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Objectives Repeated presentations to emergency departments (EDs) may indicate a lack of access to other health care resources. Age is an important predictor of frequent ED use; however, age-varying effects are not generally investigated. This study examines the age-specific effects of predictors on ED presentation frequency for children in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Methods This retrospective study used population-based data during April 2010 to March 2017. Data were extracted from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System for children aged Results There were 2,481,172 patients who made 9,229,156 ED presentations. The effects of sex, lowest income quintile, rural residence, access to primary health care provider and province on the frequency of presentations varied by age. Notably, boys go from having more frequent presentations than girls when aged ≤5 (i.e. adjusted intensity ratio [IR]=1.04 at age 5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03,1.06) to less frequent for ages 8–11 years and beyond 14 (i.e. IR = 0.80 at age 15, 95% CI = 0.78,0.81). Adolescents aged ≥15 without access to a primary care provider had more frequent presentations compared to those with a primary care provider. Conclusions When examining the frequency of ED presentations in children, age-varying effects of predictors should be considered. Our more nuanced examination of age provides insights into how health services might better target programmes for different ages to potentially reduce unnecessary ED use by providing other health care alternatives.

Previous studies have found that race is associated with emergency department triage scores, raising concerns about potential health care inequity. As part of a project on quality of care for First Nations people in Alberta, we sought to understand the relation between First Nations status and triage scores.We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of health administrative data from April 2012 to March 2017 to evaluate acuity of triage scores, categorized as a binary outcome of higher or lower acuity score. We developed multivariable multilevel logistic mixed-effects regression models using the levels of emergency department visit, patient (for patients with multiple visits) and facility. We further evaluated the triage of visits related to 5 disease categories and 5 specific diagnoses to better compare triage outcomes of First Nations and non-First Nations patients.First Nations status was associated with lower odds of receiving higher acuity triage scores (odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.94) compared with non-First Nations patients in adjusted models. First Nations patients had lower odds of acute triage for all 5 disease categories and for 3 of 5 diagnoses, including long bone fractures (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.88), acute upper respiratory infection (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98) and anxiety disorder (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60-0.74).First Nations status was associated with lower odds of higher acuity triage scores across a number of conditions and diagnoses. This may reflect systemic racism, stereotyping and potentially other factors that affected triage assessments.

Transitions for older persons from long-term care (LTC) to the emergency department (ED) and back, can result in adverse events. Effective communication among care settings is required to ensure continuity of care. We implemented a standardized form for improving consistency of documentation during LTC to ED transitions of residents 65 years of age or older, via emergency medical services (EMS), and back. Data on form use and form completion were collected through chart review. Practitioners’ perspectives were collected using surveys. The form was used in 90/244 (37%) LTC to ED transitions, with large variation in data element completion. EMS and ED reported improved identification of resident information. LTC personnel preferred usual practice to the new form and twice reported prioritizing form completion before calling 911. To minimize risk of harmful unintended consequences, communication forms should be implemented as part of broader quality improvement programs, rather than as stand-alone interventions.

Residents of long-term care (LTC) whose deaths are imminent are likely to trigger a transfer to the emergency department (ED), which may not be appropriate. Using data from an observational study, we employed structural equation modeling to examine relationships among organizational and resident variables and death during transitions between LTC and ED. We identified 524 residents involved in 637 transfers from 38 LTC facilities and 2 EDs. Our model fit the data, (χ2 = 72.91, df = 56, p = .064), explaining 15% variance in resident death. Sustained shortness of breath (SOB), persistent decreased level of consciousness (LOC) and high triage acuity at ED presentation were direct and significant predictors of death. The estimated model can be used as a framework for future research. Standardized reporting of SOB and changes in LOC, scoring of resident acuity in LTC and timely palliative care consultation for families in the ED, when they are present, warrant further investigation.

