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This paper studies the role of labour market policies for economic outcomes of immigrants with different migration motives. Using two recent European Union Labour Force Surveys ad hoc modules and applying country fixed-effects models, we examine if labour market policies can alleviate the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants in comparison to economic immigrants. In line with previous studies, we find that even after controlling for differences in human capital and socio-demographic characteristics, family reunification, and particularly refugee immigrants have considerably lower labour force participation and employment rates, and when employed, work fewer hours and have a lower occupational status than economic immigrants. However, we also find that the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants is significantly smaller in countries with more extensive labour market policies. These findings hold for the overall labour market mobility index as well as its specific sub-dimensions: general and targeted support and workers' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article takes issue with four points raised by Professors Rousseau and Shperling in their 2003 paper, "Pieces of the Action: Ownership and the Changing Employment Relationship." First, the authors maintain that labor-force mobility depends significantly on whether workers have general aptitudes or firm-specific ones. Second, they take exception to the Professors' contention that labor mobility is increasing. Third, they dispute the notion that benefits associated with seniority play a key role in employee retention. And finally, they rebut the Professors' view that firms use seniority-based benefits to take advantage of workers.

The thesis of this paper is that the bulk of academic research in industrial relations and economics in recent years has had very little impact on either public or private policy decisions. The author illustrates this thesis by examining several policy problems on which considerable research has been undertaken, such as manpower programs and the relationship between wages and variables such as unemployment and prices. If theory and scholarly analysis are to influence decision makers, it is argued, researchers must devote greater attention to the sectorial and institutional settings in which most policy decisions are taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive model for conceptualizing and measuring the economic effects of human resource activities drawn from work on firm-specific human capital theory, human resources accounting, and utility analysis is presented. New ways of modeling the economic value of human resource activities and issues requiring empirical investigation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several subjects discussed at a symposium on the state of human resources and manpower in the United States is presented. Information on population statistical trends, labor and intellectual resources are crucial in planning a framework for progress and development. There is a need for environments which are conducive to learning because it is where the youth can develop their full potential.

The article discusses studies which investigated the reasons for the failure of some participants in the U.S. Concentrated Employment Program (CEP) to use the services provided under the manpower program. The services provided under the manpower program are discussed. Several charts that indicates that characteristics of the respondents interviewed and the corresponding characteristics for the national CEP enrollment are presented. The article also covers the reasons cited by the respondents for their decision to withdraw from the manpower program.

