Search

Background: During aging, the face loses volume with progressive sagging of the soft tissues, while the neck demonstrates skin laxity and muscle banding. The treatment of facial and neck aging usually involves a traditional facelift, which can cause noticeable scarring and distortion of anatomy., Objectives: Modern facelift surgery must avoid such shortcomings and still address aging in all layers of the face. To achieve this goal a novel surgical technique was developed and coined the "ponytail lift" (PTL). When global facial rejuvenation is indicated, this procedure is combined with neck skin excision and referred to as the "ponytail facelift" (PTFL)., Methods: A retrospective analysis of 600 consecutive cases over 22 years (2000-2022) of facial rejuvenation employing the endoscopic techniques of PTL and PTFL was performed. Patients were followed for at least 12 months postoperatively. Demographics, surgical data, and complications were recorded and analyzed. Additionally, technical details of the PTL and PTFL are discussed., Results: There were no instances of postoperative skin flap necrosis, and no permanent nerve injuries were recorded. An additional surgical touch-up procedure to address unsatisfied aesthetic needs was performed in 20 cases., Conclusions: The ponytail procedures offer a stepwise approach matched to the extent of the problem and are intended to refresh or transform the face with minimal incisions. The procedures represent a deep plane facelift without the scar burden, with incisions that are hidden in the temple, postauricular, and posterior scalp. The described techniques are safe and effective while providing reliable and satisfying results., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society.)

Objective: To determine whether Endotine-assisted endoscopic brow lift with concomitant upper lid blepharoplasty provides long-term brow elevation., Methods: Pre- and post-operative photographs from 35 patients who underwent endoscopic brow lift using Endotine Forehead 3 mm implants with concomitant upper lid blepharoplasty were measured to determine changes in brow height with surgery and up to 55 months post-operatively. Photographs of 20 control subjects who did not undergo periorbital surgery and 11 control subjects who underwent upper blepharoplasty without brow lifting were also measured to provide a basis for comparison. Emotrics software was used to perform automated brow height measurements in order to determine elevation and longevity achieved with endoscopic brow lifting in conjunction with upper lid blepharoplasty., Results: There was a statistically significant increase in brow height post-operatively, averaging 1.6 mm ( P  < .0001, 95% confidence interval 0.95-2.18 mm). Fifty-four percent of patients had follow-up beyond 6 months post-operatively and 40% had follow-up beyond 1 year. Elevation remained stable over time with no statistically significant change across all serial post-operative visits. There was no statistically significant difference in brow elevation based on gender or age, or between right and left sides., Conclusion: Endotine-assisted endoscopic brow lift in conjunction with upper lid blepharoplasty provides modest brow elevation and long-term brow fixation as demonstrated by stable post-operative brow height measurements for up to 55 months.

Purpose: Preliminary studies have suggested an improvement in nasal aesthetics after endoscopic forehead lifting. We aimed to assess subjective and objective changes in nasal contour after minimally invasive forehead rejuvenation. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent endoscopic forehead lifting by four surgeons at a single surgery center from 2004 to 2018. All patients had subperiosteal blunt release of soft tissues overlying the radix. Changes in nasal contour were assessed on pre- and postoperative patient photos by four independent judges using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Objective changes in nasal length and length-to-base ratio were measured on patient photographs using ImageJ software. Measurements were further compared by demographic variables of age and gender. Results: In total, 326 patients met inclusion criteria. Summative judging results revealed 79.4% of patients with clinical improvement in nasal contour (11.1% very much improved, 25.6% much improved, and 42.6% improved), 20.1% with no change and 0.6% with worsening. There was a statistically significant increase in average nasal length (2.17 mm, p  < 0.0001) and length-to-base ratio (0.03, p  < 0.0001) postoperatively. Stratification of patients by age and gender did not reveal a significant difference in degree of nasal proportion change. Conclusions: There is a noteworthy subjective and quantitative improvement in nasal contour and length after endoscopic forehead lifting. This change restores ideal facial proportions and may serve as a useful counseling point when offering this surgery to patients.

Background: Achieving excellent results in upper lid rejuvenation requires a balanced approach to address skin, muscle, fat, upper lid margin position, and brow aging changes. In the appropriately selected patient, brow lifting plays an essential complement to upper blepharoplasty to restore more youthful upper lid fold-to-pretarsal ratios. The goal of this study is to describe a safe and reproducible method to perform brow lifting and upper blepharoplasty., Methods: Medial to the temporal line of fusion, in-line with the brow peak, a 2-cm scalp incision is oriented parallel to the course of the deep branch of the supraorbital nerve to minimize the risk of nerve injury. The brow vector of pull is maximal in this location and secured to a monocortical bone channel with 3-0 polydioxanone. Lateral to the temporal line of fusion, an ellipse of scalp tissue is excised to gently elevate the brow tail. Upper blepharoplasty is performed in an individualized fashion to achieve a youthful contour of the upper lid fold., Results: The endoscopically assisted technique is designed to achieve tissue release under direct visualization. The brow-lift maximal vector of pull is centered over the brow peak and, to a lesser extent, at the brow tail to improve lateral upper lid fold height and a smooth contour of the pretarsal space. Muscle shaping sutures improve convexity of the lateral upper lid fold., Conclusion: In the appropriately selected patient, combined brow lift and upper blepharoplasty with muscle contouring are safe and effective techniques that help improve aesthetic upper lid topographic proportions.

