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A neoliberal immigration regime often takes an "economic" lens to frame and reframe immigration regulation based on a rational cost–benefit analysis of what immigration might bring to immigration-receiving countries. Under such a regime, skilled and business immigration is framed as an "economic" immigration category, which can channel in financial and human capital, while family and international humanitarian immigration is regarded as a "social" immigration category assumed to produce immigrants who are more dependent and not able to bring immediate and direct economic gain for immigrant-receiving countries. In New Zealand (NZ), such a neoliberal trend is very much alive within its contemporary immigration policy development. The paper aims to illustrate the neoliberal trend of NZ immigration policy that relates to the entry of immigrants' family members, especially the older parents. In order to achieve this goal, a detailed review of the evolving NZ family immigration policy over the last three decades and a descriptive analysis of NZ family immigration intake will be presented. By combining the policy review and descriptive analysis together, the paper can inform a better understanding of how the neoliberal immigration regime has had an impact on the patterns of family immigration in NZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores personal collection management and use in the context of migration. The paper further investigates how migrants use items in personal collections to reflect their self-identity and learn about their heritage. Design/methodology/approach: Interviews were used to collect data from 14 immigrants in New Zealand. Findings: Findings show how migrants perceive the value of their personal collections, manage their personal collections during migration and use their personal collections as instruments of identity formation, self-awareness, and connections to cultural heritage. Originality/value: Insights presented in this study increase an understanding of the critical role personal information plays in the migration and integration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Zealanders can cross borders freely, work and live in Australia indefinitely thanks to the Trans‐Tasman Travel Agreement. This paper uses a recently developed decomposition method to decompose the weekly wage gap at various quantiles on the wage distribution between New Zealand‐born (NZ‐born) and Australian‐born workers, and between NZ‐born workers, migrants from other English speaking countries (OESC), and from non‐English speaking countries (NESC) to determine how free and regulated migration influences migrants' performance in the Australian labour market. We found that NZ‐born workers earned higher weekly wages than both Australian‐born and NESC workers but earned lower wages than OESC migrants. Differences in endowment were primarily responsible for the wage gaps between NZ‐born and Australian‐born workers and between NZ‐born and OESC migrants. However, differences in returns to worker and job characteristics are mainly responsible for the wage gap between NZ‐born and NESC migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the nineteenth-century gold rush era, Chinese gold miners arrived spontaneously in California and, later, were invited in to work the Otago goldfields in New Zealand. This article considers how the initial arrival of Chinese in those areas was represented in two major newspapers of the time, the Daily Alta California and the Otago Witness. Both newspapers initially favored Chinese immigration, due to the economic benefits that accrued and the generally tolerant outlook of the newspapers' editors. The structure of the papers' coverage differed, however, reflecting the differing historical circumstances of California and Otago. Both papers gave little space to reporting Chinese in their own voices. The newspapers editors played the crucial role in shaping each newspaper's coverage over time. The editor of the Witness remained at the helm of his newspaper throughout the survey period and his newspaper consequently did not waver in its support of the Chinese. The editor of the Alta, by contrast, died toward the end of the survey period and his newspaper subsequently descended into racist, anti-Chinese rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most more developed countries, the total fertility rate (TFR) is below 2.1 and net immigration is positive. This paper proposes and calculates for 22 populations for 2011–15 a 'Current Migration Replacement TFR' which in combination with the mortality and absolute net migration for that period generates a stationary population equal in size to the mid-period population. The results show the Current Migration Replacement TFR ranges widely from 0.60 for Singapore to 2.05 for Slovakia. That the Current Migration Replacement TFR is below the 2011–15 TFR in 14 of the 22 countries shows that, when considered in combination with current migration and mortality, in most of the countries the current 'below 2.1' TFR is coherent with population increase, not population decline, over the long run. For New Zealand, Australia, Norway, Sweden and the UK continued current fertility in combination with constant mortality and constant absolute net migration is coherent with more than doubling of the current population size. The value of this measure for illustrating the interconnected population size implications of sub-replacement fertility and immigration, for sub-categorisation of 'post-transitional' populations by population growth prospects, and for guiding population policy is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nativism, the belief that the rights of those who came first should be prioritized over immigrants, is an increasingly important driver of the