This paper attempts to examine the drivers of female labor force participation in India. It and examines the relationship between economic or educational status of women's (as an indicator of development) and their labor force participation at a given point of time in India. Using 66th round National Sample Survey (NSS) unit data our result suggests that, there is no consistent evidence of positive relationship between education of female and their probability of labor force participation. We find no evidence of social and cultural interaction effects that could explain the decline in female labour force participation in India. Intrahousehold inequality in terms of consumption, assets, family size, number of children below 5 years are the main determinant of low female labour force participation in India. Monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) (as another proxy of development or economic status) is shows a U-shaped relationship between development and female labour force participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to determine the reasons of why the single and married women living in Turkey, in urban and rural areas do participate the labour force through the 2002-2008 period. In other words, this study aims to search the reasons affecting the women's decision of working. To this end, the study is conducted via a pooled data set merged by putting together the data gathered from Household Budget Surveys of the years 2002-2008. Logit model analysis is conducted for application. The results of the analysis illustrated that, education level, household income, dependency ratio, ownership of the property and women's age are the most important factors as to the women's decision of participating to labour force regarding the married and single women. Furthermore, the number of children reduces the labour force participation in urban areas while increases in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite strong increases in women's labor force participation -- especially among married women with children -- in the 1980s, and somewhat less strong increases in the 1990s, the first decade of the twenty-first century has seen declines across the board; these have been especially marked among single women, women with no children, and women with more than 16 years of education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted within Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) and Workforce Investment Act of 1998 systems indicates pervasive issues hindering program effectiveness for job seekers with disabilities. This population frequently experiences employment barriers beyond those of able-bodied job seekers, including significantly lower self-esteem. Service providers need and want information about disability but do not know how to obtain it. Program staff and job seekers with disabilities get stuck in a loop wherein each questions their ability and neither feels empowered to make meaningful changes to improve outcomes. Career counselors may need to expand their role to be more culturally relevant for these clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) expansion in 1993 has substantially increased the benefit available to a family with two or more children compared to a family with one child and to a family with no children. Using national survey data and this differential increase in EITC benefits, this study examines the effect of the 1993 EITC expansion on the labor supply of unmarried women. I find that the 1993 expansion has substantially increased the labor force participation of those women with two or more children. Moreover, the increase in the participation rate was mainly from less-educated women, the target population of the EITC program. Regarding the hours of work, I find evidence that the expansion increased total hours worked by all unmarried women. However, I find no evidence of statistically significant changes in annual hours worked by currently unmarried female workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many industrialised countries, teenagers have a significant spending power, and they are important customers for specialised industries. The income of teenagers still in full time education comes from two major sources: parental pocket money and earnings from part-time jobs. Little is known about the way these sources interact, and how they depend on parental, school and family characteristics. In this paper, we analyse labour supply of 16 year old British teenagers together with the cash transfers made to them by their parents. We first develop a theoretical model, where labour supply and transfers are jointly determined. We then estimate labour supply and transfers jointly, using unique data on labour supply of teenagers, the wages they receive, and the transfers from their parents. We show how these two processes depend on each other, and how transfers and labour supply react to changes in wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper I examine the effects of a means-tested transfer system in Japan ("1.03 million yen ceiling") in a dynamic labor supply model with endogenous retirement. In Japan, married women have reason to limit their annual earnings to no more than 1.03 million yen in order to receive a number of benefits available to low-income wives, and in fact often choose to do so. In a dynamic model, the optimal labor supply schedule follows a pattern that is not seen in a static framework, which I call the "spillover effect." The paper also examines the properties of dynamic welfare cost of this ceiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corvers F., Hensen M. and Bongaerts D. Delimitation and coherence of functional and administrative regions, Regional Studies. The paper tests whether functional regions in the Netherlands show more labour market coherence between the municipalities included in them than the Dutch administrative regions. It turns out that regional disparities are not significantly smaller within functional than within administrative regions with respect to income level, housing prices, employment rate, and unemployment rate. It is argued that the numerous functional delimitations of the labour market that have been made for many countries in other studies are only useful for policy-making if they clearly outperform the administrative delimitations with respect to some relevant indicators of labour market coherence or regional disparities. [image omitted] Corvers F... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using a general equilibrium model of a small developing economy, the authors demonstrate that the introduction of asymmetric adjustment costs makes the rate of urban employment respond to an exogenous shock in the aggregate capital endowment, raising the possibility of several counter-intuitive immiserizing growth scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author finds evidence of a downward-sloping labor supply curve for urban areas in Peru from cross-sectional household data for 2002 and pooled data for available years from 1985 to 2000. Individuals respond to lower hourly earnings with an increase in the quantity supplied of work hours. This behavior would help to explain the increasing trend in average work hours in Peru (this average for male workers in Lima, the capital city, rose from 50.5 to 53.9 weekly hours between 1985 and 2000; meanwhile, 33.4% of workers had weekly schedules above 60 hours in 2002). Another finding is the increase in hours supplied due to pressure from the more numerous cohorts recently entering the Peruvian labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As in other western industrialised countries the structural ageing of the Australian population has significant labour market implications. Government has responded with a range of policies to persuade older workers to abandon early retirement and/or remain in the workforce past traditional retirement ages. But whether this generation of workers will be prepared to change their retirement plans in response to policy encouragement, and whether current policy measures will translate into significant numbers of older workers extending their labour force participation is uncertain. Using the Australian Survey of Retirement Attitudes and Motivations (ASRAM) a recently completed, nationally representative survey of Australian workers aged 40 - 59 years we find that while the Government message about working longer is getting through, older workers are relatively unresponsive to current policy measures. Other policies, especially policies outside the financial realm, are needed to maximise the number of older Australians in the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a significant period of strong economic and jobs growth nationally, there is well-established evidence in Australia that the proceeds of this growth have not been shared equally, either between places or between individuals. Empirically, it is well known that particular socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of unemployment and it has become equally well established that there are particular geographic patterns of labour market disadvantage that suggest that local geographic context is also important. What is not well understood are the ways in which phenomena at the geographic level are associated with individual-level characteristics and other social contexts in ways that negatively impact on a range of social outcomes, including unemployment. The present paper specifically addresses this issue by using a multi-scalar approach and using survey data from the Housing, Income and Labour Force Dynamics Australia (HILDA) survey and aggregate level census data to model unemployment risk. The paper argues that to better understand unemployment and to add to sound policy development, approaches that incorporate a variety of contexts, including the impact of local geographies, are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Workforce Investment Act (WIA) includes provisions for universal access by people with disabilities to employment and training programs offered to the general public by the nation's One-Stop Career Centers. In order to reinforce these provisions there have been several federal initiatives to promote such access, including the development of customized employment opportunities for individuals with significant disabilities using the resources of the One-Stop Career Center system. This article describes a partnership led by a local WIA provider in Maryland, reports on how the WIA sponsored One-Stop services have been adapted to serve people with significant disabilities, reports on employment outcomes achieved through this partnership, and discusses the implications for future One-Stop access and employment service delivery for individuals with significant disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to analyze the work force in the agricultural sector. The study covers the topics: Characteristics of agricultural work force in Turkey, small agricultural business, agricultural manpower, and seasonal agricultural manpower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the workforce crisis encountered by the natural gas transmission industry in the U.S. According to the author, the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) Foundation has commissioned a study and uncovered some disturbing challenges for the natural gas industry. The study shows that executives and managers are typically focused on short-term issues instead of adopting a longer-term view. In conclusion, the author states that the workforce issues affect every aspect including from operations to human resources (HR) department to company leadership.

