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This book provides detailed advancement of endoscopic procedures of the spine. It covers basic knowledge of endoscopic procedures and dedicated introduction of surgical techniques for treatment of diseases in spine with better surgical outcome and less surgical morbidity. Endoscopic procedures with their advantage in surgical exposure and post-operative rehabilitation have been extensively performed in orthopedic diseases. Cases presentation with well-illustrated endoscopic photos for common clinical conditions was provided. The format is a step-by-step procedure for easy reference, particularly for surgeons in their training.

Due to advances in spinal endoscopy, practitioners are now able to offer efficacious alternatives to open surgery to patients with low back pain, radiculopathy, and related disorders affecting the epidural space. Epiduroscopy enables surgeons to access, diagnose, and treat discogenic pain and spinal pathologies using minimally invasive techniques via direct visualization and focused intervention. Typically performed as a one-day outpatient procedure under local anesthesia, epiduroscopy provides a viable option to many patients suffering from low back pain.Starting with the history of this procedure, the authors guide the reader systematically through relevant clinical indications, radiological anatomy, the pathophysiology of spinal pain, diagnostic modalities, and the use of specialized tools. Subsequent chapters detail specific conditions and approaches, histopathologic/microbiological findings, and patient assessment and outcomes.Key FeaturesClinical pearls gleaned from years of hands-on experience, including preventing and managing complications.Online access to 46 step-by-step surgical videos and animations provides in-depth understanding of techniques.Nearly 600 high quality images, including procedural photos and medical illustrations delineate approaches.The use of epiduroscopy-assisted mechanical adhesiolysis, laser procedures, radiofrequency, analgesic and pharmacological therapy, ozone therapy, spinal cord stimulation, and more.This is an essential resource for trainee and practicing physicians in the fields of neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, pain medicine, and interventional medicine.

Radiologists, orthopedic and neurological surgeons present the different minimally invasive methods. Peripheral nerve problems and problems concerning differential diagnosis in special situations such as between radicular and peripheral nerve trunk lesions are discussed, pinpointing the significance of different diagnostic tools. Minimally invasive techniques, utilized nowadays to minimize bone demolition, scarring and risk of recurrence are analyzed. Microdiscectomy is compared with the results of intradiscal techniques, and new methods are discussed facing problems such as epidural fibrotisation, microinstability, osteoporotic or neoplastic or posttraumatic vertebral lesions.