rise of far-right populism. It is also leading to hate crimes and even terrorist attacks against immigrants. However, it remains unclear when and why local communities come to oppose immigration. One important set of questions concerns whether nativism is most likely to emerge in societies in which immigrants constitute a higher proportion of the total population or those where there is rapid growth in the immigrant population, even if absolute numbers or their proportion of society remain low. This paper employs multivariate analysis to test these two hypotheses. We use data from a survey of nativist (and populist) sentiment in New Zealand conducted in 2020 along with population data from the national censuses of 2013 and 2018. We compare the results from all New Zealand regions. Our findings strongly support the second hypothesis regarding the importance of the rate of growth in the immigrant population. Those regions that have the highest rate of change in immigrant populations present the highest levels of nativist sentiment, despite their immigrant populations being both small in size and as a proportion of the local population. Conversely, those regions where immigrant numbers are high or they constitute a large proportion of the local population return low levels of nativist sentiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the determinants of emigration from the United Kingdom to the United States, Canada and Australia/New Zealand from 1870 to 1913. In the absence of restrictive immigration policies, the flow of emigration to these destinations responded to economic shocks and trends. Emigrants to Australia and New Zealand were more skilled on average than those heading across the Atlantic, a feature that does not correspond well with skill differentials in the manner predicted by the Roy model. While assisted passages (subsidised fares) increased the volume of emigration to Australia and New Zealand they cannot account for its higher skill content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the emergence of an administrative apparatus designed to filter, and in some cases, exclude certain classes of international traveller at the New Zealand border following the end of World War One (WWI). Drawing on Walters’ (2004) ideas of ‘geostrategies’, and specifically focusing on the abolishment of permits for movement across the Tasman Sea, the Undesirable Immigrants Exclusion Act 1919 and the Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920, the paper argues that this apparatus was characterized by shifting calculations of risk that shaped international mobility through New Zealand in profoundly uneven ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1990s, many nations pursued immigration policies aimed at attracting entrepreneurs who could invigorate their domestic economy. This paper examines New Zealand’s business immigration policy and contrasts it to that of Canada. Immigrant entrepreneurs explored business ventures that either did not materialise or ended in failure. Many resorted to passive investments. They had to learn to do business in the new environment. This paper suggests the policies were based on an outdated model of entrepreneurship that emphasises the attributes of the individual. The experience of business immigrants highlights the dynamics of fit in the nexus between individual and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indian migrants have been arriving in New Zealand for more than a century, although large numbers of migrants are a phenomenon mainly of the last two decades. This paper considers the history of Indian settlement and identities in New Zealand and then outlines the ways in which recent migration streams have accelerated transnational phenomena of the past and introduced some new elements. This paper is based on a series of interviews and presents the views of key informants within the Indian community. At the personal level, connections operate not only between India and New Zealand but also within the broader global Indian diaspora. At more institutional levels the media serve both national and transnational functions, as do ethnic associations. The latter also illustrate the great diversity within a heterogeneous 'Indian diaspora' in New Zealand. The paper also asks whether there is a 'pan-Indian' identity, and the ways in which this relates to other aspects of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we understand our own cultural histories and how do these understandings impact on our senses of self? This paper addresses the case of Pacific islander migration into New Zealand. It is based on a study fuelled by a group of Pacific island teachers exploring their own experiences of becoming teachers in New Zealand schools. The paper raises some theoretical issues relating to cultural identity as understood in relation to educational practices at the interfaces of cultures. By examining how notions of Pacific cultural identity for individuals are held in place by particular self-images the paper asks how such identities might be seen as reaching out to possible futures. The paper concludes with some tentative thoughts on how an individual might work towards strengthening a historical sense of self and a more productive reflective/reflexive conception of engagement in a situation of cultural minority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a narrative approach emanating from a small research study, this paper presents inspirational cameos of ethnic minority women entrepreneurs. The focal point is Indian women entrepreneurs in New Zealand. The theoretical perspective of mixed embeddedness, where institutional structures and the entrepreneurs play out their stories in the complexity of the political, psychological, social, and economic arenas, forms the backdrop for this paper. By presenting inspirational