While Ukraine was bestowed market economy status by the European Union in 2005 its labour market still endures many structural problems. By exploring the experiences of young graduate employees this article highlights the difficultly in obtaining work within Ukraine's labour market and the problems they face once they have secured employment. Rather than seeing the development of a transparent labour market the collapse of the command economy has seen a relatively closed system develop. The article demonstrates how many jobs are secured through the use of connections or the demanding, and payment, of bribes. The situation does not improve once graduates obtain long-term employment. Interviewees discuss the lack of job security, the informal payment of wages and the lack of legal protection from corrupt employer practices. The article has broader resonance outside of the Ukrainian case study as the discussion of workplace corruption highlights how the issue is concerned with much more than simply cash based transactions and how those that endure it are likely to turn to the informal economy for employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomorrow's workforce is seeking more than a paycheck; they want their work to meet their needs for affiliation, meaning, and self-development. Companies willing to meet these demands will capture the enormous profit potential of a workforce of fully engaged workers. This piece explores what engagement is, why it matters, and how human resource development (HRD) professionals can be strategic corporate partners in creating the changes necessary to engage the talent in their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Intergenerational Report (IGR) released by the Department of the Treasury of the Commonwealth of Australia in 2002 highlighted pressures that in the future would threaten the sustainability of the Australian government's budget balance. These pressures result from the growing needs of an aging population and labor shortages that will limit economic growth and taxation revenue. The IGR has become a driving force in planning government policy. The Treasurer has recently said that “the whole economic agenda of the government at the moment is drawn from the IGR.” In response, the Prime Minster and Treasurer have promoted deferred or gradual retirement as part of the solution. However, about 50% of men and 20% of women retire early as a result of ill health, indicating that poor health is potentially a limiter of economic growth. This paper reports lower labor force participation among persons with poorer health and that these persons move out of the labor force at a faster rate as they age. A range of measures suggests some decline in health in the pre-retirement age group (those aged from 40 to 64 years). This indicates that better health may be a facilitator of greater labor force participation in the baby boomer cohort. However, there is evidence that improving economic conditions in Australia leading to low unemployment has created an environment more favorable to the employment of older workers with health problems as there has been a rise in labor force participation in these groups, and measures to prevent chronic disease may further increase the employment prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the relationships between health insurance and the labor supply of women have been explored in the literature, little is known about the effects of offering public health insurance on the labor supply decisions of married women. This paper examines how the enactment of the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) affected the labor supply decisions of married women. Our empirical analysis showed that certain groups of married women reduced their number of hours worked upon SCHIP implementation. The results imply it is possible that some wives decreased their labor supply in order to make their children eligible for public health insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which focuses on the common corporate governance interest of managers of American corporations. It also examines the interest of labor at less-elevated levels for those corporations. It was believed that the shared interests of managers and labor in a more rational system of corporate governance have a big impact on the U.S. equity markets. Moreover, it was found out that both management and labor might be thought to have more concern for the continued ability of American corporations to support domestic employment. The study found out that unless the management and labor recognize their common interests, both may see little corporate governance turmoil and short-term market pressures taken away from the long-term goal of corporate profit and job growth.