ObjectivesHealth disparities between racial and ethnic groups have been documented in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Despite evidence that differences in emergency department (ED) care based on patient race and ethnicity exist, there are no comprehensive literature reviews in this area. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on the impact of patient ethnicity and race on the processes of ED care.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to capture the broad nature of the literature. A database search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Social Sciences Citation Index, SCOPUS, and JSTOR. Five journals and reference lists of included articles were hand searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined iteratively to ensure literature captured was relevant to our research question. Data were extracted using predetermined variables, and additional extraction variables were added as familiarity with the literature developed.ResultsSearching yielded 1,157 citations, reduced to 153 following removal of duplicates, and title and abstract screening. After full-text screening, 83 articles were included. Included articles report that, in EDs, patient race and ethnicity impact analgesia, triage scores, wait times, treatments, diagnostic procedure utilization, rates of patients leaving without being seen, and patient subjective experiences. Authors of included studies propose a variety of possible causes for these disparities.ConclusionsFurther research on the existence of disparities in care within EDs is warranted to explore the causes behind observed disparities for particular health conditions and population groups in specific contexts.

Objectives Emergency department (ED) volumes have drawn attention to frequent users but less attention has been paid to children. This study examined sociodemographic and ED presentation characteristics of pediatric high-system ED users (HSUs) in 2 provinces in Canada. Methods Cohorts of HSUs were created from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System in 2015/2016 for children with the top 10% of ED presentations. Controls were random samples of non-HSU patients. Factors were explored in multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 151,497 HSUs (51.7% girls, average age, 6.4 years) and 591,545 controls (53.1% girls; average age, 7.4 years). High-system ED users were more likely to be younger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.89 per 5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-0.89), live in less populated areas (aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.82-1.88), and from lowest income neighborhoods (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.48-1.54) than controls. High-system ED users had higher proportions of presentations for pediatric complex chronic (aOR, 1.25 per 0.25 increase; 95% CI, 1.21-1.29), respiratory (aOR, 1.14 per 0.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.15), and mental health (aOR, 1.14 per 0.25; 95% CI, 1.13-1.16) conditions than controls. Conclusions Complex factors underlie pediatric health care utilization decisions. Findings identified conditions to target in interventions to improve health care access and utilization. Future work should engage children and families to design interventions.

Background Worse health outcomes are consistently reported for First Nations people in Canada. Social, political and economic inequities as well as inequities in health care are major contributing factors to these health disparities. Emergency care is an important health services resource for First Nations people. First Nations partners, academic researchers, and health authority staff are collaborating to examine emergency care visit characteristics for First Nations and non-First Nations people in the province of Alberta. Methods We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study examining all Alberta emergency care visits from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2017 by linking administrative data. Patient demographics and emergency care visit characteristics for status First Nations persons in Alberta, and non-First Nations persons, are reported. Frequencies and percentages (%) describe patients and visits by categorical variables (e.g., Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale). Means, medians, standard deviations and interquartile ranges describe continuous variables (e.g., age). Results The dataset contains 11,686,288 emergency care visits by 3,024,491 unique persons. First Nations people make up 4% of the provincial population and 9.4% of provincial emergency visits. The population rate of emergency visits is nearly 3 times higher for First Nations persons than non-First Nations persons. First Nations women utilize emergency care more than non-First Nations women (54.2% of First Nations visits are by women compared to 50.9% of non-First Nations visits). More First Nations visits end in leaving without completing treatment (6.7% v. 3.6%). Conclusions Further research is needed on the impact of First Nations identity on emergency care drivers and outcomes, and on emergency care for First Nations women.

BackgroundThis paper describes and compares patient flow characteristics of adult high system users (HSUs) and control groups in Alberta and Ontario emergency departments (EDs), Canada.MethodsAnnual cohorts of HSUs were created by identifying patients who made up the top 10% of ED users (by count of ED presentations) in the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System during 2011–2016. Random samples of patients not in the HSU groups were selected as controls. Presentation (e.g., acuity) and ED times (e.g., time to physician initial assessment [PIA], length of stay) data were extracted and described. The length of stay for 2015/2016 data was decomposed into stages and Cox models compared time between stages.ResultsThere were 20,343,230 and 18,222,969 ED presentations made by 7,032,655 and 1,923,462 individuals in the control and HSU groups, respectively. The Ontario groups had higher acuity than the Alberta groups: about 20% in the Ontario groups were from the emergent level whereas Alberta had 11–15%. Time to PIA was similar across provinces and groups (medians of 60 min to 67 min). Lengths of stay were longest for Ontario HSUs (median = 3 h) and shortest for Alberta HSUs (median = 2.2 h). HSUs had shorter times to PIA (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02,1.03), longer times from PIA to decision (HR = 0.84; 95%CI 0.84,0.84), and longer times from decision to leaving the ED (HR = 0.91; 95%CI 0.91,0.91).ConclusionsOntario HSUs had higher acuity and longer ED lengths of stay than the other groups. In both provinces, HSU had shorter times to PIA and longer times after assessment.