cameos of ordinary women who have achieved entrepreneurial success against the saga of Indian immigration, this paper is in contrast to much of the prevailing literature which focuses on blocking and constraining factors in the life experiences of ethnic minority migrant women entrepreneurs. Such cameos can be positioned to serve as exemplars of and for ethnic minority migrant women, particularly in a world where many ethnic minority women and entrepreneurial educators are often unaware of ethnic minority role models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper reports on a research programme that has investigated the migration experiences of highly skilled professional and business migrants to New Zealand. Over a four-year period, five separate studies have been conducted on the stages in the process of migration. The paper sets out a model of the stages of the migration process and the data and analysis which it has guided. Of particular interest are the information sources available to potential migrants and employers, the cultural sensitivity of settlement processes and the migrants' subsequent ease of access to the labour market. The paper analyses information flows available to migrants at crucial phases in the migration process based on a stages model of the migration process. The model indicates some of the critical steps, interactions, and decisions in the migration process from the individual's point of view. Crucial information gaps are identified and implications are drawn for actors involved at the different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003, New Zealand passed the Prostitution Reform Act (PRA), becoming the first country in the world to decriminalise sex work. Aotearoa/New Zealand's model of decriminalisation is internationally regarded as an ideal model for prioritising sex workers' rights and safety, and is understood to have had several positive impacts in these areas. The decriminalised model is often described as 'full decriminalisation', to distinguish it from legal frameworks which decriminalise sex workers while still criminalising clients and/or third parties. However, an infrequently discussed aspect of the Aotearoa/New Zealand model of 'full' decriminalisation is that it prohibits migrant sex work as an anti-trafficking measure. In this paper I discuss the contradictory nature of Aotearoa/New Zealand's sex work law in relation to the precarious legal status of migrant sex workers. I explore the disconnect between the intention and consequences of this policy, outlining the challenges this poses for sex workers, and those committed to the full realisation of sex worker rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly emergent Pasifika diasporas as elements of a new sports labour migrant are an important force of immense significance in global rugby football. This paper illustrates the place of rugby in Pasifika communities and how and why it has become a zone of potential success, aspiration and social advancement for Pasifika people. An impression is given of the enormity of their range and influence in the sport using illustrations drawn from the ranks of current Pacific professional rugby players. The complex relationship among Pacific Islanders, globalisation and rugby football will also be discussed demonstrating not merely the issue of Pasifika communities as recipients of the cultural effects of globalisation via imperial rule and cultural diffusion, but also of their impact as creolising agents on the sport of rugby throughout the mid twentieth century to the current professional era. Throughout this discussion it is noted that rugby is seen as a means not just of individual advancement but as a potential source of financial security for players' families and their wider communities in the Pacific Islands and in their adopted countries. The vexatious issue of remittances, responsibility and rugby as a major career pathway is also raised. It must be acknowledged at the outset that the term ‘Pasifika’ is somewhat problematic. ‘Pasifika’, as a Polynesian way of saying ‘Pacific’, should technically be used as an adjective. However, ‘Pasifika’ is primarily used to refer to Pacific people in the diaspora, and the usage varies from New Zealand to Australia. In this paper, the inclusion of Mãori under the umbrella term ‘Pasifika’ has been avoided. Every effort has also been made to correctly use relevant anthropological/scientific terms such as Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides evidence that highly skilled migrants continue to remain connected with and deeply committed to their home country. These connections challenge the notion of knowledge and skills loss from high-skilled migration. Highly skilled migrants are also involved in remittance giving, which, although of the noneconomic type, offers new possibilities for building wealth. These are the so-called 'knowledge transfers' which consist of the flows of knowledge, skills and ideas to the home country. This paper analyses these knowledge transfers through the highly skilled Filipino migrants in New Zealand and Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper follows from the findings of the 2006 review of research on women, gender and migration published in International Migration Review. We begin by discussing three international trends in contemporary migration flows: diversification, bifurcation and feminisation; and examine their significance for New Zealand. We then review the research on gender and economic integration of migrants in developed countries in relation to three aspects: the characteristics of migrants; the strategies migrants use during settlement; and the contexts of reception in receiving communities. We identify insights and omissions in this scholarship relevant to New Zealand policy-oriented migration research. We argue that