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Green growth is an extension of traditional economic growth. Financial fragility and ICT penetration are important pillars of green growth sustainability. However, very limited studies have explored this association and provided conflicting results. Thus, our study intends to fill this vacuum by exploring the impact of financial fragility and ICT penetration on renewable energy consumption and green growth for the top five polluting economies over the period 1996–2020. In this study, financial fragility is measured by bank costs and bank non-performing loans. Panel ARDL technique is used to find out long-run and short-run results estimates. Financial fragility reduces renewable energy consumption and green growth in the long run. However, internet penetration enhances renewable energy consumption and green growth in the long run. Our findings suggest imperative policy implications for the green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the asymmetric impact of financial institutions and information and communication technologies (ICT) trade on renewable energy demand in BRICS economies by using the cross-sectionally augmented nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. The asymmetric estimates of the financial institutions index confirm that a positive shock increases renewable energy consumption, and a negative shock reduces renewable energy consumption in BRICS economies. Similarly, the long-run asymmetric estimates attached to ICT trade are positively significant, confirming that a positive shock increases renewable energy consumption and a negative shock hurts renewable energy consumption. As far as country-wise estimates are concerned, the long-run asymmetric estimates of financial institutions are significant in Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa. Similarly, the asymmetric estimates attached to ICT trade are significant in Russia, China, India, and South Africa. The results are asymmetric in nature, implying that negative and positive shocks have different effects on renewable energy consumption. Therefore, policymakers should consider both negative and positive shocks in financial institutions and ICT trade while devising policies regarding environmental sustainability and renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the aspects of renewable energy consumption is important because it contains low-carbon emissions, which could significantly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Little research is done on exploring the factors of renewable energy consumption. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of the green environmental policy on renewable energy consumption in the BRICST economies over data ranging from 1991 and 2019 by using panel quantile regression. The fixed-effects and quantile regressions confirm the positive effects of economic growth and non-renewable energy on renewable energy consumption. In contrast, the consumer price index and CO2 hurt the renewable energy consumption in the BRICST economies. The estimate of the environmental policy stringency appears to be negative and insignificant in the fixed-effects model. On the other side, the estimates of the environmental stringency index appear to be positively significant from the 10th–40th quantiles and negatively significant from 50th–90th quantiles. Robust policy implications of our outcomes are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution has intensified significantly in the last few decades. Policymakers have considered this issue due to its direct influence on human lives throughout the globe. This study explores the asymmetric determinants of consumption-based and production-based CO2 emissions for China, for time horizon 1990–2019. ARDL and NARDL regression approaches have been adopted for empirical investigation. The ARDL regression method reveals that GDP does not produce any impact on production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions, while energy use contributes as an increasing determinant of consumption-based and production-based CO2 emissions in the long-run. The NARDL regression method reveals that a positive shock in GDP is beneficial for a decline of consumption-based CO2 emissions, while it does not reduce production-based CO2 emissions in the long-run. However, negative shock in GDP contributes as an increasing determinant of consumption-based CO2 emissions. Results also report that positive shock in energy use behaves as an increasing agent of consumption-based and production-based CO2 emissions in the long-run, while negative shock in energy use produces a decline in production-based CO2 emissions in the long-run. Thus, policymakers should adopt such demand and supply sides' management policies that contribute to controlling CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture and forestry are two primary determinants of the environment, and strong institutions are crucial to moderate the outcomes of these sectors toward a sustainable environment. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of agriculture and forestry on carbon emissions in light of institutional quality. Data at global and five regional levels from 1996 to 2015 were assessed using econometrics tools, namely cross-sectional tests, panel unit root tests, cointegration tests, Driscoll & Kraay, and fully modified ordinary least square regressions and causality analyses. The analysis indicates that agricultural production has a positive effect on CO2 emissions, whereas forestry has a negative impact. The direct and moderating effects of institutional quality on the CO2 emissions are positive. These results emphasize the importance of institutional excellence in the reduction in agricultural and forestry emissions. The study reveals that renewable energy consumption is crucial in improving environmental quality, whereas non-renewable energy consumption is not. Causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and agriculture, forestry, and renewable energy. The study implies that countries should encourage renewable energy and the adoption of environment-friendly practices in agriculture. An increase in forest areas is also important for a clean environment. Nevertheless, the role of institutions for a sustainable environment cannot be underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy is crucial in reducing CO2 emissions. The researchers are digging for a new efficient source of energy in the modern era. Therefore, this study explores the dynamic impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions from 1991 to 2019 for China. By using the non-linear ARDL approach, we found that a negative shock in energy efficiency has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in long run. Furthermore, renewable energy consumption with positive shock has a negative significant impact on CO2 emissions, but negative shock in renewable energy consumption leads to increase pollution emissions in long run. Besides, positive shocks to energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption have also a favorable negative effect on CO2 emissions in the short run. While a negative shock in energy efficiency has only unobservable negative impacts on CO2 emissions in the short run. Based on findings, some policy measures are suggested to attain environmental sustainability in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "An Inclination in Thermal Energy Using Nanoparticles with Casson Liquid Past an Expanding Porous Surface." The authors have identified several phrases in the original publication that were not appropriate and have made corrections to the introduction, mathematical formulation, outcomes and discussion, and conclusions sections. The authors assure that the scientific conclusions of the article are unaffected. The correction was approved by the Academic Editor and the original publication has been updated. [Extracted from the article]

Last few decades, several economic uncertainty challenges have emerged in the energy market. This study newly contributes to existing research by inspecting the asymmetric effect of economic policy uncertainty and financial development on renewable energy consumption in China. We employ a nonlinear ARDL approach by using a time-series dataset spanning from 1990 to 2019. Our symmetric model shows that economic policy uncertainty matters in the short run, as it increases renewable energy consumption while exhibiting a negative impact on renewable energy in long run in China. Our asymmetric results in the short and long run have deviated from the symmetric results. Our asymmetric results of the short and long run are similar in direction but different in magnitude. The results show that positive change in economic policy uncertainty has increased 3.216% and negative change in economic policy uncertainty has decreased 1.461% in renewable energy consumption in long run in China. Financial development does not matter in renewable energy consumption in China. Based on these outcomes, we can draw some robust economic policies in China as well as for other pollutant economies. Policymakers should be made economic policies more predictable in the modern era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture sector has a 21 percent share in global CO2 emission. It is contributing the 40 percent share in the gross domestic product of OBORI (One Belt and One Road Initiative) economies. Therefore, the present work intends to evaluate the role of agriculture and forest on environmental degradation from 1980 to 2017 for OBORI economies. The cross-sectional dependence, and order of integration are checked by cross-sectional dependence and second-generation panel unit roots tests respectively. Afterwards, the Wester-Lund co-integration test infers the existence of co-integration between under-considered variables for OBORI region. The empirical results from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) suggest that agriculture and energy demand cause to upsurge the environmental degradation. While, the forest is improving the environment quality. The authorities may consider the efficient energy utilizing, and eco-friendly techniques to overcome the deteriorating effects of energy usage and agriculture on environment respectively. The heterogeneous panel causality test infers a bidirectional causality between environmental degradation, finance, agriculture, and energy demand respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China launched the One Belt & One Road (OBOR) initiative to minimize the energy resource shortage. The China's nearby countries are rich in energy resources especially Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Asian countries which make them ideal locations to cooperate with China in terms of energy resources, as 42.8% of world energy consumption belongs to OBOR countries. The present study elaborates the spatial distribution pattern of energy consumption disparities and its impact on environment. To do this, an entropy approach is utilized to compute the energy consumption inequalities in OBOR and its regions. The spatial and Pareto analysis show that MENA, East, and Southeast Asian economies have the highest degree of energy consumption