Background: Brow-lift techniques have evolved from the most invasive approach, such as a coronal brow lift, to a minimally invasive technique, such as an endoscopic brow lift over the past century. Although an endoscopic brow lift offers the advantage of being minimally invasive, it suffers from a high recurrence rate. The authors present their experience of combining an endoscopic and temporal brow lift approach for long-lasting results, and discuss the surgical indication, techniques, and outcome of an endoscopic temporal brow lift., Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent brow rejuvenation from 2008 to 2018. Demographic, surgical procedure, complication, and outcome data were collected., Results: Of the 159 patients who underwent a brow lift from 2008 to 2018, the mean patient age was 59.1 years, and 96 percent were women. Of the 159 patients, 71 underwent endoscopic temporal brow lift; their average age was 56.6 years, with an average body mass index of 22.9 kg/m, and 99 percent were women. The average brow elevation was 1.8 ± 1.7 mm at the midpupil, 1.9 ± 1.8 mm at the medial canthus, and 1.8 ± 1.7 mm at the lateral canthus. There was no difference in the amount of brow elevation at the three locations (p = 0.48). The complication rate for endoscopic temporal brow lift was 1.4 percent, with a mean postoperative follow-up of 231.7 days; one relapse required a repeated procedure., Conclusions: The authors' study reveals that an endoscopic temporal brow lift can elevate the medial and lateral brow effectively, with a low complication rate of 1.4 percent. This technique is an evolution from the more aggressive coronal brow lift and combines the strength of endoscopic and temporal techniques with less invasive incisions. The authors recommend this technique for patients with mild to moderate brow ptosis., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, IV.

Importance: To our knowledge, until now, the efficacy and durability of the transtemporal endoscopic preperiosteal midface lift has not been reported in the literature., Objective: To determine the efficacy and longevity of the endoscopic preperiosteal midface lift using objective measurements and validated aesthetic scales., Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective review included patients 18 years or older who were treated for aging midface by endoscopic midface lift by the senior author (A.E.W.) between June 2000 and August 2016. Patients were categorized based on length of follow-up into 3 groups: (1) short-term (1-3 years), (2) intermediate-term (3-5 years), and (3) long-term (>5 years)., Interventions or Exposures: Endoscopic preperiosteal midface lift., Main Outcomes and Measures: (1) Objective measurements of midfacial height (the width of the interzygomatic distance of the midface to the medial canthus [WIZDOM-MC]), (2) validated regional aesthetic scales, and (3) global aesthetic scoring systems measured preoperatively, 3 to 6 months postoperatively, and at the most recent follow-up visit., Results: Adult patients 18 years or older (median [range] age, 59 [31-79] years) who were treated for aging midface by undergoing an endoscopic midface lift were included in this study. The medical records of 143 patients were reviewed (135 women and 8 men). The endoscopic midface lift resulted in objective improvement in midfacial height. The median WIZDOM-MC decreased by 3.4 mm after the endoscopic midface lift (interquartile range [IQR], 2.3-4.4 mm; P < .001), thus shortening the elongated lower eyelid. At 5 to 15 years after surgery, there was a sustained decrease in median WIZDOM-MC of 2.1 mm (IQR, 0.8-3.1 mm; P < .001). Improvement in the infraorbital hollow was also sustained in patients at more than 5 years' follow-up (IQR, 0-1.0; P < .001). Improvements in upper cheek fullness and lower cheek fullness were maintained at 3 to 5 years and tended to be at baseline at more than 5 years. Global aesthetic improvement scores remained significantly improved at 5 to 15 years' follow-up., Conclusions and Relevance: There is a significant, objective improvement in midfacial height after the endoscopic midface lift that persists for up to 15 years. Validated midfacial scales and global aesthetic scoring systems demonstrate sustained improvement in midface appearance over time. Surgery that minimally disrupts the zygomatic and orbicularis retaining ligaments can provide long-lasting aesthetic improvements., Level of Evidence: 4.

Importance: Glabellar wrinkling is a critical component of upper facial aging., Objective: To compare the long-term outcomes on the wrinkle lines of the glabella and forehead following browlifts with vs without corrugator and procerus muscle resection., Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective cohort comparative trial was conducted of 23 patients who underwent browlift procedures by a single surgeon at a single institution (16 with glabellar muscle resection and 7 without muscle resection) between May 1, 2016, and July 1, 2017. All analysis took place between May 1, 2016, and May 14, 2018. The mean follow-up period was 16 months (range, 12-21 months). Sixteen of the 23 patients underwent a browlift with muscle resection procedure alone or in combination with other facial rejuvenation procedures to the brow, midface, jowl, and neck. Four of the 23 patients underwent browlifts only, and 19 had browlifts with other procedures. Seven of the 23 patients had browlift procedures without muscle resection and were designated as controls., Interventions: Endoscopic browlift surgery was performed either with procerus and corrugator muscle resection or without muscle resection., Main Outcomes and Measures: Neutral gaze and dynamic photographs of the upper face obtained preoperatively and after the 1-year postoperative mark were reviewed and scored in a blinded fashion by 2 physicians not affiliated with the study team using a modified Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Assessment score (FWA; from 0 [no wrinkling] to 5 [deep wrinkling with redundant skin])., Results: The 23 study patients had a mean age of 60 years (range, 48-74 years); 21 were women, and 2 were men. There was a significant difference between the myectomy and control groups in the 12-month postoperative improvement in dynamic glabellar FWA scores (2.56 vs 1.07, P = .01). There was a difference between the myectomy and control groups in the improvements in resting glabellar FWA scores at 12-month follow-up, but it did not reach statistical significance (1.28 vs 1.00, P = .38). The 12-month postoperative improvements in dynamic (1.19 vs 1.29, P = .86) and resting forehead (1.0 vs 1.1, P = .70) FWA scores were not significantly different., Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, the use of procerus and corrugator myectomy techniques appeared to achieve a superior long-term reduction in glabellar wrinkles vs forehead rejuvenation techniques without muscle resection., Level of Evidence: 3.