BackgroundOpioid use disorder is a major public health crisis, and evidence suggests ways of better serving patients who live with opioid use disorder in the emergency department (ED). A multi-disciplinary team developed a quality improvement project to implement this evidence.MethodsThe intervention was developed by an expert working group consisting of specialists and stakeholders. The group set goals of increasing prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone and providing next day walk-in referrals to opioid use disorder treatment clinics. From May to September 2018, three Alberta ED sites and three opioid use disorder treatment clinics worked together to trial the intervention. We used administrative data to track the number of ED visits where patients were given buprenorphine/naloxone. Monthly ED prescribing rates before and after the intervention were considered and compared with eight nonintervention sites. We considered whether patients continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions at 30, 60, and 90 days after their index ED visit to measure continuity in treatment.ResultsThe intervention sites increased their prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone during the intervention period and prescribed more buprenorphine/naloxone than the controls. Thirty-five of 47 patients (74.4%) discharged from the ED with buprenorphine/naloxone continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions 30 days and 60 days after their index ED visit. Thirty-four patients (72.3%) filled prescriptions at 90 days.ConclusionsEmergency clinicians can effectively initiate patients on buprenorphine/naloxone when supports for this standardized evidence-based care are in place within their practice setting and timely follow-up in community is available.

Frequent users to emergency departments (EDs) are a diverse group of patients accounting for a disproportionate number of ED presentations. This study examined sociodemographic and ED visit characteristics of adult high-system users in two Canadian provinces.Cohorts of high-system users were created for Alberta and Ontario including patients with the top 10% of presentations in the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (April 2015-March 2016). Controls were random samples of non-high-system user patients. Sociodemographic and ED visits data were used to predict high-system user group membership in a multivariable logistic regression model.There were 579,674 high-system users and 2,115,960 controls. High-system users were more likely to be female [odds ratio (OR) = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1,1.1], older (OR 1.02 per 5 years, 95% CI 1.02,1.02), from the lowest-income quintile (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.7,1.8), and more rural (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.6,1.6) than controls. High-system users had a higher proportion of presentations by ambulance (OR 1.1 per 0.25 increase, 95% CI 1.1,1.1) and disposition was admission/transfer (OR 1.1 per 0.25 increase, 95% CI 1.1,1.1), left without being seen (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1,1.1), or left against medical advice (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1,1.1) more often than controls.High-system users were more likely to be female, older, live in rural areas and within the lowest-income quintile compared to controls. Their heterogeneity in acuity, comorbid chronic diseases, and limited access to primary care suggests that interventions referring high-system users to primary care may be fruitful in reducing ED utilization by high-system users.RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les utilisateurs fréquents des services d'urgence sont un groupe diversifié de patients qui représentent un nombre disproportionné de présentations aux services d'urgence. Cette étude a examiné les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et les visites aux urgences de grands utilisateurs adultes du système de santé dans deux provinces canadiennes. MéTHODE: Des cohortes de grands utilisateurs du système de santé ont été créées pour l'Alberta et l'Ontario, y compris les patients ayant fait l'objet des 10 % de présentations les plus importantes dans le système national d'information sur les soins ambulatoires (avril 2015-mars 2016). Les contrôles étaient des échantillons aléatoires des patients ne faisant pas partie des grands utilisateurs. Les données sociodémographiques et les données sur les visites aux urgences ont été utilisées pour prédire l'appartenance à un groupe de grands utilisateurs du système dans un modèle de régression logistique multivariable. RéSULTATS: Il y avait 579 674 de grands utilisateurs et 2 115 960 témoins. Les grands utilisateurs de système étaient plus susceptibles d'être des femmes (rapport des cotes [RC] = 1,1, intervalle de confiance à 95 % (IC) 1,1, 1,1), plus âgés (RC = 1,02 tous les 5 ans, IC à 95 % 1,02, 1,02), d'après quintile de revenu le plus bas (RC = 1,8, IC à 95 % 1,7,1,8), et plus rural (RC = 1,6, IC à 95 % 1,6,1,6) que les témoins. Les grands utilisateurs du système avaient une proportion plus élevée de présentations par ambulance (RC = 1,1 pour une augmentation de 0,25, IC à 95 % 1,1, 1,1) et la disposition était l'admission / transfert (RC = 1,1 pour une augmentation de 0,25, IC à 95 % 1,1, 1,1), parti sans être vu (OR = 1,1, IC à 95% 1,1, 1,1), ou parti contre l'avis médical (OR = 1,1, IC à 95 % 1,1, 1,1) plus souvent que les témoins. CONCLUSIONS: Les grands utilisateurs du système étaient plus susceptibles d'être des femmes, des personnes âgées, vivant dans des zones rurales et se situant dans le quintile de revenu le plus bas, par rapport aux témoins. Leur hétérogénéité en termes d'acuité, de comorbidité des maladies chroniques et d'accès limité aux soins primaires suggère que les interventions qui orientent les grands utilisateurs du haut système vers les soins primaires peuvent être fructueuses pour réduire l'utilisation des urgences par les grands utilisateurs du système.

