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To examine the association between adult children's migration and depression among older parents in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and explore the role of intergenerational support in contributing to their depression. Data are from the eighth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), pooling a study sample of 11 CEE countries, with a cross-sectional design. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and hierarchical linear regression were conducted using a study sample of 9133 respondents. Older adults whose children migrated over 500 km were more likely to experience depression compared to those with no migrant child or all children within 500 km. Among intergenerational support, frequent parent-child contact mitigated the effects of migration on depression in older parents with all their children who migrated over 500 km. This study suggests that older parents with migrant children over 500 km away should be considered a vulnerable population at risk for mental health in CEE countries. It is crucial for local governments and policymakers to address these challenges through improving integrated mental health and social programs for better mental health outcomes among older adults in CEE countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state-induced anti-immigration environment and the normalisation of xenophobia in political and media discourses have led to the increased othering of European migrants in the UK through new forms of social stratification, especially since the Brexit Referendum of 2016. For young people who migrated to the UK as children from Central and Eastern Europe, Brexit has represented a major rupture in the process of their identity formation, adding new insecurities in the context of increasingly uncertain rights. Based on a survey with 1,120 young people aged 12–18 who identified as Central or Eastern European migrants, followed by focus groups and case studies, we report on young migrants' everyday experiences of xenophobia and racialisation. We explore the coping and resistance strategies young people used to integrate themselves in these racialized hierarchies. Drawing on insights from emergent theories of racialisation and whiteness, we add new evidence on the direct consequences of these experiences of marginalisation on young people's sense of belonging and their own attitudes towards other ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the provision, receipt, and bidirectionality of support exchanges are important for generational well-being, our understanding of them is lacking in Eastern Europe, a region undergoing swift population aging and social change. This study links intergenerational support exchanges to determinants in Romania, with a focus on proximity of adult children. Data are from the Romanian Aging and Migration Survey (N = 1,398). Analyses involve two stages. First, latent class analysis (LCA) is conducted to develop an intergenerational support typology. The second uses the typology as a dependent variable in multivariate equations predicting exchange determinants. LCA analysis yielded six propensity classes. Physical distance strongly predicts class membership. Having coresident adult children increases the likelihood of bidirectional exchange. Having an international migrant adult child reduces the chances, even with coresident adult children present. International migrant children lead to a higher probability of being a nonexchanger or receiving monetary support. There is a need for continued consideration of bidirectional exchange models in rapidly developing contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The UK has experienced significant immigration from Eastern Europe following European Union (EU) expansion in 2004, which raises the importance of equity and equality for the recent immigrants. Previous research on ethnic health inequalities focused on established minority ethnic groups, whereas Eastern European migrants are a growing, but relatively under-researched group. We aimed to conduct a systematic scoping review of published literature on Eastern European migrants' use and experiences of UK health services.Methods: An initial search of nine databases produced 5997 relevant publications. Removing duplicates reduced the figure to 2198. Title and abstract screening left 73 publications. Full-text screening narrowed this down further to 10 articles, with three more from these publications to leave 13 included publications. We assessed publications for quality, extracted data and undertook a narrative synthesis.Results: The included publications most commonly studied sexual health and family planning services. For Eastern European migrants in the UK, the most commonly cited barriers to accessing and using healthcare were limited understanding of how the system worked and language difficulties. It was also common for migrants to return to