the gendered nature of migration cannot be ignored, and that while human capital approaches to economic integration are important, they are insufficient for understanding complex migrant outcomes. Rather, comprehensive, integrated and local research is required to understand migrant experience and outcomes and to assess the effectiveness of immigration policy settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009 international student safety became an issue of immediate concern to Australian international education exporters following a series of demonstrations by Indian students and interventions by concerned foreign governments. With these developments the 'industry' became fixated on how best to secure Australia's share of the international education market in a context in which it was impossible to deny international student safety is a systemic problem. This paper contextualizes this development by utilizing a stigma management framework to review the unfolding debate on international students and safety in the USA, the UK, New Zealand and Australia. We argue that in all four cases it took an exogenous shock to convince education exporters to acknowledge student safety as an issue that needs to be openly debated. We also suggest that Australian officials were slow to make this acknowledgement because they mistakenly believed the industry was shielded by its link to the immigration program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scholars have utilised patient case-books to unearth the social experience of the lunatic asylum, particularly with reference to gendered dimensions and the role of the family. Where migration is considered, the focus is on whether or not mobility led to higher rates of committal. In other studies where place of birth is included as a category of analysis, no cross-referencing exists with other elements such as gender, marital status or religious affiliation. Instead, class and gender, rather than ethnicity, are the defining categories. This paper is a preliminary attempt to rectify this manifest neglect. It is based on information relating to 389 foreign-born migrants committed to the Auckland asylum between 1903 and 1910. The paper has two main objectives. First, it attempts to ascertain the key demographic features of the asylum's migrant population. What were their origins, gender and religion? How long had they been in New Zealand and what can we glean about their migration strategies and networks? Second, the analysis focuses on a number of issues pertaining to ethnicity. What do the case-books reveal about ties to place of origin, language and inter-ethnic relations? A broad conclusion addresses the complicated issue of analysing subjective versus objective perceptions and representations of migration and ethnicity, and establishes the benefit and significance of adopting a comparative approach to the study of migration and ethnic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The belief in an Arcadia has long played a role in European ideology, and in the creation of landscape. In the case of New Zealand, immigrants from Great Britain hoped, in part, to find there own Arcadia in a country that appeared to them as being open for business. Longing for a better life away from the enormous difficulties of the British proletariat, immigrants dreamed of opportunities for jobs and the possibilities for land of their own. Some immigrants who were in better economic circumstances in Britain even sought to create for themselves a British County lifestyle. To create New Zealand from the Maori Aotearoa required the theft of indigenous land, and, in fact, the importation of animals, grass seed, trees, and even birds for the desired effect. In short, the process required the destruction of the old way of life and its exhaustive replacement with the new. This paper discusses the British colonization of New Zealand using Pierre Bourdieu's structure of social fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the hypotheses that a greater stock of migrants in New Zealand from a particular country leads to more trade between that country and New Zealand, and a greater stock of New Zealanders living overseas in a particular country leads to more trade between that country and New Zealand. It also examines the relationships between migration, diaspora and tourism exports. The literature suggests that migrants can stimulate trade by lowering transaction costs, and by bringing with them preferences for goods produced in their home country. Our approach is to apply panel data techniques, within the framework of a standard gravity model of trade, to a dataset consisting of information on 233 countries in each of the 26 years between 1981 and 2006. We estimate a random effects panel sample selection model using correlated random effects. Our results indicate that migration does indeed stimulate trade. In our benchmark specification, merchandise exports from and imports to New Zealand both have a statistically significant relationship with numbers of migrants in New Zealand; imports also have a statistically significant relationship with numbers of New Zealanders overseas. Our results also suggest that migration stimulates imports more than exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide contemporary information and analysis of women's location within the service sector of New Zealand; to evaluate the responsiveness of two major policy initiatives designed to ameliorate women's circumstances therein; and to reconceptualise and suggest possible approaches and measures which could inform future government and workplace policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The study primarily employs a thematic analysis of publicly-available reports, documentation and pertinent academic work. Secondary, independent statistical analyses of