The endoscopic brow lift has become an established procedure that can safely and reliably rejuvenate the upper third of the face. The authors discuss relevant anatomy and considerations for patient selection to optimize surgical outcomes. A detailed review of surgical technique is presented, and the potential complications and means to reduce them are discussed., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

For many years, the face-lift has not been the only intervention for facial rejuvenation. It is necessary today to specify the type of face-lift, cervico-facial lifting, frontal lifting or facelift. We will consider in this article the frontal lift and centro-facial lift and its possible execution assisted by endoscopy with therefore minimal scars, hidden in the scalp. We will consider successively its technique, its indications and its results highlighting a very long hold over time., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

One of the first signs of aging belongs to the upper third of the face. At the same time, the height and shape of the eyebrows are key points of the periorbital aesthetics. A "tired" or "sad" look implies that the complex eyebrow-upper eyelid are showing one or more of these signs. Different surgical techniques as well as nonsurgical have been described to treat this area, every one of them aiming at making the patient look rested and natural. The objective of this study is to describe a technique for endoscopic browlifting, consisting of minimal incisions, a biplanar dissection, and a different fixation technique designed for helping reshape the brow. Twenty-five patients who fulfilled the criteria for the study were analyzed for brow-position changes in height and shape. All the patients were treated by the senior authors using the technique described. This particular surgical technique has shown the advantage of being minimally invasive and effective. Careful analysis of the patient should be made to decide both the technique and the changes desired by the patient and the surgeon. The authors believe the technique described is another option for approaching and fixating the eyebrow., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

Unlabelled: The upper third of the face, composed of the forehead and the brow, is a critical aesthetic subunit. Brow ptosis is a common presenting complaint for patients seeking elective improvement of their facial appearance. Browlift surgery has a long history of technique evolution, with various reported methods and refinements. Since the introduction of the endoscopic brow lifting in the 1990s, it has become widely accepted as an approach to forehead rejuvenation. Endoscopy provides minimal incisions in well hidden areas, avoiding long, visible scars. A great number of patients who seek forehead rejuvenation already have a receding hairline. The patient with a receding hairline has been viewed as an unfavorable candidate for the endoscopic browlift approach. This report describes the case of a 67-year-old man with a receding hairline that was referred for brow ptosis and upper eyelid dermatochalasis. An upper eyelid blepharoplasty and an endoscopic browlift were performed. Incisions were placed in the temporal region bilaterally, as well as a single central incision placed in the anterior hairline. Two small horizontal incisions were placed in forehead crease lines for placement of the anchoring pins. This technique allowed for ease of dissection and resulted in inconspicuous scars. There was no elevation of the hairline; the brow was examined to be at a normal position at the level of the supraorbital rim at 12 months postoperative. The patient was highly satisfied with the operative outcome., Level of Evidence: V.

Background: A new approach to modifying facelift incision was recently developed for robotic thyroid surgery that seemed to be advantageous over other existing approaches. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility and safety of the facelift approach not only for robotic thyroid surgery, but also for endoscope-assisted thyroid surgery., Methods: Endoscope-assisted facelift thyroid lobectomy was performed for 11 patients with papillary microcarcinoma., Results: All 11 operations were successfully performed endoscopically. This approach through a modified facelift incision provided safe dissection of the laryngeal nerves and exposed an adequate working space. We identified and preserved all neighboring critical structures (parathyroid gland and superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves) during surgery. The operative duration for simple thyroid lobectomy with central lymph node dissection in 11 patients was 120-180 min (average duration: 140 min). Sensory change around the earlobe occurred in three patients and was recovered within 2 months after surgery in all patients. No patient displayed laryngeal nerve palsy or a low-pitched voice., Conclusions: The facelift approach seems to provide a shorter and more direct route to the thyroid, requiring minimal dissection, and an adequate workspace not only for robotic surgery but also for endoscopic surgery. It is worthwhile to develop and refine the surgical techniques of endoscopic facelift thyroid surgery.

Conclusions: This is the first report of mandibular reconstruction using the retroauricular (RA) or the modified face-lift (MFL) approach in head and neck cancer. This approach may have advantages over the conventional approach, especially in its superior aesthetic results., Objective: The fibular osseous or osteocutaneous free flap is a widely accepted option for the reconstruction of mandibular defects. Recently, we devised an RA or an MFL approach for neck dissection (ND) using an endoscopic or robotic surgical system. Here, we performed the reconstruction of a segmental mandibular defect with a fibular free flap using the RA or the MFL approach., Methods: A total of five patients underwent mandibular reconstruction with the RA or MFL approach for mandibular discontinuity, which developed after the surgical extirpation of head and neck cancer. We performed ND, segmental mandibulectomy, and the reconstruction of the mandibular defect via RA or MFL incisions., Results: An osseous free flap was used for the reconstruction in two patients and the osteocutaneous free flap was used in three patients. The mean operation times for mandibulectomy and ND were 82 (range 45-120) min and 156 (range 140-180) min, respectively. No significant complications were noted. All flaps survived successfully.

Recent insights into the pathogenesis of migraine headache substantiate a neuronal hyperexcitability and inflammation involving compressed peripheral craniofacial nerves, and these trigger points can be eliminated by surgery. The aim of this study was to describe a modified, innovative, minimally invasive endoscopic technique to perform selective myotomies of corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii, and procerus muscles, which turned out to be an effective therapy for migraine and tension-type headaches. Forty-three patients (18-75 years) who experienced 15 or more frontal migraine headaches without aura, tension-type headaches, or new daily persistent headaches each month were enrolled in the study between 2011 and 2013. Of 43 patients, 15 were followed for 2 years. Fourteen patients (93.3%) reported a positive response to the surgery: 5 (33.3%) observed complete elimination, 9 (60%) experienced significant improvement (at least 50% reduction in intensity or frequency), and 1 patient (6.6%) did not notice any change in their headaches. A statistically significant difference was found between our protocol compared with currently performed, more invasive technique (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.151-3.13). According to our data, the modified endoscopic procedure leads to better results, compared to previous techniques, together with eliminating the need for general anesthesia, reducing the invasiveness of the procedure and the number of postoperative scars.