their home country to a healthcare system they were familiar with, free from language barriers. Familial and social networks were valuable for patients with a limited command of English in the absence of suitable and available interpreting and translating services.Conclusions: To address limited understanding of the healthcare system and the English language, the NHS could produce information in all the Eastern European languages about how it operates. Adding nationality to the Electronic Patient Report Form (EPRF) may reveal the demand for interpretation and translation services. Eastern European migrants need to be encouraged to register with GPs to reduce A&E attendance for primary care conditions. Many of the issues raised will be relevant to other European countries since the long-term outcomes from Brexit are likely to influence the level of Eastern European and non-Eastern European migration across the continent, not just the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study argues for more comparative research between seemingly different migrant groups, bringing a new focus on intra-European migration in Portugal by examining and comparing the reasons why migrants from different geographical origins choose to settle in the tourism-based Algarve region. Drawing on data collected from a questionnaire survey and interviews, the study first compares the profiles of two apparently distinct migrant groups – Northern and Eastern Europeans – and goes on to explore their discursive representations of migration experiences. Findings reveal that despite differences in initial motivations for moving to the Algarve, there are similarities between the two groups in terms of what leads them to settle in the region. Among both groups there is a high level of positive place-identity, suggesting that the specific context of the destination place plays a significant role in positive post-migration outcomes, something which is often overlooked in migration studies. Furthermore, the lived and perceived lifestyle affordances of the destination place, especially when discursively compared with the place and lifestyle left behind, are flagged by both groups and lend support to the idea that the role of lifestyle in migration has a wider significance than is usually credited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is mounting evidence to suggest that East European migrants in the UK have been victims of discrimination. Reports of pay gaps point to the possibility of structural discrimination, restrictions on employment operate as a kind of legal discrimination, and politicians and the media have constructed East European migrants as different and at times threatening. The Hungarians and Romanians we spoke with in Bristol also reported some discrimination, albeit in ways that deflected its racialised connotations. But they also denied that they were victims of discrimination. Why would the supposed victims of discrimination deny discrimination? We argue they did this to attenuate, and potentially reverse, the status degradations they suffered as disadvantaged and at times racialised labour migrants in Britain. We examine two discursive strategies they employed to negotiate this higher status. First, they claimed a higher social class status by embracing the meritocratic values of the dominant class. Second, they claimed a higher racial status by emphasising their whiteness and Europeanness. These were discursive attempts to reposition themselves more favourably in Britain's racialised status hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that labor emigration was central to the globalization of Southeastern Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. The region’s societies became part of a transatlantic labor market, while emigration had significant economic and social effects on them. The fact that Southeastern Europe, together with Eastern and Southern Europe, became the prime regions of origin of immigrants to the United States cannot be explained without considering economic causes. On the one hand these were structural, such as the perennial lack of land, compounded by rapid population growth; on the other hand, contingent events such as the Phylloxera epidemic also played an important role. The return orientation of many an emigrant from Southeastern Europe as well as the economic effects of their money transfers are important factors explaining the persistence of large-scale emigration until 1914. The article, thus, stresses the need for explanatory models that account for the complexity of emigration as a social process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a report from a February 17-19, 2014 conference held in Berlin, Germany on the history and political boundaries of central Eastern Europe. Topics of presentations delivered included the emigration of poor Eastern Europeans, a Summer 2013 festival in Sokyrynci, Ukraine, and the history of Upper Silesia in the late 19th century.