nationally-representative data are used in order to provide the context and rationale for the policy analysis, and to overview key trends and "problem" areas in the service sector for working women in New Zealand. Findings – New Zealand has a high female labour force participation rate, with more than eight out of 10 female workers employed in service work. Although women remain over-represented in low-paid work, they have benefited from service sector growth, higher penetration of professional and managerial work, and some reduction in the gender pay gap. State interventions are justified in equity, labour market and welfare terms, with an emerging focus on "decent work" and productivity. Yet, this analysis of key initiatives for working women reveals an inadequate regulatory and policy framework. The significance and "genderedness" of service work to the economy means that it is increasingly but still insufficiently the focus of economic and social policy. Originality/value – This study responds to the absence of a contemporary and comprehensive assessment of the location and inequities experienced by different groups of women in New Zealand's service sector, particularly Māori and Pasifika women. It provides a springboard to further analysis of the key trends, themes and policy impacts that it highlights, as well as of a reconceived regulatory approach for women working in the service sector outlined in the Concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern human origins have been securely located in Africa. Human migrations out of Africa began approximately 65,000 years ago and ended with the settlement of Aotearoa/New Zealand only about 750 years ago. Researchers have used mitochondrial DNA and other molecular markers to track these migration pathways. This paper describes the archaeological, historic and mitochondrial DNA evidence tracking the history of the longest human migration, that from Africa to Aotearoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: While there is growing scholarly interest in returned and cyclical migration, and on young adult cultural or adventure seeking migration, there is still a lack of systematic empirical insights into how the experiences of being abroad, and after return, are mediated by exposure to different cultural environments. Addressing this conceptual and empirical gap, the paper analyses the experiences of New Zealand return migrants, or sojourners, who lived and worked in European countries (other than the UK) for more than one year and compares them with the experiences of NZ returnees from the UK. Drawing on 20 ‘non-UK’ and 22 ‘UK’ in-depth interviews, the paper revisits typology of cross-cultural, or intercultural, adjustment (largely ignored in studies of return migration) to assess sojourners’ experiences throughout the migration cycle and serve as a useful tool for identifying and reporting psychological and socio-cultural elements in the returnees stories. The findings of sojourners’ possible identity shifts during intercultural transition are discussed with reference to the four-member paradigm of Cultural Identity Model (CIM) () while addressing argument that overseas adaptation and repatriation experiences are not directly associated. This paper demonstrates the need to understand first that the costs and benefits of circular migration or sojourning are country-specific, and that they do not ‘just happen’ at a particular moment or in one phase but are forged through a veritable rollercoaster of experiences of intercultural adjustment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Outdoor nature-based recreation practices provide a window on human/non-human relationships in New Zealand society and for some new immigrants these relationships metaphorically parallel their settlement experiences. This paper draws on the qualitative component of a mixed method study conducted in New Zealand, which focused on participation in outdoor nature-based recreation in national and regional parks. Recent immigrants in New Zealand bring with them environmental values and expectations of what recreational participation in outdoor nature-based settings should and might entail. Recent migrant perceptions of these natural habitats throw into relief assumed givens about the role of national parks and the social and cultural function that these institutions have fulfilled since their inception in New Zealand society. Our research demonstrates that being able to locate one’s self in nature-based settings is central to migrant integration, yet for a significant group of immigrants this is not always possible in New Zealand. This research raises a number of important questions about the nature of leisure and the politics of the environment in New Zealand. In multicultural New Zealand outdoor nature-based recreation, those who participate and those who do not, what they see and what it means to them provides a window on contemporary societal, environmental and cultural politics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, I give voice to Latin Americans' ideas about belonging in Aotearoa New Zealand society. As a small, low-profile migrant community in Auckland, their self-positioning in the urban social matrix is especially interesting because of New Zealand's official policy as a bicultural nation, aspiring to an equal partnership between indigenous Maori and Pakeha (European New Zealanders). This study is situated in the context of transnational migration research which stresses the potential for migrants to use transnational linkages to negotiate 'belonging' in the receiving society. Due to New Zealand's revised immigration laws in the late 1980s, the cultural composition of Auckland has changed enormously in the last decades. Increasing non-white immigration has challenged New Zealand's national identity as a bicultural, but predominantly