Early facial rejuvenation focused largely on the upper and lower thirds of the face. More recently, improvements in understanding of midfacial aging and anatomy have paralleled the development of endoscopic and minimally invasive surgical techniques. The midface is now understood to include both the lower lid subunit and the cheek down to the nasolabial fold. Many surgical techniques for midface rejuvenation have been used, including skin tightening with direct excision, skin-muscle flaps, isolated fat pad transposition, and subperiosteal lifting. The methods of endoscopic subperiosteal midface lifting and endoscopic malar fat pad lifting are discussed., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The brow and forehead are essential elements of the facial aesthetic architecture. Although frequently overlooked in youth, signs of facial aging are often most noticeable in the upper third of the face. Ptosis and loss of contour in the brows, along with temporal volume loss, sagging of periorbital tissue, and rhytides in the forehead, are common presenting complaints for aesthetic surgery. Although use of nonsurgical procedures (e.g., neuromodulators) has become very common practice, knowledge of surgical anatomy and interventions for brow and forehead rejuvenation are critical for a plastic surgeon. The earliest descriptions of brow-lift procedures are nearly a century old. Techniques have evolved significantly, to the point that patients may now return to work within 1 week of surgery, with minimal or no stigmata from an operation., Methods: The literature and a series of cases from the senior surgeon (P.K.S.) were reviewed., Results: A minimally invasive approach with an endoscope for dissection and repositioning of the brow was used in all patients. The authors have found that permanent suture fixation with cortical tunnels can produce an excellent, long-lasting aesthetic result for not only the forehead and brow but also the lateral periorbital and temporal regions., Conclusions: Although each operation is tailored to the patient's individual anatomy, the authors' approach to the endoscopic procedure is described in this article, along with a review of anatomical and surgical considerations. Finally, several patients provide demonstrative results from the senior surgeon's series of 546 patients.

Over the past two decades the use of endoscopes for facial rejuvenation gained wide popularity due to its reliable and reproducible results and limitation of the morbidity related to the open approaches. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy is of paramount importance to safely release all the fascial attachments while avoiding injuries to the facial nerve. The authors find the endoscopic forehead midface lift to be a reliable and safe procedure for facial rejuvenation., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

Comparative estimation of results for endoscopic lifting of the face upper part in dynamics of early and late postoperative period was adduced. In accordance to results of analysis, concerning the eyebrows height in a control terms, there was established, that through one year postoperatively the eyebrows have a tendency towards ptosis due to activity of the eyes circular muscles. Deterioration of the result achieved post-operatively is less prominent in patients after preliminary chemical denervation of mimic muscles. Chemical denervation of the eyes circular muscles, using injections of botulinic toxine type A before 2 weeks preoperatively secures a stable fixation of tissues in early postoperative period, what permits to escape loss of the result achieved, secures the results improvement in late postoperative period in 3.7 times.

Background: Plastic surgeons have long recognized the importance of performing chin augmentation concurrent with a rhinoplasty to achieve facial balance. However, few surgeons consider the benefits of combining a rhinoplasty with brow modification to achieve a better aesthetic result. By increasing the size of the middle third of the face, the nose will automatically appear smaller., Objective: The authors describe anatomical dissections that provided perspective on the facial anatomy of the areas being studied and report the results of concurrent browlift and rhinoplasty procedures in a retrospective series of patients., Methods: The present study consisted of 2 parts: anatomical dissections and a retrospective chart review. The nose and central forehead area were dissected in 7 fresh cadavers at the time of autopsy to understand the anatomical relationship between the various muscles in the radix/glabellar region and to assess the muscle resection occurring in the clinical procedures. We also reviewed the charts of 24 patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and brow modification with the senior author (R.K.D.) during a 2-year period (July 2010 to June 2012). Younger patients underwent a central browlift (CBL) with screw fixation, while older patients (ages 34-60 years) underwent full 5-incision endoscopic forehead lifting., Results: The age range for patients in this series was 14 to 60 years. Two patients were men and 22 were women. There were 12 primary and 12 secondary procedures in the series; 13 patients underwent CBL and 11 had EFL. The mean follow-up was 18 months. One patient had a persistent fluid accumulation in the glabellar region, which required drainage. One patient requested additional refinement of her nasal tip., Conclusion: Modification of the central brow can dramatically change the aesthetic polygons of the nose/glabellar region. A CBL with radix/glabellar muscle excision is important in younger patients who need a well-defined nasion and older secondary patients who feel that the upper third of their nose is still heavy. A full EBL can enhance the facial appearance of older patients in whom a rhinoplasty alone would have a modest impact.

Importance: The value of this study is to evaluate outcomes of endoscopic forehead-midface-lift surgery. Many surgeons are reluctant to offer this procedure for fear of change in the shape and appearance of the eyelid., Objective: To objectively evaluate the change in lateral canthal position following endoscopic forehead-midface-lift surgery., Design: A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic forehead-midface-lift and lower blepharoplasty procedures for cosmetic midface rejuvenation., Setting: A private facial plastic surgery practice., Participants: Photometric data were obtained from before-and-after surgery images from 40 patients., Main Outcomes and Measures: All photographs were analyzed to determine the horizontal width, vertical height, palpebral fissure width, or angle between the medial and lateral canthi. The right and left eyes were evaluated independently, with the results analyzed using a 2-tailed paired t test with a confidence interval of 0.05 or less (required for statistical significance)., Results: The results indicated no statistically significant change in the horizontal width (right, P = .25; left P = .07), vertical height (right, P = .99; left, P = .72), palpebral fissure width (right, P = .28; left, P = .48), and angle of the lateral canthus (right, P = .99; left, P = .30) before and after surgery., Conclusions and Relevance: The endoscopic forehead-midface-lift is a reliable method of addressing midface descent. This study objectively identified no significant differences in the position of the lateral canthus before and after surgery., Level of Evidence: 4.