inequalities, while European and Central Asian economies show the lowest energy consumption inequalities in OBOR region. The long-run estimates indicate that energy consumption inequalities enhance the CO2 emission in OBOR and its region except South and Southeast Asia. Financial development also has a significantly positive impact on CO2 emission in all models for OBOR and its regions except East Asia. Based on findings, the spatial distribution analysis is applicable to maintain balance in regional energy consumption inequality within OBOR and its regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finance plays a crucial role in a fast-growing economy that can lead to environmental degradation. The present study utilizes balanced panel data of 105 countries for the time span 1980–2016 to investigate empirical linkage among environmental degradations: economy and finance. It also unfolds the nonlinear impact of economy and finance on environmental degradation. Existing literature on environmental issues mainly focuses on individual case studies uncovering particular regions, but the comprehensive analysis is not available. To fill this gap, panels were classified into five divisions: global, regional, income-based, OECD-based, and carbon emission. The cross-sectional dependence test is applied to identify the degree of cross-sectional dependence among concerned 16 divisions. The second-generation panel models (CADF and Westerlund cointegration, DOLS, and DH heterogenous causality) are employed on a sample set to compute to unit root, cointegration, and long-run and short-run dynamics among concerned variables, respectively. The findings infer the inverted EKC and U-shaped EKC in 10 and 3 out of 16 divisions with respect to environmental degradation—economy nexus, respectively, while 8 and 2 out of 16 divisions indicate the inverted EKC and U-shaped EKC, respectively, in terms of environmental degradation—finance nexus. In 12 out of 16 divisions, the energy consumption uplifts the CO2 emissions. The DH causality affirmed a bidirectional causality among economy, finance, and energy consumption, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aspiration of study is to explore the financial development-carbon footprint nexus in One Belt and Road initiative (BRI) region utilizing the panel dataset from 1990–2017. The cross-sectional dependence tests and second-generation panel unit tests were applied to affirm the cross-section dependence and integration level. The panel regression estimators from the Driscoll-Kraay standard error method for robust estimators in the presence of cross-sectional dependence have been applied to compute the estimators concerning the financial development-carbon footprint nexus for One Belt and Road economies. The estimates infer that financial development, urban population, and FDI have an adverse effect on carbon footprint. Furthermore, economic growth and energy consumption pollute the environment by enhancing the carbon footprint. Based on findings, it infers that financial development is a potential instrument to keep the environment through financial reforms. The estimates signify that it is necessary to allocate resources for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy conservation projects in order to moderate environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses to investigate the relationship between globalization and the ecological footprint for Malaysia from 1971 to 2014. The results of the Bayer and Hanck cointegration test and the ARDL bound test show the existence of cointegration among variables. The findings disclose that globalization is not a significant determinant of the ecological footprint; however, it significantly increases the ecological carbon footprint. Energy consumption and economic growth stimulate the ecological footprint and carbon footprint in Malaysia. Population density reduces the ecological footprint and carbon footprint. Further, financial development mitigates the ecological footprint. The causality results disclose the feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and economic growth in the long run and short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse impact of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) over the landscape of environment is generally believed in literature. As CO2 emission acutely leads to GHGs is a major contributor for global warming, it creates a serious pressure on natural resources and ecological settings. Similarly, low-carbon (CO2) economy, plenty of energy resources, and sustainable growth are a big ask for worldwide economies in this era of mechanization. This paper analyzes the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, for Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies, to contend the role of mega projects in BRI as an attribute for ecological detriments. The on-hand study engages fresh data information ranging from 1981 to 2016 holding with heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence as a special deliberation. The calculated outcomes expose that, mean group estimator provides strong evidence and favor the existence of EKC approximately in every region. The long-run influence is measured by pooled mean group estimators, which shows significant outcomes in every region; additionally, the EKC hypothesis affirmed in the long run especially for developed economies. Mega projects, i.e., BRI requisite immense energy sources to accomplishing the enclosed projects efficiently and effectively. The positive association between carbon emission and energy consumption troubled the governments to make policies for restraining