white, society in the South Pacific. However, it is unclear where other ethnic groups are situated in this bicultural framework. Based on fieldwork and discursive accounts, I scrutinise Latin American migrants' understanding of biculturalism in a multicultural context. I am particularly interested in their self-positioning in the wider social matrix and in the contested forms of (self-)inclusion and exclusion. I situate these practices in migrants' biographies as they are shaped by political ideas, class and economic opportunities. I argue that these conditions are key in migrants' perceptions of 'belonging' and self-positioning in the urban ambit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrants' social relations are reconfigured in relation to how the localised and distanciated are recombined in context of how individuals are embedded in the enfolded mobilities of increasingly mobile social networks. The paper is organized around three main propositions. First, that social relations are structured across three main and intersecting domains - family, workplace and community. Second, that social relations and networks are shaped by, and shape, the relational nature of places. Third, that the relational nature of places, and the reconfiguration of localised and distanciated relationships should be analysed across the entire migration cycle. These ideas are explored through a study of the Big OE from New Zealand to the UK, based on in-depth interviews with returned migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use data from the New Zealand Census to examine how the arrival of new migrants affects the geographic mobility of the New Zealand (NZ)-born and earlier migrants. We identify the impact of recent migration by exploiting the fact that immigration is spatially concentrated, and therefore a change in the local supply of migrants in a particular skill-group should have an impact on the mobility of similarly skilled non-migrants in that local labour market. Overall, our results provide little support for the hypothesis that migrant inflows displace either the NZ-born or earlier migrants with similar skills in the areas that new migrants are settling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is arguably a contentious issue in New Zealand. A major shift in immigration policy and patterns of immigration has witnessed an anti-immigration backlash and debate over a 'crisis of national identity'. Drawing data from the 1995 and 2003 National Identity modules of the International Social Survey Programme, this paper examines New Zealanders' attitudes toward immigration. The results of hierarchical cluster and multiple correspondence analyses show how attitudes toward immigration highlight important social group (i.e. class and ethnicity) differences in beliefs about social incorporation and conceptions of national identity. Positive or negative attitudes toward immigration, therefore, have different meanings depending on broader social and cultural divisions in society. I conclude by relating the findings to processes of social incorporation among immigrants and their descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass media have long been seen as an important mechanism in constructing and brokering relations between host and immigrant minorities. Their role has typically been portrayed as endorsing, if not, initiating racist imagery. New Zealand significantly altered its recruitment of immigrants in terms of source countries in 1986-87. The resulting superdiversity presents new challenges for the mainstream media. In the early phase of this recently enhanced cultural diversity, the mass media (here represented by the print media) contributed to a publically articulated racialisation. However, the growing engagement (embeddedness) of the media workers in the reality of this enhanced diversity was subsequently reflected in more nuanced and sympathetic reporting after 2000, thereby confounding classic approaches which stress the misrepresentation and underrepresentation of immigrants by the mass media. There remain important exceptions to this shift towards a broadly sympathetic representation of immigrants by the media; there is evidence of ongoing racist 'Othering' in news reporting and by particular journalists. This paper argues that there is evidence of a recent and partial transformation in the nature of media discourses concerning immigrants and immigration in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been considerable interest recently in various new forms of transnational migration and patterns of travel. Often these are understood as novel consequences of the numerous transformations involved in the different dimensions of globalisation. In this paper we argue that, while new technologies and recent social and economic changes clearly influence the formation of these new transnational migratory forms, the role of cultural and historical processes, including past forms of travel and migration are just as central to the process. We base this argument on the case of the New Zealand 'overseas experience', or 'OE'. This is a culturally generated and encouraged working holiday that lasts for two to three years and is most often based in Britain. Detailed examination of the OE shows it to be a case of a 'reverse diaspora' which has both practical and historical links with the earlier British diaspora that included colonisation of New Zealand. These links have influenced the form and content of the OE but, we argue, it is best understood as a reflection of the assertion of cultural identity rather than as a residuum or anachronistic remnant of the earlier diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of overseas language study in the context of skilled migration with a particular focus on the experiences and outcomes of South Koreans studying English language