6 results on '"Kapoor, Vishal"'
Search Results
2. Neurophysiological investigation of the lateral prefrontal cortex during the task of binocular flash suppression
- Author
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Kapoor, Vishal and Logothetis, Nikos (Prof. Dr.)
- Subjects
Electrophysiology ,Gehirn , Wahrnehmung , Elektrophysiologie , Tierphysiologie , Vision , Visuelles System , Psychologie ,Binocular Flash Suppression ,genetic structures ,Visual Perception ,Prefrontal Cortex ,Binocular Rivalry ,Visual Consciousness - Abstract
Multistable visual phenomena, wherein unchanging sensory input elicits in an observer, perceptual fluctuations, have been instrumental in unravelling the neural correlates of conscious perception. Such paradigms, when combined with single unit recordings in macaques trained to report their perception, have allowed neurophysiologists to elucidate, if the cells in various regions of the brain are correlated with subjective experience or respond to the invariant retinal input. Results obtained from such an approach has so far revealed that the proportion of feature selective cells which fire in concordance with perception, increase as one progresses in the ventral visual pathway, with this fraction being up to 90% in the temporal lobe. The next station in the ventral stream of vision is the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), which has reciprocal connectivity with the inferotemporal cortex and displays responses which are selective for complex visual stimuli. However, it’s not clear if this feature selective neural activity is just the result of sensory input or is related to subjective perception. Utilizing the task of binocular flash suppression (BFS), a psychophysical paradigm capable of dissociating perception from the retinal message, we probed the neural responses in the LPFC. The results revealed a robust perceptual modulation of both the spiking activity as well as high frequency gamma oscillations in this region of the brain. Even though single unit activity is robustly modulated according to perceptual content, a measure of effective functional connectivity between pairs of neurons, such as correlated variability could be revealing of interactions among neuronal populations during visual ambiguity. We therefore computed the spike count correlations across pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons during subjective visual perception. Interestingly, such interneuronal correlations among single units which preferred the same stimulus were close to zero during incongruent visual input, thus reflecting a modulation of the correlation structure during visual perception. Simulations with biophysically realistic networks suggested that the source of decorrelation was an active suppression of input fluctuations. This suggests that such a decorrelated state might be critical for representation of conscious content during visual conflict. These results together provide credence to the ‘frontal lobe hypothesis’ proposed by Crick and Koch, which suggested that the planning stages of the brain must have explicit access to the conscious visual percept so as to direct motor output. Such access is essential, if the LPFC needs to carry out one of its major function which is of cognitive control. Interestingly, when a control related signal, namely the modulation pattern of the beta band oscillations in the LPFC was analyzed, its modulation pattern was unchanged not only across monocular and incongruent visual stimulation but also during perceptual dominance and suppression. This suggests that a signal which is related to control processes is unaffected by local conscious or unconscious neural processing. Lastly, we observed an enormous diversity among the patterns of single unit activity recorded in the LPFC and the neurons which displayed visual preference were just a minority. In order to elucidate, if there were any other patterns of activity which were related to the task, we clustered the neuronal responses using a non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) method. This revealed five sequential dominant response patterns (or components) whose peaks were temporally distributed across various phases of the trial. A majority of the units with firing profiles similar to the patterns obtained, maintained their responses across monocular or incongruent stimulation suggesting that visual conflict did not affect their spiking modulation. Interestingly, an assessment of the effective functional connectivity across the pairs of neurons belonging to different temporally distributed components revealed that such correlated variability was maximum among units which were temporally coincident. However, we observed successive decorrelation as the pairs of units were chosen from temporally separated populations. This suggests a computational principle mediating a representation of sequential patterns of activity in the LPFC. Together, the results presented in this thesis suggest a role for the LPFC in representation of conscious content. At the same time, we find that such a role of this region is coexistent with other major functions typically attributed to this area, such as cognitive control or temporal encoding of task events through sequential neural activity.