the magnitude of carbon emission and controls energy usage for enduring environment to its original position. Next, the valuations depicted the dense recommendations for state administrations in capacity of rigorous level supremacy, trash managing campaigns, renewable energy reliance, and advance for desirable judgments to sterilize the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical aspects of inclined MHD nanofluid toward a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium were visualized, which has numerous applications in industry. Two types of nanoparticles, namely copper and aluminum oxide, were used, with water (limiting case of Casson liquid) as the base fluid. Similarity transformations were used to convert the partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations. Closed solutions were found to examine the velocity and temperature profiles. It was observed that an increment in the magnitude of the Hartmann number, solid volume fraction, and velocity slip parameter brought a reduction in the velocity profile, and the opposite behavior was shown for the permeability parameter in C u –water and A l 2 O 3 –water nanofluids. The temperature field, local skin friction, and local Nusselt number were further examined. Moreover, the study of C u and A l 2 O 3 is useful to boost the efficiency of thermal conductivity and thermal energy in particles. Reduction was captured in the velocity gradient and temperature gradient against changes in the thermal radiation number. The opposite trend was tabulated into motion with respect to the volume fraction number for both cases ( C u –water and A l 2 O 3 –water). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additional energy demand is needed to accomplish the mega-projects of the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). As energy consumption is one of the prime determinants of environmental degradation, the present study investigates the impact of energy inequalities on environmental degradation along with financial development. The entropy approach is applied to quantify the three energy consumption inequalities; average, between, and total energy consumption inequality respectively. The energy consumption inequality of BRI economies follows an uprising temporal trend. The estimates reveal that East Asia and South Asia have the highest and lowest energy consumption inequality among the BRI regions. Within regions, it is found that Central Asia has the lowest, and East Asia has the highest energy inequality among the BRI regions, respectively. Based on bootstrapping, the generalized least square (GLS) is applied to quantify the impact of energy consumption inequalities on environmental degradation along financial development. The energy inequalities have a statistically positive impact on environmental degradation in BRI regions, East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and North African region (MENA), and Southeast Asia respectively. In contrast, South Asian economies are sustaining environmental quality despite the energy consumption inequalities. Financial development also has a significantly major impact on environmental degradation in BRI, and its regions except for Central Asia, and MENA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of studies reveal that tourism industry makes a substantial contribution towards socioeconomic growth and development of tourism led economies. However, tourism steered economic growth and development is achieved at the cost of environmental pollution and degradation. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of tourists’ arrivals on environmental pollution caused by Carbon Dioxide emissions in Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore over the period of 1990–2014. Some other regressors namely energy consumption and income are also used in the multivariate model. The Zivot–Andrews test is employed to determine unit-root and presence of structural break in the data. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares estimator is used as an analytical technique for unknown parameters estimation. The empirical results reveal that tourism has a significant positive effect on environmental pollution in Malaysia. However, an inverse relationship between tourism and environmental pollution is observed in Thailand and Singapore. Empirical findings suggest that sustainable economic growth and development should be ensured by implementing prudent public policy where host governments must strive to promote socially and environmentally responsible tourism industries in their respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper spotlights whether gross domestic product (GDP), energy consumption and urbanization affect Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions covering the time span 1972-2014 in Pakistan. The empirical estimates of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) affirmed that energy consumption and GDP are the main drivers of the pollutant environment in Pakistan, and also quantitatively determine the definite impact percentage of each dynamic force in Pakistan. Specifically, the empirical findings determine that in the long run, energy consumption and GDP intensify CO2 emissions showing significant impact; however, industrialization and urbanization are found to be insignificant. Based on empirical findings, this suggests that the constricting economic gap implementation between urban and rural areas, amendments to the energy erection and mechanical novelty will offer a treasured reference for Pakistan in exertions to diminish carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]