Background: The longevity of a brow lift, its morphology, and its contribution to overall facial aesthetics have not been addressed in previous studies using both objective measurements and validated subjective aesthetic scoring systems., Methods: Thirty-one patients with a 5.4-year follow-up after subperiosteal endoscopic brow lift were assessed by (1) objective measurements using computer software, (2) validated regional aesthetic scoring systems, and (3) global aesthetic scoring systems., Results: In part 1, objective measurements confirm a subtle elevation of the brows at less than 5 mm (p<0.001) that persisted at 5.4 years after surgery in all areas except the tail of the eyebrow. In part 2, subjective regional aesthetic scoring indicated that the dimensional change is small but apparent to observers, and is maintained at 5.4 years; that depressor muscle resection with a brow lift provides a statistically significant reduction in glabellar lines, which is maintained at 5.4 years; and that a brow lift provides temporary improvement in forehead lines but that this improvement relapses to baseline at 5.4 years. In part 3, global aesthetic scores suggest that 64 percent patients are still judged as appearing better 5.4 years after a brow lift than before surgery., Conclusions: This is the first study to provide evidence from both objective measurements and validated subjective aesthetic scoring systems regarding the morphology, benefits, and longevity of endoscopic brow-lift surgery. This demonstrates that a brow lift produces a subtle elevation, with a natural eyebrow morphology close to the original, and with minimal long-term relapse except at the tail of the eyebrow., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, IV.

Endoscopic lifting of the upper part of face carry out in 28 patients Chemical or surgical denervation had been done for decreasing of mimic muscles activity. Medical glue with folic acid had been used for tissues fixation. Use of medical glue in conjunction with preliminary chemical denervation of mimic muscles with botulin toxin application decreases surgery duration, prevents complications and increases satisfaction of patients.

Importance: To improve preoperative counseling for patients considering endoscopic brow-lift (EBL)., Objectives: To understand patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction, and recovery after EBL surgery to improve preoperative counseling., Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective telephone survey of 57 patients who had EBL or EBL with concurrent rhytidectomy to assess cosmetic and functional outcomes using 47 questions., Main Outcome and Measure: Questions evaluated outcomes, satisfaction, and recovery., Results: Fifty-three patients (93%) reported the procedure was successful, and 55 patients (96%) would recommend undergoing this procedure. Forty-two (74%) were incidentally told they looked younger; 37 patients (65%) were told they looked less tired. Forty-two patients (74%) reported increased confidence. Fifty-one patients (89%) required analgesics for less than 1 week, 44 patients (77%) reported scars as unnoticeable, 54 patients (95%) reported postoperative edema lasting less than 2 weeks, 16 patients (28%) reported alopecia at an incision site, and 36 patients (63%) had some numbness. In the 16 patients who reported headaches before surgery, 8 patients (50%) reported an improvement in either frequency or intensity. Patients who underwent rhytidectomy were significantly more likely to take 2 weeks or longer to return to normal activities. No differences were noted between rhytidectomy with EBL compared with EBL alone in analgesic use, edema, numbness, alopecia, and satisfaction., Conclusions and Relevance: Endoscopic brow-lift is well tolerated and most patients are happy with the outcome. Relying on patient-reported information helps us to better understand the surgical experience and to improve preoperative counseling., Level of Evidence: 4.

This article describes the use of the endoscopic brow-lifting technique in addressing periorbital aging. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantage of the endoscopic versus traditional techniques of brow lifting and gives our treatment algorithm depending on patient needs., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is ongoing debate over which surgical technique is the safest for brow elevation., Objectives: The authors outline complication rates for a variety of open and endoscopic browlift techniques based on the results of a literature review., Methods: The following databases were searched to capture relevant studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane Libraries, controlled-trials.com, and clinicaltrials.gov. Eighty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Assuming between-study heterogeneity due to the limitations and biases inherent to case series, a random-effects model was used to calculate weighted proportions. Pooled weighted proportions with 95% confidence intervals were determined., Results: All open and endoscopic procedures are associated with a variety of complications. Unacceptable scarring and paresthesia are the most common complications among all surgical browlifts. For anterior hairline incision with subcutaneous dissection, alopecia occurred in 8.5% of patients, paresthesia in 5.4%, unacceptable scarring in 2.1%, and skin necrosis in 1.8%. For coronal incision with subgaleal dissection, unacceptable scarring occurred in 3.6% of patients, hematoma in 0.5%, and infection in 0.2%. Endoscopic techniques with subperiosteal dissection had the highest complication rates: 6.2% for paresthesia, 3.6% for asymmetry, 3.0% for alopecia, and 2.7% for lagophthalmos., Conclusions: Although complication rates vary with respect to incision site and plane of dissection, endoscopic techniques are associated with a larger variety of complications than open approaches. The findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations inherent to a case series. A well-designed comparative study is needed to evaluate the "true" rate of complications among the various browlift techniques.