In Alberta, First Nations members visit Emergency Departments (EDs) at almost double the rate of non-First Nations persons. Previous publications demonstrate differences in ED experience for First Nations members, compared to the general population. The Alberta First Nations Information Governance Centre (AFNIGC), First Nations organizations, Universities, and Alberta Health Services conducted this research to better understand First Nations members' ED experiences and expectations.This was a participatory research project. Elders selected topics of focus through discussion with the research team, and approved our method of data collection. Sharing circles were held in February 2018 with Elders, First Nations patients, healthcare providers and health administrators from across Alberta. We analyzed data using the Western approach of thematic analysis, with review by two Indigenous team members. AFNIGC is custodian of the research data on behalf of Alberta First Nations, and approves publication of this work.Forty-six persons participated in four sharing circles lasting between one and a half and three hours. Findings included First Nations patients' understandings of ED work, limited access to primary care services driving ED use, expectations of different treatment in ED based on race, experiences of racism, concerns about interactions with Children's Services, healthcare avoidance, and avoiding specific hospitals. Equity approaches were identified as key to improving First Nations patients' ED experiences.Bringing First Nations perspectives to Western understandings of ED care is an important step toward identifying required improvements in the health system for better patient experiences and outcomes.RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Les membres des Premières Nations en Alberta consultent un médecin au service des urgences (SU) presque deux fois plus souvent que les non-membres des Premières Nations. Par ailleurs, d’après des publications antérieures, l’expérience des membres des Premières Nations au SU est différente de celle de la population en général. L’Alberta First Nations Information Governance Centre (AFNIGC), des organisations des Premières Nations, des universités et les Alberta Health Services ont donc joint leurs efforts pour entreprendre une recherche afin de mieux comprendre l’expérience des membres des Premières Nations au SU ainsi que leurs appréhensions. MéTHODES: Il s’agit d’un projet de recherche participatif. Des aînés ont choisi les sujets de discussion après échange de points de vue avec l’équipe de recherche, et ont approuvé la méthode de collecte de données. Des cercles d’échange d’opinions ont été organisés en février 2018 avec des aînés, des patients des Premières Nations, des fournisseurs de soins et des gestionnaires de services de santé de partout en Alberta. Nous avons analysé les données en utilisant l'approche occidentale de l'analyse thématique, avec examen par deux membres de l'équipe autochtone. L’AFNIGC s’est fait le consignataire des données de recherche au nom des Premières Nations de l’Alberta et a approuvé la publication du travail de recherche. RéSULTATS: Quarante-six personnes ont participé à quatre cercles d’échange de points de vue, dont la durée a varié d’une heure et demie à trois heures. Les résultats incluent la compréhension du travail des urgences par les patients des Premières nations, l'accès limité aux services de soins primaires qui conduit à l'utilisation des urgences, les attentes d'un traitement différent aux urgences en fonction de la race, les expériences de racisme, les préoccupations concernant les interactions avec les Services pour Enfants, l'évitement des soins de santé et le fait d'éviter certains hôpitaux. Les approches axées sur l’équité ont été jugées essentielles à l’amélioration des expériences des patients des Premières Nations aux urgences. CONCLUSION: Intégrer les perspectives des Premières Nations à la compréhension occidentale des soins à l'urgence est une étape importante vers l'identification des améliorations requises dans le système de santé pour de meilleures expériences et de meilleurs résultats pour les patients.