In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a small revenue surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses policy options that may contribute to improving labour utilisation towards raising the economy's growth potential in Brazil. The government faces the challenge of increasing labour utilisation and boosting labour productivity through human capital accumulation on and off the job. It also discusses trends in labour supply, unemployment, and earnings. The analysis is complemented by econometric evidence on the determinants of female labour force participation and employability for both male and female prime-age individuals and youths using household survey data.

The article focuses on the employment strategies best implemented for cities particularly of Glasgow, Scotland. Members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development (OECD) increasingly recognize the need to associate economic development and employment policies at the level of the individual city to meet concerns on increasing competitiveness and lowering worklessness. One of the important issues is the proper balance between efforts to stimulate labour demand and create jobs and efforts to strengthen labour supply by improving people's skills, employability and motivation. In Glasgow, a common consensus is that full and fulfilling employment is a basic economic objective and is important for the wellbeing of all citizens.

Copyright of Arbeit is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We develop a perfect foresight, overlapping generations model with intragenerational inequality and endogenous human and physical capital investment, and we calculate welfare costs for marginal reforms of taxation and public spending. Welfare costs are uniformly lower than in the equivalent static model where human and physical capital are fixed Most of the upward bias in static estimates arises from fixed human capital because welfare cost is predominantly tax leakage from lower effective labor supply, but reallocating time between education and labor can leave effective labor supply unchanged Hence, adjustments in human capital have an important mitigating influence on marginal welfare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flows of people are observed as international migration. Every developed country in the world today has become de facto a "country of immigration" whether the country cares to admit it or not. We have surveyed 99 communities in Mexico and 35 in the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean. The datasets contain basic data on 19,850 U.S. migrants originating in Mexico and 3,322 migrants originating elsewhere in Latin America or the Caribbean. As a result of the contradictions of U.S. policy during the 1990s, what used to be a circular flow of able-bodied male workers has been transformed into a permanent migrant migration of families, which will have profound effects on American society for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from Taiwan's Manpower Utilization Survey (1979–2000), this paper finds evidence that supports the industry-specific human capital effect on wage tenure profiles. Work experience is used as an indirect measure for testing industry-specific human capital by comparing the effect between stayers and movers. Other things being equal and holding firm tenure constant, movers actually incur a wage loss measured by the wage premium of the work experience. However, a greater than average firm tenure effect, especially for movers in the voluntary group, reflects an underlying job-related matching process. We also find that the effect of work experience declines with education, while the effect of industry-specific human capital increases with education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces labour supply considerations and labour earnings uncertainty into a parent-child framework in the presence of 'merit goods'. I investigate the implications of various parental bequest rules on the effort decisions of the offspring, where the parent cannot perfectly observe her child's market activities. The asymmetry in information and preferences gives rise to a moral hazard problem, and as a result the parent may not fully insure her child because the source of risk is not entirely exogenous. In this case. optimal parental transfers are shown to be stale-contingent. Moreover, the child's effort is higher in the case with a merit good and parental transfers than in the case without a merit good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on hard labor and solitary confinement: effects of the business cycle and labor supply on prison discipline in the United States, 1790-1835. Imprisonment at hard labor became the penalty for serious crimes when the colonial penal codes were revised following the American Revolution. Initially, hard labor was a purely legal and abstract philosophical notion. ft became a central but confusing term in nineteenth century penology, partly because its concrete meaning varied over time and across regions. Prison reformers in post-Revolutionary America believed that imprisonment at hard labor was the most effective and rational punishment for crime. They were enthusiastic in their commitment to both custody and work-inseparable elements in a single equation. The new system was thought to be a means to achieve three main types of criminal justice objectives. Imprisonment at hard labor rationalized the operation of crime control; it reinforced political and work norms in the wider society; and the ethic of reformation on which prison discipline was based aimed to provide the criminal with the skills and attitudes he needed to return to society.

This paper develops a model of labor supply for married women which takes into account both the joint decision on participation and hours, and the nonlinear shape of the budget constraint due to taxation. The model can explain the absence of observations of the tax kink by assuming the existence of optimization errors in addition to errors capturing taste variation. The estimates of the model, which are obtained with British micro data, suggest that the overall wage elasticity is about 2 and that participation is more responsive to wages than hours of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]