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Many recent definitions of lying are based on the notion of what is said. This paper argues that says-based definitions of lying cannot account for lies involving non-literal speech, such as metaphor, hyperbole, loose use or irony. It proposes that lies should instead be defined in terms of assertion, where what is asserted need not coincide with what is said. And it points to possible implications this outcome might have for the ethics of lying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss role of emotion in determining social behavior. They state that a research on the topic conducted by Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, and mention use of laboratory-controlled settings or real-life situations in the research. They note significance of human-environment interaction and highlights individual social behavior.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of our research regarding the role of emotions in local struggles. Focusing on the analysis from below, we have paid special attention to the emotions felt by ordinary people. Our research shows that emotions are useful in order to understand struggles because they are present in every phase and every aspect of protest. We have seen that emotions play an important role in the day-to-day practices of the groups we have studied and that they interact with cognition in determining an individual's behavior. Emotions not only motivate individuals but they might change their beliefs, too. In conclusion, we have seen that emotions play an important role in the protest. They not only influence the emergence and maintenance, but also affect some outcomes of the protest at the micro-level, like empowerment. Our research is based on in-depth interviews and narrative analysis of the biographical material, and the analysis gives special attention to the different labels we have assigned to different emotions, feelings, and moods that play an important role in the protest. We will present some results based on the analysis of four specific case studies: the insurgency of Oaxaca, Mexico (in 2006) and three resistances against dams in Spain and Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A particular type of self-control is exercised when the conflict between immediate and delayed consequences is associated with consequences that are more favorable either for the individual or for the group. In such cases, responding under the control of delayed consequences that are favorable for the group is characteristic of ethical self-control. This study investigated the selection, maintenance and transmission of ethical self-control in an arrangement depicting a macrocontingency. Participants in two microcultures were exposed to an ABAB design in which individuals repeatedly chose a row in a colored 10 x 10 matrix. In all conditions, choosing odd-numbered rows produced three tokens that could be exchanged for money, and choosing even-numbered rows produced only one token. In B conditions, even row responses had a second effect, which was to add one item to a cumulative effect comprising school items to be donated later to a public school. Thus, in B conditions, choosing an even row exemplified ethical self control. Microcultures comprised 16-18 generations of three participants as one participant was replaced after every 20th cycle. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of cumulative effect in the implementation and maintenance of ethical self-control responses, but only after a long exposure to the macrocontingency. The change in participants across generations may have also contributed to a longer exposure to the contingencies being required for the selection of ethical self-control responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work on the history of emotions, particularly by Barbara Rosenwein, has explored the idea of "emotional communities" as a means of uncovering the complex layers of identity and self-definition among individuals in past societies. Here I wish to explore three brief examples from French texts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the light of this enquiry. Two are from well-known literary figures (Chrétien de Troyes and Marie de France) while the other is by Guillaume le Breton, biographer and panegyrist of the French king Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223). Each writer uses the image of the garden to illustrate the emotional standpoint of prominent individuals and communities within his or her text. The range of emotions on display--jealousy, grief, anger, fear, love, and even something we might label "national pride"--attests to the power of the garden image as a conveyor of meaning for medieval authors and audiences alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with a discussion of the language of emotion, this paper explores aspects of loss, grief and violence in the ancient eastern Polynesian societies of Mangaia, in the present-day Cook Islands, and Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu, now known as the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The paper examines historical documents in the vernacular languages to highlight people's experiences of various forms of loss, including land, heirlooms, social status, relationships and loved ones. Song texts and narratives reveal key emotion words and scripted behaviours acted out in response to loss. Such behaviours included the use of violence against valued property, against the person, including suicide, or against other people; the last response could easily spiral out of control when it involved other descent groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new conceptualization of behavioral norms as consisting of two components: the average amount of a target behavior exhibited in a group and the consistency of this behavior across group members. Using this conceptualization, we examined the relationship between group behavioral norms regarding intimate behav- iors and individual group members' intimate behaviors in two types of groups: interpersonal growth groups and trauma recovery groups. Specifically, we used the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy, Manetti, Piero, & Livi, 2002) to examine the relationships between an individual group member's amount of intimate behaviors (i.e., the actor effect), the amount (i.e., group mean) and consistency (i.e., SD) of intimate behaviors of the other group members in both the previous and current sessions (i.e., the partner effects), the interaction of the amount and consistency of the group's previous and current intimate behaviors, and the amount of intimate behaviors exhibited by the individual group member in the current session. A hierar- chical linear modeling analysis revealed that an individual group member's previous amount of intimate behaviors was positively related to her or his amount of intimate behaviors in the current session. Also, there was a significant interaction for the two components of the partner effect in the current session (i.e., group amount and consistency of intimate behaviors in the current session) such that when the consistency of intimate behaviors of the other group members was low, there was a significant, negative relationship between group amount of intimate behaviors and the individuals group member's intimate behaviors in a session. When consistency was high, however, this relationship was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]