in New Zealand. Through this case we illustrate the manner that language learners develop skills and embodied cultural capital that allow them to improve their socio-economic position in Korea or pursue migratory possibilities elsewhere. However, our findings also offer a qualification to common assertions about the global transferability of skills as we argue that skills are context reliant and cannot be separated either from the individual who possesses them or the places in which they are deployed. Finally, the paper also points to the different sorts of influences on post-study destinations that include not only economic rationalities but also individual experiences and the different characteristics of migratory regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguing for the merits of an antipodean perspective that embraces the linked historical and current relations between Tasman, British and other worlds, this paper focuses on the majoritarian responses of those of English ancestry in Britain and within the British diaspora to wide ranging changes that potentially challenge their national supremacy in both contexts. After briefly assessing some of the approaches to exploring the identities of the 'English/British' separately in Australia and New Zealand, some suggestions are made about how majoritarian narratives are best reframed, conceptually and methodologically, both within the antipodes and the broader contexts within which they have always been placed. The adoption of an antipodean perspective is deemed necessary in order to understand how changes in majority status and shifts in national identity are mutually constituted within and across the above worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Migration & Integration is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For many East and South East Asian youth, global citizenship is an increasing reality. This raises new research questions of the process of acculturation and ethnic identity. East and South East Asian immigrants and student sojourners in Australia and New Zealand may embody multiple ethnic backgrounds, speak several regional languages and sometimes live for extended periods of time in two or more Asian states or country. This paper challenges the concept of ethnic essentialism or a single cultural adaptation and explores the notion of a regional Pan-Asian identity that extends beyond the barriers of the Asian continent to a globalizing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to research on the lived dimensions of transnational mobility through an engagement with recent work on affect. Drawing on interviews with New Zealand skilled migrants, we argue that the attractions and experience of relocation to London are significantly connected to the affective possibilities it offers. As a diverse and enlivening set of ecologies of place, London appears to facilitate a certain feeling of being in the heart of things, an embodied state that is both valued and closely linked to New Zealand's former status as a British colony. We argue that considering the affective possibilities of cities - and the diverse ways in which transnational migrants perceive and appropriate these possibilities - offers valuable insights into the dynamics of subjectivity in a mobile world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary economic and social change in the agricultural sector in New Zealand in conjunction with a time of full employment has ensured that labour shortages are an increasing reality for many primary producers. Increasingly too, changes in land use within this sector, especially where viticulture and horticulture have replaced sheep and beef production in some areas, have increased the demand for temporary seasonal workers. This paper explores how New Zealand immigration policy is responding to these changes in the agricultural, horticultural and viticultural sectors, paying particular attention to the use of temporary migration as a means to address labour shortages in these sectors through the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) policy. The paper draws on interviews with public sector stakeholders conducted in late 2007 and early 2008 where the objective was to explore the reasons for establishing the RSE policy, the process of policy development and anticipated outcomes. This paper outlines the intentions behind this scheme, observes current research in the area and highlights the need for further research on the use of temporary migration to meet labour needs in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-born cohort among New Zealand's ethnic Chinese constitutes 35% of the total of over 100,000 ethnic Chinese in the most recent census of 2001. It is the single largest group, out-stripping the local born and totally overshadowing the immigrant Chinese groups born in other diasporic centers. In recent years, immigrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) have shown a strong tendency of return migration and transnationalism. This paper will explore the circulatory movements of this group, highlighting various social indicators as a pointer to their relative attachment to their sending country and host country respectively. The paper uses the China-born specific data of the latest New Zealand census as background. Primary research data is derived from a two-part field study, first in New Zealand (the settlement country) and then in China (the country of origin). One hundred respondents, drawn from the snowballing sampling method, were interviewed in Auckland. It was found that while the immigrants maintained close links with China, few of them remitted money back. While community links are reasonably strong, few relied on fellow Chinese for their first job. Two rounds of in-depth qualitative interviews were carried out in China on ten respondents