The authors discuss how, in performing an endoscopic brow lift, meticulous surgical technique, adherence to anatomic dissection planes, and direct visualization used at key points in the procedure enable a safer, more-complete dissection and a better outcome. Anatomy as it relates to the procedure is discussed. Patient evaluation and patient expectations are reviewed with a discussion of the points to present to patients about outcomes of this surgery. Detailed steps of the endoscopic brow-lift technique are presented. Complications are discussed and the authors conclude with a summarization of what the ideal brow-lift procedure would accomplish., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Numerous options in brow lifting exist that can be broadly categorized as open and minimally invasive or endoscopic. Proper patient evaluation, procedural goals, and surgeon preference all play into procedure choice. There are common desirable traits of the esthetic brow. One must take into account gender differences when considering alteration of the brow. Multiple options exist for brow fixation. One must take into account 3 factors during brow lift: release of the brow, brow fixation after advancement, and depressor muscle release. A brow lift will affect the amount of excess upper lid skin and pretarsal lid show., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The investigation deals with analysis of the application efficacy of the polyurethane polymeric adhesive composition with the folinic acid adding for fixation of the transposed tissues while the endoscopic lifting operation performing of the face upper part. Endoscopic lifting was performed for correction of the upper face ageing changes. The results of the investigation performed witness possibility and expediency of application of adhesive compositions for the tissues fixation while performing operation of endoscopic lifting of the face upper part.

The concept of the ideal female eyebrow has changed over time. Modern studies examining youthful brow aesthetics are reviewed. An analysis of ideal female brow characteristics as depicted in the Western print media between 1945 and 2011 was performed. This analysis provided objective evidence that the ideal youthful brow peak has migrated laterally over time to lie at the lateral canthus. There has been a nonstatistically significant trend toward lower and flatter brows. These findings are discussed in relation to current concepts of female brow aging, with repercussions regarding endoscopic brow lift and aesthetic forehead surgery., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although a multitude of proposed forehead rejuvenation procedures have been described, long-term and systematic morphometric evaluation is rare. There are no studies comparing endoscopic forehead lifts and transpalpebral browpexy techniques according to their efficacy in raising and reshaping the brow., Methods: In a retrospective study, standardized photographic documentations of patients undergoing an endoscopic forehead lift or a transpalpebral browpexy were morphometrically analyzed. Five measurements were taken to evaluate brow height, and two measurements were taken to describe the change in brow shape., Results: Fifty-six and 29 patients, respectively, in the two groups were analyzed up to 5 years postoperatively. Morphometric evaluation proved a significant elevation of the total brow and an improvement in brow shape for the endoforehead group, whereas the brow position after the transpalpebral browpexy significantly descends, despite an improvement in subjective aesthetic outcome. An additional blepharoplasty after the endoscopic forehead lift does not lower the brow significantly., Conclusions: The efficacy of the endoforehead lift is supported by extensive, systematic, and long-term data, and its superiority over transpalpebral approaches has been proven. The descent of the brow after transpalpebral browpexy is most likely caused by a decrease of frontalis hyperactivity after the simultaneously performed blepharoplasty. Further studies need to evaluate its effect compared with blepharoplasty alone., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, III.

Background: Numerous techniques have been used to rejuvenate the aging midface. The Endotine midface technique involves an endoscopic temporal approach, including midface dissection and malar suspension with fixation. The Endotine device (Microaire, Charlottesville, Virginia) eliminates the intraoral incision and use of sutures, enabling multipoint fixation and fast, simple adjustability for optimal control of midface elevation and volume., Objectives: The authors describe their preferred technique for the endoscopic midface lift and summarize their 13 years of experience., Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 183 patients who underwent endoscopic midface surgery. Patients treated from 1998 to 2003 received direct needle fixation (n = 95). Those treated later underwent fixation with the Endotine device (n = 88)., Results: Most (90%) of the patient population was female, and the average age at the time of surgery was 46 years (range, 39-54 years). Needle fixation was used in 95 patients and Endotine fixation in 88. The average follow-up period was 7 years. The authors have observed many improvements in outcomes since the introduction of the Endotine device into their practice. These include reduced swelling and bruising, more symmetric elevation of the malar fat pad, mild improvement of tear trough deformity, softening of the nasolabial folds, and, in some cases, decreased "jowling." The asymmetry often associated with direct needle fixation has decreased, and no skin dimpling has occurred. Through their experience, the authors' preferred technique has become the temporal-only approach with Endotine fixation., Conclusions: The Endotine midface suspension device enhances soft-tissue fixation, provides simple adjustability for optimal elevation and projection, and maintains mechanical fixation until biologic fixation becomes adequate. The 5 tines provide multiple points of contact for secure soft-tissue fixation. Elevation forces are evenly distributed over a wide area, which eliminates skin irregularities. Insertion and deployment are accomplished easily through temporal incision.

Objective: To conduct objective quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the long-term result in endoscopic forehead-lift., Methods: Medical charts of 143 patients who underwent endoscopic forehead-lift between 1994 and 2007 were reviewed for postoperative complications and the duration of complaints. Patients received a questionnaire to evaluate satisfaction and social restriction after surgery. Objective photographic preoperative and postoperative eyebrow-to-eye distances in a relaxed position and during muscle contractions were obtained., Results: A total of 98 patients (69% response; mean follow-up, 38 months) showed high satisfaction (score, 7.1 of 10). In a relaxed position, mean midpupil-to-eyebrow elevation was 5.6 mm after surgery, with significant eyebrow symmetry between the left and right eyes (P < .05), and showed significant influence of time (P = .005) on persisting eyebrow elevation, with a decrease of almost 1 mm per year. Measurements during muscle contraction showed no relevant differences., Conclusion: Endoscopic forehead-lift enables long-lasting results with highly satisfied patients.

