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This study used data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, which gathered information from the largest sample of trans individuals to date. High labor force participation rates and high unemployment rates were found for both trans men and women. However, women were more likely to be out of the labor force and less likely to be employed than men. The unemployment rate of trans women was greater than that of trans men with otherwise similar characteristics; these results are consistent with the existence of an additional labor market penalty for being female on top of a penalty for being transgender. While perceived gender incongruence (the ability of other people to identify transgender individuals as such) was more common among women, the relation of that variable with labor force status was stronger for men. There was no evidence that state-level employment non-discrimination laws were associated with improved labor force outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars (n = 580) from 69 countries who had contributed articles in the field of Economics during the year 2015 participated in a survey that gauged their perceptions of various aspects of co-authorship, including its benefits, motivations, working relationships, order of authorship and association preferences. Among the main findings, significant differences emerged in the proportion of co-authored papers based on age, gender and number of years the researchers had spent in their present institution. Female scholars had a greater proportion of co-authored papers than male scholars. Respondents considered improved quality of paper, contribution of mutual expertise, and division of labor as the biggest benefits of and motivation for co-authorship. Contrary to common perceptions that Economics researchers used a predominantly alphabetical order of authorship, our study found that a considerable percentage of respondents (34.5%) had practiced an order of authorship based on the significance of the authors’ contribution to the work. The relative importance of tasks differed significantly according to whether researchers co-authored as mentors or co-authored as colleagues. Lastly, researchers were found to associate, to varying degrees, with other researchers based on socio-academic parameters, such as nationality, ethnicity, gender, professional position and friendship. The study indicates that Economics authors perceive co-authorship as a rewarding endeavor. Nonetheless, the level of contribution and even the choice of association itself as a co-author depends to a great extent on the type of working relationship and socio-academic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Grounded in an emergent recognition that those people in formal employment conduct the vast majority of work in the shadow economy, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate for the first time the degree to which shadow work is conducted by those in formal jobs and the characteristics of those in formal employment who participate in the shadow economy. Design/methodology/approach – To do this, the authors report a 2007 survey of participation in the shadow economy involving 26,659 face-to-face interviews conducted in 27 European Union (EU) member states. Findings – The finding is that in the EU, the formally employed undertake a disproportionate share of work in the shadow economy. Analysing the characteristics of the employed most likely to work in the shadow economy, however, it is those who benefit least from the formal economy, namely, younger unmarried men and on lower incomes living in rural areas, working in the construction sector and in small firms. Research limitations/implications – The outcome is a tentative call for recognition that although people in formal employment conduct the vast majority of work in the shadow economy, these are mostly particular vulnerable and weaker groups of the formally employed. Whether similar findings prevail at other spatial scales and in other global regions now needs investigating. Practical implications – This survey displays the need for policy not to target the unemployed but particular groups of the formally employed. Originality/value – The first extensive evaluation of the extent to which shadow work is conducted by those in formal jobs and the characteristics of those in formal employment who participate in the shadow economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five months after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Statistics without Borders conducted a nationally representative sample survey to examine economic impact using a random digit dial sample of mobile phone numbers. We analyzed the anonymized survey data and the questionnaire that they made available for public use. Radical changes in household members occurred among post-earthquake Haitian households. Similar changes of household members that are caused by natural disasters have been associated with long-term psychological well-being in the literature. The survey also provides a rare look at gender discrepancy in employment retention following a natural disaster from a nationally representative survey. While the overall employment rate was down by 50% five months after the earthquake, our findings indicate that households with female heads are at a significantly greater risk of losing employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examines the impact of innovation strategies on employment growth in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay) using microdata for manufacturing firms from innovation surveys. Building on the model proposed by Harrison et al. (2008), we relate employment to three innovation strategies: “make only” (R&D), “buy only” (external R&D, licensing of patents and know-how, technical assistance, and other external innovation activities) and “make and buy” (mixed strategy). Firms that conduct in-house innovation activities (“make only”) have the greatest impact on employment; the “make and buy” strategy comes in second. Similar results are found for small firms. These results highlight the importance of fostering in-house technological efforts not only for innovation per se, but also to promote growth in firm employment. The impact of “make only” strategies is greater in high-tech industries, whereas “make only” and “make and buy” have a similar impact on employment in low-tech industries. Finally, the study provides evidence of the mechanisms through which innovation strategies affect employment. The findings show that innovation strategies enhance technological innovation, but their impact differs between product and process innovation. Product innovation is mainly motivated by in-house technology investments, followed by mixed strategies, whereas process innovation is basically driven by “buy” strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This paper uses survey data to examine the experience of women in North Korea’s economic transition. Women have been shed from state-affiliated employment and thrust into a market environment characterized by weak institutions and corruption. More than one-third of men indicate that criminality and corruption is the best way to make money, and 95% of female traders report paying bribes. The increasingly male-dominated state preys on the increasingly female-dominated market. Energies are directed toward survival and this population appears to lack the tools to act collectively to improve their status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the incidence and correlates of employment instability in Poland, using individual-level retrospective career data from the 1998, 2003, and 2008 POLPAN surveys. It uses a new instability indicator, which takes into account the length of workers' consecutive employment spells: A respondent is considered to be in unstable employment if he or she had not held a single regular job lasting three years or longer within a ten-year period. The findings suggest that employment relations in Poland are generally stable, consistent with the results of earlier studies of worker mobility. A comparison of instability rates between two ten-year periods (1993-2003 and 1998-2008) did not confirm the expected growth in the incidence of employment instability. Unstable work histories were found to be more frequent among individuals with the weakest position on the labor market: the least educated, in low-level occupations, and in secondary-sector industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper examines the relationship between the employment of children and their mothers, with the aim of informing discussion on efforts to reduce child labor in Brazil. The analysis builds on the largely separate literatures on children’s time use and mothers’ work in two ways—by examining characteristics of employment which are often not available in survey data, and by modeling both children’s work and mothers’ employment. The results suggest that the relationship between children’s and mothers’ work is complex, with substantial evidence of positive correlation. The findings are consistent with the argument that anti-poverty programs that target women’s employment could result in increased child labor. This possibility warrants further analysis in order to better inform policy regarding child labor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many official surveys give us important information about labor markets and unemployment, as well as other statistics. However, these surveys reveal only the net gains or losses in employment over a given period. Consequently, how many gross hires and separations lie behind the net changes is missing from these statistical releases. Data on gross flows turn up additional valuable information. In this article, Shigeru Fujita uses such data to examine cyclical changes in the pace of the worker reallocation process and its effects on the U.S. labor market. INSET: Explaining Fluctuations in the Job Finding Rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This article examines how events—such as changes in household composition, employment status, disability status, and economic conditions—affect poverty entries and exits. We also examine whether the role these events play in poverty transitions differs in the pre- and post-welfare-reform periods. Methods. The analysis uses discrete-time multivariate hazard models along with monthly, longitudinal data from the 1988, 1990, and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Results. Analyses show that many events are related to the likelihood of entering and exiting poverty. Of the trigger events examined, individuals living in households that experience a loss or gain of employment are the most likely to enter and exit poverty. We also find that changes in employment are more important in the 1996 to 1999 time period—after welfare reform—than in the 1988 to 1992 time period—prior to welfare reform. Finally, changes in household composition, disability status, and educational attainment are found to play a role in throwing people into poverty and helping them exit from poverty in both time periods. Conclusions. There is no single path into or out of poverty, suggesting that multiple policies can be considered to help alleviate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that, at school, young women now fare better than young men and that the labour market chances of some young blacks relatively improved in the last part of the century. However, by an analysis of econometric studies, case study work and official statistics, this paper debunks the idea that, for the majority of these groups, ‘things are getting better’. The main explanation is that their disadvantage is ground in the particular form of labour market stratification that each experiences. New Labour Policy is presented and recommendations made for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a selective survey of recent empirical studies, largely by economists. that are based on the original four age--sex cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). The survey is organized around the following labor market issues: (1) The estimated returns to schooling, (2) the impact of early labor market experience on subsequent employment and earnings, (3) the effect of discontinuous work experience on the earnings and labor supply decisions of married women, and (4) the retirement decision of older workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to describe employment patterns among 341 program participants and compare these individuals to a national survey, a convenience sample of non-fellow nurse executives, and a sample of their hospital administrators. Nurse executives may change their employment status frequently and sometimes unexpectedly. This study describes the employment patterns among nurse executives participating in the Johnson and Johnson Wharton Fellows Program. Although changes in major players may be disruptive personally and expensive organizationally, it would appear inevitable in acute care hospitals regardless of their size and type.

The article focuses on the economic survey conducted by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) on U.S. veterinarians. It states that the survey gathered information on the income of veterinarians employed in the private practice or public and corporate positions. Its source of data was based on the 2007 income information before personal taxes reported by the veterinarians. Charts representing the data obtained are also presented.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "A Nationally Representative Economic Survey Five Months after the Haitian Earthquake" by R.S. Kim and colleagues in a previous issue.