- Published
- 2019
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3. Development of tube tetrodes and a multi-tetrode drive for deep structure electrophysiological recordings in the macaque brain.
- Author
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Kapoor, Vishal, Krampe, Eduard, Klug, Axel, Logothetis, Nikos K., and Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I.
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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY , *TETRODES , *NEURAL stimulation , *MACAQUES , *BRAIN anatomy , *LABORATORY techniques - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Developed new stiffer tube tetrodes for deep brain electrophysiology. [•] Protocol for constructing tube tetrodes with standard laboratory tools. [•] Developed a microdrive for advancing these tube tetrodes in macaque brain. [•] Conducted electrophysiology with tube tetrodes in the inferotemporal cortex. [•] Multiple single units can be recorded with tube tetrodes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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4. A Common Neurodynamical Mechanism Could Mediate Externally Induced and Intrinsically Generated Transitions in Visual Awareness.
- Author
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Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I., Kapoor, Vishal, Logothetis, Nikos K., and Deco, Gustavo
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VISUAL perception , *SENSORY stimulation , *BINOCULAR rivalry , *ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY , *SENSORY perception , *VISION - Abstract
The neural correlates of conscious visual perception are commonly studied in paradigms of perceptual multistability that allow multiple perceptual interpretations during unchanged sensory stimulation. What is the source of this multistability in the content of perception? From a theoretical perspective, a fine balance between deterministic and stochastic forces has been suggested to underlie the spontaneous, intrinsically driven perceptual transitions observed during multistable perception. Deterministic forces are represented by adaptation of feature-selective neuronal populations encoding the competing percepts while stochastic forces are modeled as noise-driven processes. Here, we used a unified neuronal competition model to study the dynamics of adaptation and noise processes in binocular flash suppression (BFS), a form of externally induced perceptual suppression, and compare it with the dynamics of intrinsically driven alternations in binocular rivalry (BR). For the first time, we use electrophysiological, biologically relevant data to constrain a model of perceptual rivalry. Specifically, we show that the mean population discharge pattern of a perceptually modulated neuronal population detected in electrophysiological recordings in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) during BFS, constrains the dynamical range of externally induced perceptual transitions to a region around the bifurcation separating a noise-driven attractor regime from an adaptation-driven oscillatory regime. Most interestingly, the dynamical range of intrinsically driven perceptual transitions during BR is located in the noise-driven attractor regime, where it overlaps with BFS. Our results suggest that the neurodynamical mechanisms of externally induced and spontaneously generated perceptual alternations overlap in a narrow, noise-driven region just before a bifurcation where the system becomes adaptation-driven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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5. Neuronal Discharges and Gamma Oscillations Explicitly Reflect Visual Consciousness in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
- Author
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Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I., Deco, Gustavo, Kapoor, Vishal, and Logothetis, Nikos K.
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PREFRONTAL cortex , *MACAQUES , *VISUAL perception , *SENSORY stimulation , *ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY , *NEUROPHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Summary: Neuronal discharges in the primate temporal lobe, but not in the striate and extrastriate cortex, reliably reflect stimulus awareness. However, it is not clear whether visual consciousness should be uniquely localized in the temporal association cortex. Here we used binocular flash suppression to investigate whether visual awareness is also explicitly reflected in feature-selective neural activity of the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), a cortical area reciprocally connected to the temporal lobe. We show that neuronal discharges in the majority of single units and recording sites in the LPFC follow the phenomenal perception of a preferred stimulus. Furthermore, visual awareness is reliably reflected in the power modulation of high-frequency (>50 Hz) local field potentials in sites where spiking activity is found to be perceptually modulated. Our results suggest that the activity of neuronal populations in at least two association cortical areas represents the content of conscious visual perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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6. Prefrontal Cortex and Consciousness: Beware of the Signals.
- Author
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Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I., Dwarakanath, Abhilash, and Kapoor, Vishal
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PREFRONTAL cortex , *CONSCIOUSNESS , *FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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