Migration plays an important role in shaping contemporary society in the European Union (EU), with constituent countries being affected differently. As a result of the most recent expansion of the EU in 2004, the United Kingdom (UK) has experienced an influx of economic migrants from former 'Eastern Bloc' countries, including many young people from Poland. In this study, we explore the experiences of a group of nine young Polish adults living, studying and working in the UK. Three of the nine participants were co-researchers in this participatory action research, equipping them with the tools to undertake a narrative enquiry. The resultant narratives outline emergent themes and subthemes: including reasons for coming to and staying in the UK; first impressions of and changing opinions about life in the UK; the impact of visits to Poland; and plans for the future. The data add to the literature by providing a unique developmental perspective of the changing experiences of living in the UK; and give some insight into the life impacts of migration in contemporary Europe, amongst young people in their twenties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on research conducted with men arriving from eastern Europe in London after the expansion of the EU in 2004, this article examines how migrants’ narratives of the city construct a counter-discourse to a ‘global’ London. It is argued that the use of ‘visual narratives’– a combination of participant-directed photography and semi-structured interviews as a methodology—allows for the exploration of embodied and material aspects of everyday lives in the city, which destabilise traditional urban pictorial approaches to the city. Such narratives of participants’ embodied movements through London relocate the observer as the everyday mobile-subject; they highlight the connections between urban and transnational mobilities; and they present participants’ constructions of different kinds of affective spaces in the city where they begin to negotiate home, belonging and return. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using employment register data, this study compares the outcomes of male foreign workers from different East and West European countries who entered the German labor market between 1995 and 2000 with those of male German workers. Although the wage differentials are highest for Poles, results from Oaxaca/Blinder type decompositions show that the East Europeans are not generally worse off. Actually, we find considerable heterogeneity also within nationality groups. Quantile decompositions show that coefficients effects tend to be larger at the bottom of the wage distribution and, by that, give evidence for sticky floors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines East European migrants' relationships with other communities in the context of waged work through in-depth interviews with recent Polish and Lithuanian migrants to London. These migrants found themselves newly surrounded by greater racial and ethnic diversity. By distinguishing themselves from other workers on the basis of skin color and legal status, they present themselves as members of the host country's 'white' majority, which places them in a position of power in relation to other migrant groups in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: This paper examines newspaper coverage of the impact on NHS Scotland of recent Central and Eastern European immigration. It follows rising public interest in the impacts of ‘record’ and ‘unexpected’ levels of migration after the 2004 and 2007 European Union (EU) enlargements. We reviewed reporting in six Scottish newspapers during 2004–2008 to track underlying themes within their coverage of EU migration. The framework of Social Representations Theory (SRT) was used to analyse how migration’s impact was conceptualised and explained. This research shows that portrayal of migrants posing a threat to the NHS (e.g. European staff with inadequate qualifications), has increased in frequency but changed in nature over the past 4 years. Meanwhile, reports have also portrayed themes of reassurance (e.g. NHS management control) to allay societies’ fears. The overall pattern is of representations of threat in the Scottish press being closely followed by those of reassurances. The most important reassurances relate to Scottish socioeconomic conditions, which raises questions might be seen in other UK newspapers as well as what will happen in Scotland if A8 migration decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact on the UK economy of the flow of workers from ten East European countries after their accession to the European Union. We find evidence that those most susceptible to competition from these workers have seen weaker wage inflation. We document that the presence of these foreign workers has increased the fear of unemployment and helped to contain wage pressure. We argue that this inflow of workers has increased supply by more than it has raised demand and, thus, had the effect of reducing both inflationary pressures and the natural rate of unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Una de las aspiraciones de los fundadores de la Unión Europea fue la unidad del continente europeo. Tras el fin de los regímenes de tipo soviético a finales de los ochenta, la maquinaria institucional se puso a funcionar. Sin embargo, este proceso se fue dilatando por distintas razones: por un lado, se comenzó a plantear la cuestión de la profundización institucional y construcción política de la Unión ya existente; por otro, los flujos migratorios procedentes de los países del Sur y del Este se intensificaron. Todo ello hizo que la incorporación de los países de Europa del Este se fuera alargando durante años. A medida que pasaba el tiempo, la incredulidad en estos países también crecía, al tiempo que veían cómo las