BackgroundLong term care (LTC) facilities provide health services and assist residents with daily care. At times residents may require transfer to emergency departments (ED), depending on the severity of their change in health status, their goals of care, and the ability of the facility to care for medically unstable residents. However, many transfers from LTC to ED are unnecessary, and expose residents to discontinuity in care and iatrogenic harms. This knowledge translation project aims to implement a standardized LTC-ED care and referral pathway for LTC facilities seeking transfer to ED, which optimizes the use of resources both within the LTC facility and surrounding community.Methods/designWe will use a quasi-experimental randomized stepped-wedge design in the implementation and evaluation of the pathway within the Calgary zone of Alberta Health Services (AHS), Canada. Specifically, the intervention will be implemented in 38 LTC facilities. The intervention will involve a standardized LTC-ED care and referral pathway, along with targeted INTERACT® tools. The implementation strategies will be adapted to the local context of each facility and to address potential implementation barriers identified through a staff completed barriers assessment tool. The evaluation will use a mixed-methods approach. The primary outcome will be any change in the rate of transfers to ED from LTC facilities adjusted by resident-days. Secondary outcomes will include a post-implementation qualitative assessment of the pathway. Comparative cost-analysis will be undertaken from the perspective of publicly funded health care.DiscussionThis study will integrate current resources in the LTC-ED pathway in a manner that will better coordinate and optimize the care for LTC residents experiencing an acute change in health status.

Objective: For long-term care (LTC) residents, transfers to emergency departments (EDs) can be associated with poor health outcomes. We aimed to describe characteristics of residents transferred, factors related to decisions during transfer, care received in emergency medical services (EMS), ED settings, outcomes on return to LTC, and times of transfer segments along the transition. Method: We prospectively followed 637 transitions to an ED in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, over a 12-month period. Data were captured through an electronic Transition Tracking Tool and interviews with health care professionals. Results: Common events triggering transfer were falls (26.8%), sudden change in condition (23.5%), and shortness of breath (19.8%). Discrepancies existed between reason for transfer, EMS reported chief complaint, and ED diagnosis. Many transfers resulted in resident return directly to LTC (42.7%). Discussion: Avoidable transfers may put residents at risk of receiving inappropriate care. Standardized communication strategies to highlight changes in resident condition are warranted.

Background Emergency departments are primary health care entry points for Indigenous persons in Canada. They are also among the settings where Indigenous patients report access barriers and discriminatory treatment. Cultural competency and cultural safety have been proposed as approaches to improving emergency care. Aim To identify and elaborate upon barriers and facilitators of cultural competency and safety in Canadian Emergency Departments. Methods We conducted a scoping review to search published and grey literature to identify and extract data on definitions, measures, facilitators and barriers of cultural competency and safety. Results Six articles met inclusion criteria. Studies presented perspectives from patients, care providers, health care organizations, and Indigenous knowledge holders. Key themes emerged across studies and stakeholders. These include: Interpersonal relationships between patients and care providers; cultural competency training; Emergency Department capacity; and racism and discrimination. Conclusion We recommend that Emergency Department cultural competency and safety initiatives i) be built upon post-colonial understanding and partnerships with local Indigenous communities ii) provide practitioners with competencies in relationship-building and self-awareness iii) orient ED resources and services to meet the needs of patients with limited access to non-emergency healthcare and iv) aim to prevent discrimination.