who returned from New Zealand. Questions were asked to ascertain their motivation for returning, their experience of re-entry, and what their future intentions might be. This article will look particularly at the returnees' sense of identity and affinity with both their countries of origin and adoption, and to find out about their self-perceived roles in an increasingly globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospect of a common currency for Australia and New Zealand has been canvassed by senior poli-ticians and bureaucrats, and has been the subject of academic debate. According to Mundell (1961 ), a high degree of internal labour mobility is a desirable feature of currency unions. This study looks at the extent to which long-term migration between Australia and New Zealand responds to output shocks. Estimated VAR models and panel Granger-causality tests demonstrate that shocks to relative per capita output have a significant and symmetrical impact on migration flows between Australia and New Zealand, and most of the impact is felt after about one year. Separating the shocks to Australia and New Zealand shows that ‘pull’ effects are more important than ‘push’ effects. Additionally, the trajectory of the Australian economy proves particularly influential for the choice of New Zealand emigrants. Although permanent migration responds intuitively to the state of the economy in Australia and New Zealand, the level of these migration flows is low in comparison to Australian inter-state migration; yet it is high in relation to any third country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auckland's ethnic composition has diversified rapidly since the introduction of a new immigration policy in 1987. The policy targets migrants with skills and investment capital, and while it has attracted many asset-rich migrants, it has also resulted in the immigration of many with relatively little wealth, from a range of countries. Thus, much of the media attention which once focused on disadvantaged migrant groups shifted its attention to apparently wealthier groups such as the Chinese from Hong Kong and Taiwan. At the same time, the transformation of suburbs with high average socio-economic status was conspicuous, but other suburbs considered less prestigious have also been transformed. This paper considers the situation of the Indian transnational group in New Zealand which is in the 'middle' socio-economically. Further we consider the emerging transnational spaces in one of the suburbs within Auckland which is also in the 'middle' in terms of its historical transformation and the (re)construction of place which has taken place there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines notions of re-entry, or return migration, through the experiences of East Asian tertiary international students who had studied in New Zealand. After identifying specific methodological contexts of re-entry for these students, and briefly considering international students' experiences in New Zealand, this article examines various transitions encountered during re-entry. These transitions center on expectations, a longing to belong, identity crisis, and a sense of homelessness and loss, as well as various social responses and other general transitions. The paper then argues that the reintegration of identity and place is crucial in ameliorating some of the reentry difficulties, which also provides a useful conceptual framework to understand re-entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the "Crossing Borders: Regional and Urban Perspectives on International Migration," edited by Cees Gorter, Peter Nijkamp and Jacques Poot. In this book fourteen papers, most resulting from an international workshop held in December 1995 at the Tinbergen Institute in Amsterdam, investigate the regional and urban dimensions of cross-border migration. Papers discuss migration, economic integration and regional growth, the welfare effects of immigration in the presence of public goods, the impact of immigration on labor markets and urban infrastructure in Australia and New Zealand, polarization and urban policies in Amsterdam, socioeconomic implications of the changing spatial distribution and labor market

The article discusses Australasian immigration, economics, and regional interdependence in traditional countries like North America and New Zealand. This paper focuses on the renewed interest in immigration as currently observed specifically in Australia. The economic issues are being made alternative to the equally significant social topics and a range of non-economic concerns. Immigration issues such as race have become part of the growing debate in economic activities, market trends, and the most important issue of a continent with a small number of population.

To date there has been little explicit theorization concerning the role of risk in global migration studies. Drawing upon Beck's concept of the 'risk society,' this paper presents an investigation of the interplay between societal risk and micro-level migration decision-making. Thick historical contextualization and interview data are used to examine the process of decision-making of South Koreans' migration to New Zealand. Four risk factors were found to contribute to their 'exit' decisions: South Korea's highly competitive, work-oriented society brought about by compressed modernity; North Korea's threat of war and the South's consequent political and military culture; the home nation's obsession with education and academic performance; and the difficulties of reconciling traditional collectivist values with upward mobility. It is argued that while elements of risk may be universal, they need to be understood within specific cultural contexts and in relation to how they influence peoples' lived experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]