desigualdades con sus vecinos occidentales se hacían cada vez más evidentes. Así, los flujos migratorios económicos procedentes de estos países se dirigieron hacia la UE de manera cada vez más intensa, mientras las negociaciones de la UE con los países de origen de estos migrantes continuaban. El proceso de ampliación comunitaria hacia la Europa del Este se ha realizado en dos fases: la primera, en mayo de 2004, incluyó, además de a Chipre y Malta, a Hungría, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, República Checa, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania y Polonia, y la segunda, sólo a Rumania y Bulgaria. En este trabajo se abordan dos cuestiones básicas para iniciar el análisis de los diferentes colectivos procedentes de Europa Central y Oriental presentes en España: las dos moratorias a la libre circulación de personas impuestas tanto en 2004 como en 2007 y sus nefastas consecuencias, así como las características de estos flujos (cuándo llegaron y por qué). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall of communism in late 1980s and the post-communist socio-economic and political transition determined a resurgence of Eastern European immigrants as a new phenomenon in United States. Examining Eastern European immigrants will increase the understanding of today's diverse immigrant population and their adaptation in the host society. Using the data from the 2002-2004 Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey, the purpose of this article is to facilitate an understanding of the characteristics of Eastern European immigration. Systematic research on Eastern European immigrants could increase the understanding of today's diverse immigrant population and their adaptation to the new society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of Lithuania's postwar emigration press, the author discusses how Lithuania's eminent historian Adolfas Šapoka understood the project, developed by him and other Lithuanian historians, "to find Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania", to become free from the influence of foreign historiographies and to acquaint the society with its history. The author analyzes A. Šapoka's attitude towards history as well as similarities and differences of these attitudes between him and Zenonas Ivinskis, a representative of the younger generation historians, and also raises a question why Šapoka was concerned about the role of Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania and why this issue was important for Lithuania's history. The main task of independent Lithuania's historiography was to disconnect Lithuania's history from the conceptions of neighbouring countries' historians, which could be considered as a natural self-defense reflex. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a vast state extending from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and pursued its own independent policy even after the Lublin Union in 1569. Lithuanian historians tried to defend the history of Lithuania from the conceptions of Polish historians (political context-struggle for Vilnius), Russian historians (negation of the existence of the medieval Russian-Lithuanian state) and German ones (polemics about the existence of Lithuanians in the Lithuania Minor before the 16th century) thus trying to "find" Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania. As a result, they paid less attention to the history of other national minorities. A. Šapoka, the editor of The History of Lithuania published in 1936, was a scholar with a positivistic view who encouraged the society to dissociate itself from the romantic images of Lithuania's history. He emphasized that every nation had the right to create its own national history. Acknowledging the inevitability of the influence of Western culture, A. Šapoka claimed that Lithuanian-Polish political relationships hindered the development of the unique Lithuanian culture. A. Šapoka was of the opinion that Byzantine civilization and Orthodox Church were incompatible with Lithuania's history. The project "to find Lithuanians" was aimed, first of all, to challenge historiographic conceptions of neighbouring countries-Russia, Germany and Poland; secondly, it also aimed "to show Lithuanians" to their own country-people. In A. Šapoka's opinion, the conception of monarchist historiography formed the notion that the territory under the Polish king could have been only Poland, and this conception was accepted by the societies of many countries. Therefore, A. Šapoka's task was to introduce Lithuanians to foreign historiography and foreign societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is conducted in an increasingly international domain but it is highly questionable whether scientists have equal chances, both professionally and personally, as opportunities and working conditions vary enormously. Drawing on new empirical research with Eastern European scientists, this article explores the professional motivations of Polish and Bulgarian doctoral scientists who have 'gone West'. We consider the relationship between doctoral training, mobility and labour markets within the broader context of science careers. Conditions that create a 'migration potential' are coupled with doctoral candidates' own professional motivations for moving. Moves are found to be economically driven—not just in the 'traditional' sense that moves are made to earn more—as expenditure on research and development influences the number of positions available and their attractiveness to doctoral candidates. Eastern European doctoral scientists share the same rationales for moving as mobile scientists in other studies: for example, moving to prestigious centres or to access international environments. Although socio-economic factors shape attitudes towards mobility, the actual moves themselves were