and are of great significance in speeding up the pace of energy structural adjustment, accelerating the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, and promoting sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to drive the discourse towards the increasing shift to renewables, especially offshore wind energy generation, in the emerging international energy order. The Indian Ocean Region (IOR), despite its increasing contribution to onshore wind energy generation and impending policies on offshore wind energy, is reluctant to invest in the latter. Hence, this paper highlights four important aspects that challenge IOR's offshore wind energy development: Indian Ocean's strategic location, environment impacts, blue economy and maritime terrorism. In the background of the geopolitical rivalry existing in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), with the increasing presence of China and the USA in the Indian Ocean, this paper aims to study if these geopolitical challenges are hindering offshore wind energy generation in IOR. The key findings of the paper include the necessity of addressing the geopolitical rivalry in IOR as an important hindrance in huge investments needed in OWE farms, so that a regional cooperative mechanism is arrived at especially from the point of view of policies towards OWE generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With resource shortage and environmental pollution becoming more and more serious, the development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) plays an important role. In this paper, the hybrid method of best-worst method (BWM), Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form (MULTIMOORA), and Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) is used to evaluate new energy vehicles (NEVs) and select the best new energy vehicle. BWM method is used to obtain the subjective preference weight, MULTIMOORA method is used to integrate the objective data with the subjective weight to evaluate new energy vehicles, and the final ranking of alternatives is obtained by the EDAS method. The paper collect the data of 22 representative new energy vehicle types in China, the validity and feasibility of the method is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Financial development makes many contributions to promoting economic growth. With the deterioration of the ecological environment, scholars have begun to consider the role of financial development in sustainable economic development. This paper investigates the influence of financial development on China's energy environmental performance (EEP) by utilizing panel data from 2002 to 2017. The findings demonstrate that financial development has a significant impact on regional EEP, and the results remain robust through a series of assessments. The technological innovation level and human capital are the transmission paths through which financial development affects regional EEP. Furthermore, using the difference-in-differences (DID) method, we not only prove the causal relationship between financial development and EEP but also show that the allocation of financial assets can significantly affect energy consumption efficiency. Finally, heterogeneity analysis shows that financial development has varying impacts on energy efficiency in distinct regions across China. The influence of financial development on EEP displays a clear "Matthew Effect". To the best of our knowledge, our findings offer greater insight into the energy-saving and emission-reduction effects of financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are rapidly popping up in the market as a new alternative to fossil fuels, in order to reduce carbon emissions in urban areas. However, the improper placement of charging piles has impeded the development of electric vehicles. In this paper, 12 indicators from 4 categories, namely economy, environment, cost, and service quality are selected to form an index system for evaluating the location of electric vehicle charging piles. The entropy weight-TOPSIS method is also applied for the same purpose. On the basis of the evaluation, this paper proposes a set coverage model and adopts a greedy heuristic algorithm to find out the optimal location of charging piles. Finally, the paper verifies the reasonability and feasibility of this model by studying the existing location of electric vehicle charging piles in northeast China. The evaluation is based on the Liaoning Province Electric Vehicle Big Data Supervision Platform, which has data that are official and scientifically based. The set coverage model proposed, based on the evaluation, is a new solution to finding out the optimal location of electric vehicle charging piles across China. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of this new energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has promoted many new energy projects in order to meet the growing demand for electricity. Therefore, China's offshore wind power installed capacity has grown rapidly. China has a long coastline and abundant offshore wind energy resources. Offshore wind power is an important area for the development of renewable energy, which can promote wind power technology advancement and energy structure adjustment. Therefore, conducting effective research and forecast on the cumulative installed capacity of China's offshore wind power will help the government to rationally deploy and reduce the risk of investment in offshore wind power. In order to accurately predict the future prospects of offshore wind power in China, this paper firstly constructed a set of influencing factors and used gray correlation analysis to screen the main influencing factors. Then, this paper proposed a novel forecasting model named e‐VMD‐PCA‐RELM. The algorithm is based on the traditional RELM (robust extreme learning machine) algorithm, which effectively processes the noise information through the PCA (principal component analysis) algorithm, and extracted the feature elements of the RELM hidden layer to reduce the information redundancy. At the same time, the e‐VMD (variational mode decomposition optimized by entropy) algorithm is used to decompose the original time series to obtain multiple components. By comparing with the other forecasting algorithms, it is proved that the proposed forecasting model has strong generalization ability and has achieved good prediction result. Finally, the e‐VMD‐PCA‐RELM model is used to predict the scale of offshore wind farms in China from 2019 to 2035. We find that the cumulative installed capacity of China's offshore wind power will exceed 60 GW in 2035, and the installed capacity will increase year by year. In 2030, there will be a large increase, with a relative growth rate of 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]