Purpose: The presence of male pattern baldness poses a significant challenge when attempting to optimize treatment of the upper third of the face. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate and discuss results of the endoscopic forehead lift in patients with male pattern baldness., Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective case series done in an academic medical center. Eleven patients with male pattern baldness (Norwood class IV-VII) underwent endoscopic forehead lift for forehead creases and brow ptosis., Results: All patients achieved smoothing of the forehead and elevation of the brow with no scalp anesthesia at 1 month postoperatively. All patients were pleased with the healing of their incisions in midline, paramedian, and temporal regions. Alloplastic fixation devices used were visible postoperatively in 2 patients initially., Conclusions: The endoscopic forehead lift is a suitable approach for treating the upper third of the face in the presence of male pattern baldness. The use of alloplastic fixation devices may be used in this patient population, but other fixation methods should be considered., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Techniques for endoscopic browlift include bony fixation over the lateral frontal region and soft tissue fixation over the temporal region. Although bony fixation over the lateral frontal region is advocated universally, limited information exists about bicortical thickness in this area., Objectives: The authors provide bicortical thickness measurements between the frontal midline and the most inferior temporal region to assist surgeons in identifying appropriate fixation planes., Methods: Bicortical thickness was measured in the hemicraniums of 13 female cadavers, along the coronal planes that travel through the anterior border of the mandibular condyles and at the junction of the posterior mandibular condyles and the external auditory meatuses. Measurements began at the midline and coursed laterally at 1-cm intervals., Results: Average cranial thickness along the frontal region ranged from 8.9 ± 2.4 mm to 6.4 ± 2.8 mm over the anterior coronal line and 8.8 ± 2.2 mm to 5.6 ± 1.8 mm over the posterior line. Average thickness along the temporal region ranged from 5.6 ± 2.8 mm to 2.8 mm ± 1.4 mm over the anterior coronal line and 5.1 ± 1.8 mm to 3.4 ± 1.4 mm over the posterior line. Minimum thickness was 3.7 mm and 1.3 mm over the frontal and temporal regions, respectively. There was no significant difference between left and right hemicranial thickness., Conclusions: To avoid violation of the inner cortex during surgery, endoscopic browlift procedures should include measurement of cortical thickness at various fixation points. Bony fixation over the temporal region should be avoided. Minimal bicortical thickness was observed in the lateral frontal region.

Background: Corrugator resection is an integral part of periorbital rejuvenation and can be accomplished through the open coronal, endoscopic, or transpalpebral technique. While most authors concur about the importance of corrugator resection during brow lift surgery, considerable debate remains regarding the efficacy and technical ease of muscle resection with these approaches., Objectives: The authors conducted a cadaver study to compare the completeness of resection of the corrugator muscle with the transpalpebral and endoscopic techniques., Methods: A split-face study was performed in 10 fresh cadavers. On one side, the corrugator muscle was resected through an endoscopic approach, and on the opposite side of the face, a transpalpebral resection was performed. After the completion of both procedures, a coronal incision was made; gross observations were noted; photographs were taken; and muscle weights were recorded., Results: In 19 of 20 cadaver halves, subtotal or total resection of the corrugator muscle was accomplished. In only one endoscopic instance was any muscle left in continuity. This occurred along the superior aspect of the arcus marginalis release when the corrugator muscle was hidden by the upper edge of the cut periosteum., Conclusions: Unlike the previous reports, the authors found that transpalpebral and endoscopic techniques both allow subtotal or total resection of the corrugator muscle. Inadequate resection is technique dependent rather than procedure dependent.

Background: Currently, there are many well-described surgical approaches to address brow aesthetics (i.e., open versus endoscopic versus combination techniques). Each technique has associated benefits and limitations. The authors' discussion in this article is intended to review current worldwide surgical approaches to brow aesthetics and to explore the following question: Are open brow lifts still pertinent in the modern era of cosmetic surgery?, Methods: A systematic review of current available literature for the dates 1992 until the present was performed using the MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAWL databases. Inclusion criteria required that individual studies contain original content; provide patient outcome data, including complications; and maintain a sufficient sample size of no fewer than 20 patients., Results: One hundred eighty-nine articles were reviewed from the initial keyword searches of four major databases and plastic surgery journals. Fifteen articles were included in the analysis after careful review established that the necessary criteria were met. From direct analysis of these articles, no clear evidence exists to indicate that open methods of brow surgery are inferior to endoscopic approaches., Conclusions: Brow-lift surgery has clearly evolved since the inception of endoscopic techniques in the early 1990s. However, currently there are no prospective randomized trials in the literature that compare the surgical outcomes of differing approaches. This thorough review of current worldwide English-language literature highlights the relative paucity of good comparative studies and serves as a reminder that there is still an important role for the open approach to brow aesthetic dilemmas., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, IV.

Objectives: A series of remote access thyroidectomy techniques, some using a surgical robot, have been introduced in the last decade. Most of these approaches require awkward positioning, use unfamiliar dissection planes, and have been associated with a number of significant complications. As a result, acceptance has been limited. We describe technical details and patient selection criteria of a recently described robotic facelift thyroidectomy (RFT) approach that avoids these pitfalls., Design: Analysis of preclinical and clinical studies., Methods: Inanimate and cadaver dissection studies and clinical implementation were pursued. A 3-arm RFT technique with a 30-degree offset base location proved optimal. Supine positioning with arms tucked and the patient in slight Trendelenburg position facilitated the dissection of the optical pocket. Demographic and surgical data that have been obtained and considered include patient age, sex, body mass index, pathology, and complications., Results: A series of consecutive RFT procedures has been accomplished in a limited population of patients. All cases were completed robotically with no conversions to open surgery necessary. All but the first case was accomplished on a drainless, outpatient basis., Conclusions: A RFT technique that is gasless and uses a single access port in the postauricular crease and occipital hairline location is feasible, technically less challenging than other remote access methods, and safe. Further study in an expanded patient population and in additional high-volume thyroid centers is warranted. See the videos, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLE/A36andSupplementalDigitalContent2, http://links.lww.com/SLE/A37.

