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Abstract: This paper presents further results of the study on fundamental combustion characteristics of gaseous fuels simulated for a biogas produced through a biomass gasification process with a catalyzer. The main work focuses on combustion characteristics of H2–CO blended fuel and the effect of CO2 dilution on it in a spark-ignition engine under the condition of WOT, MBT and a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Equivalence ratio were limited to lower than 0.8 in order to avoid excessive high combustion temperature to damage the engine, and lean conditions were maintained during the experiment to get acceptable economy and emissions. The results show that the BMEP decreases with an increase in dilution rate. The COV of IMEP is lower than 10% under most conditions, while H2 and CO2 have the opposite influence on brake thermal efficiency. CO2 dilution combustion could induce to remarkable decreasing in NO x emission with little decrease in brake thermal efficiency, which benefits for biomass gaseous fuel application. If 500 ppm of NO x emission and 26% of brake thermal efficiency could be viewed as accepted level, the accepted operation range of H2–CO mixture have been obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Diffusion of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to reduce passenger light-duty vehicle fleet CO 2 emissions. However, barriers such as higher vehicle capital cost and lack of electricity and hydrogen infrastructure prevent their deployment. A vehicle stock turnover model was used to assess the impact of mini-sized and zero-emission vehicle diffusion on passenger light-duty vehicle fleet energy and material consumption, CO 2 emissions and cost, focusing on Japan. 2050 passenger light-duty vehicle fleet energy consumption and tank-to-wheel CO 2 emissions in the base scenario are 48.7 and 51.9% lower than the 2012 values. Diffusion of mini-sized and battery electric vehicles provides the largest energy consumption and CO 2 emissions reductions, 64.7, and 87.8% compared with the 2050 baseline values. Incremental cost of zero emission vehicles is reduced through downsizing. The 2050 net cash flow for battery electric vehicles diffusion is reduced from 15.9 to −16.7 billion USD/year if downsizing is applied; while in the case of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle diffusion, downsizing reduces the 2050 net cash flow from −12.5 to −47.8 billion USD/year. Thus, shifting to mini-sized zero emission vehicles provides the quadruple benefit of reducing energy and material consumption, CO 2 emissions and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]