often down to 'chance' encounters or opportunities, although contacts also played an important role. Our findings indicate that, despite a net loss of researchers, scientists do regularly return to their country of origin for professional reasons and often maintain links there, even at early stages in their careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to contextualise the papers in this special issue, this paper presents an overview and framework for understanding the importance of East-West migration in Europe associated with the EU enlargement process. The new patterns and forms of migration seen among East European migrants in the West—in terms of circular and temporary free movement, informal labour market incorporation, cultures of migration, transnational networks, and other phenomena documented in the following papers—illustrate the emergence of a new migration system in Europe. Textbook narratives, in terms of standard accounts of immigration, integration and citizenship based on models of post-colonial, guestworker and asylum migration, will need to be rethought. One particularly fertile source for this is the large body of theory and research developed in the study of Mexican-US migration, itself a part of a regional integration process of comparative relevance to the new European context. While the benefits of open migration from the East will likely triumph over populist political hostility, it is a system that may encourage an exploitative dual labour market for Eastern movers working in the West, as well as encouraging a more effective racial or ethnically-based closure to immigrants from South of the Mediterranean and further afield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries social and cultural science studies have conceptualized migration as a one-directional move leaving the countly of origin behind. This article which is based on a two years ethnographical research project on migration strategies of young Slovakian women to Germany cannot only show that the new migration patters after the so-called fall of the Iron Curtain are much more of a mobile, temporary culture producing new transnational social figurations stretching at least over two different countries. The article shows as well how these women are positioning their migration strategies in the context of the transformation processes of their post-socialist country. Their practice of mobility and their reasoning of the transformation processes challenge not only the classical conceptualizations of migration but as well the hegemonic reading of the Eastern European transformation in social and cultural sciences. Their practices call for a gender sensible transnational anthropological perspective connecting both processes that of migration and the European transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the homecoming of many Jewish immigrants from Great Britain to their homeland in Eastern Europe which was started by the London Jewish Board of Guardians. Historians had estimated that around fifty thousand Jews were sent back by the agency and which had influenced other Jewish charities to do the same. Such move was supported by the Cohen family, custodians of the Board as well as the Anglo-Jewry. Other Western Jewish communities repatriated Eastern European Jews during the westward mass migration but nothing is more consistent than the Anglo-Jewry. In Britain, they feared that the influx of Jews would consume the resources of Jewish charities and prevent the process of anglicizing and might become a political issue in the country.

The article discusses the effects and the influences of the ministry of Reverend Simon Fyne in Swansea, Great Britain. Historical studies of British Jews have flourished and concentrated recently to the other large cities in the country. Through Reverend Fyne, they were able to learn some key points about Jewish, first, they were able to understand the role of a Jewish minister in a provincial town at the beginning of the century and have come to appreciate the impact of mass immigration by eastern European Jews on an already set up Jewish community in Britain. Since Fyne was a loyal Zionist, he demonstrated the views of an early activist. Fyne was a certified teacher of Jew's College in London and had accepted the position as a minister to the Swansea Hebrew Congregation.

The article discusses the role of social rights in various European Union (EU) countries as the labor market has become transnational. Internal EU labor migrations are complemented by labor forces from middle eastern and eastern European (MOE) countries. The article debates therefore whether the EU is moving toward collectivized social rights or fragmentation of those rights among member countries.

The expected immigration from the Eastern European accession countries to the EU is a concern in all Western European societies, and especially in Germany. Recent census data for the United States of America show a share of foreign-born Americans of about 70%. This is the highest share since the 1930s. Compared with this number in a traditional immigration country, the share of foreign-born people in contemporary Germany, which considers itself as a non-immigration country, is a real surprise: according to the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP,), a survey conducted by the DIW, the share is about 70% in Germany as a whole. According to SOEP data, about 30% of all immigrants believe that they do not speak good German, and 70% believe they speak it rather badly. In the age bracket of 21 up to 30 years the share of weak German-speakers is smaller, but still significant, at about 20%. It makes sense to control immigration as much as possible and also to improve the language proficiency of those who have entered the country regardless of their citizenship and their reason for immigration.