This study evaluated the benefits of a new approach, endoscopic resection of a submandibular gland through the face-lift approach. The study comprised the clinical trial of new procedure. Six submandibular sialadenectomies were carried out (4 women, 2 men; mean age 28 years) via the face-lift approach by endoscopy. All six submandibular gland resections were successfully performed endoscopically, and no conversion to conventional open resection was necessary. Five patients had a mixed tumor and one patient had sialadenitis. The procedures lasted 55-115 min (mean 74 min). No complications associated with the operation occurred, and the scar was almost invisible. Endoscope assisted submandibular sialadenectomy via the face-lift approach was safe and effective treatment of benign lesions. The main advantage of this procedure is that the operative scar is concealed by the hairline.

Objective: To compare postoperative forehead and scalp sensation for the "open" brow-lift (OBL) (coronal and trichophytic) with that of the endoscopic brow-lift (EBL)., Methods: A controlled outcome evaluation study was designed to objectively (mechanoceptive and thermoceptive) and subjectively (visual analog scale) test forehead and scalp sensation in a group of patients having undergone or scheduled to undergo either OBL or EBL in a single, private facial plastic surgery clinic. Prospectively enrolled participants were tested at defined intervals (A, preoperation; B,1-2 weeks after; C, 4-6 weeks after; D, 12-14 weeks after; and E, 24-26 weeks after). To provide extended follow-up data (≥6 months), patients returning for scheduled follow-up examination who had already undergone either OBL or EBL were subjected to the same test battery. For statistical analysis of the extended follow-up data, the participants were divided into 2 groups (F, 6-18 months; and G, >18 months). The null hypothesis was that there would be no measurable difference between the OBL and the EBL groups related to postoperative forehead and scalp sensation., Results: Twenty-one individuals (EBL, n = 11; OBL, n = 10) were enrolled prospectively. All showed normal objective and subjective values preoperatively. While both groups objectively and subjectively demonstrated decreased sensation over follow-up, the OBL group showed statistically significant decrement in objective scalp sensitivity at times B, C, and D vs the EBL group. Subjectively, the OBL group felt less sensitive than the EBL group at times C and D. Those relationships disappeared at time E. Fifty-eight individuals were retrospectively enrolled. At time F (EBL, n = 16; OBL, n = 10), an objective and subjective difference was again observed with the OBL group demonstrating less scalp sensitivity vs the EBL group. At time G (EBL, n = 20; OBL, n = 12), this difference was no longer observed., Conclusions: We reject the null hypothesis and state that there is a measurable, statistically significant difference between the studied groups related to postoperative forehead and scalp sensation and that those observed differences are objective and subjective in nature as well as time dependent. However, almost no patients (57 of 58), irrespective of the technique used for their brow-lift, viewed their experienced forehead and/or scalp numbness to have been significant enough to deter them from undergoing the surgery again.

The ability to bring aesthetic harmony back into the ageing face requires the blending of surgical technique, anatomic knowledge and artistic sensitivity to individualise the surgical approach for each given patient. Since the advent of endoscopic techniques for facial rejuvenation, there has been an increase in the number of patients who seek alternative facial procedures, refusing a conventional face-lift. Limited-scar rhytidectomies offer patients with mild-to-moderate facial ageing an alternative to traditional face-lift surgery. The authors present a prospective study using the endoscopically assisted limited-incision face-lifting technique. Indications for using this technique include young patients with a relatively small amount of skin excess, older patients with thick skin and minimal skin redundancy, smokers and bald people. A set of incisions in the forehead, pre-auricular area, ear lobe and post-auricular area are done. Frontal and temporal endoscopic lifting is performed, followed by middle third and cervical undermining and transposition of a 2×5.5 cm rectangular pre-auricular superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) flap. Overall satisfaction with the facial appearance after this procedure was rated on a scale of 1 to 5. A total of 54 patients were operated upon during January 1997 and January 2007, which represents 13% of the total number of face-lifting procedures performed during that period. Their age ranged from 28 to 55 years old (mean 38 years), and 35% of them were men. There were two cases of haematoma formation (1%) and four patients (2%) required further liposuction of the submental region. There were no cases of nerve injury or infection. Six patients (3%) requested revision surgery after 2-4 years after the first procedure (median 3.5 years). They underwent a secondary round of face-lifting. The mean follow-up period has been 5.5 years (range 1-9 years). Sixty-nine percent reported that their appearance after limited-incision rhytidectomy was 'very good' to 'excellent' and 22% responded that their appearance was 'good'. Only 9% of patients thought their appearance was less than good. This is not a mini-lift technique but rather a full face-lift performed through minimal incisions and assisted by the use of the endoscope. Although the endoscopically assisted limited-incision rhytidoplasty is reserved for a specific category of patients and requires a learning curve, it appears to be a procedure with a low rate of complications and a high patient satisfaction., (Copyright © 2009 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Brow lift and blepharoplasty are among the most commonly requested procedures in facial aesthetic surgery. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current concepts, including goals, surgical options, and outcomes for aesthetic improvement of the forehead and periorbital region. Preoperative patient assessment, anatomical and surgical concepts, advantages and disadvantages, and prevention and management of complications and expected results are discussed. Surgical results of endoscopic and lateral brow lift, upper lid blepharoplasty with supratarsal fixation, and lower lid blepharoplasty with correction of the tear trough are presented. Details of the perioperative techniques are presented in accompanying video format. A critical understanding of patient expectation, surgical anatomy, and operative technique is important for avoiding complications and achieving aesthetic results in brow and eyelid rejuvenation.