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With the popularization of 5G technology and artificial intelligence, thermally conductive epoxies with self‐healing ability will be widely used in flexible electronic materials. Although many compounds containing both performances have been synthesized, there is little systematic theory to explain the coordination mechanism. In this paper, alkyl chains of different lengths were introduced to epoxies to discuss the thermally conductive, the self‐healing performance, and the synergistic effect. A series of electronic‐grade biphenyl epoxies (4,4′‐bis(oxiran‐2‐ylmethoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (1), 4,4′‐bis(2‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)ethoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (2), 4,4′‐bis(3‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)propoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (3), and 4,4′‐bis(4‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)butoxy)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (4) were synthesized and characterized. Furthermore, they were cured with decanedioic acid to produce polymers. Results showed that alkyl chains can both affect the two properties, and the epoxies suitable for specific application scenarios can be prepared by adjusting the length of alkyl chains. In terms of thermal conductivity, compound 1 was a most promising material. However, compound 4 was expected to be utilized in flexible electronic devices because of its acceptable thermal conductivity, self‐healing ability, transparency, and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a prevalent cause of permanent vision loss and blindness in the elderly worldwide, with a significant impact on patients' daily lives. However, burdens related to nAMD from the patients' perspective have not been well documented. Here we developed a new questionnaire after eliciting nAMD patients' daily challenges followed by a pilot survey. Seven daily life burden domains were identified, and a quantitative survey was conducted using the questionnaire in the real-world clinic. Of the total 153 participants (mean age, 76.3 ± 8.3 years), 67 (43.8%) had bilateral nAMD, and 79 (52.7%) were classified into severe nAMD according to the best-corrected visual acuity with cut-off value of 0.52 in logMAR. Patients with bilateral and severe nAMD had significantly higher burden scores across all domains. Network models for the bilateral and severe disease subgroups identified the interactions between "activity of daily living" and "hand–eye coordination" and between "use of electronic devices" and "face recognition" domains, which were considered to be important burdens for the patients. These results can advance ophthalmologists' understanding of the impact of nAMD on patients' daily lives and the importance of active and continuing treatment for patients with nAMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implantable electronic devices have attracted great attention for solving clinical problems ranging from monitoring psychological states to electro‐organ transplantation. The ongoing challenges are the selection of suitable materials in a target device configuration for biomedical applications. To address the ongoing challenges, there are several interesting questions: what types of electronic materials can be used as the implantable electrodes? What types of materials can be used as the substrates for the implantable electronic devices? What types of materials can be used as membranes and encapsulations? What types of device configurations are there for implantable biomedical applications? What types of applications are for implantable electronic devices? This review will highlight the attempts for addressing these questions. This review will explore the fundamentals and practical aspects of a variety of materials and their biomedical applications in implantable electronic devices. It is anticipated that this review could provide new opportunities for the construction of future implantable electronic devices, as well as related applications for disease diagnosis and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change composites (PCCs) have attracted much attention in the fields of thermal management due to their high latent heat. However, their risk of leakage and poor shape designability greatly limit their industrial applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop leakage-proof and customizable PCCs to meet the emerging requirements of thermal management applications. Some scholars have proposed the concept of preparing PCCs by 3D printing technology, aiming to meet customized thermal management requirements of various electronic devices. Nevertheless, the phase change material leaking of PCCs under high temperature is still a tough problem to solve. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) is used as the carrier for paraffin wax (PW), which names as EP can tightly enveloping PW in its porous structure. Then, an innovative carbomer gel ink is prepared for 3D printing using EP and short carbon fiber (SCF) as thermal conductive fillers. Freeze-drying and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) infiltrating procedures are furtherly performed to ensure the flexibility of final PCCs samples. A maximum thermal conductivity of 2.89 W/(m·K) is obtained when the content of SCF/EP filler is 10 wt%. Importantly, the flexible PCCs prepared through this method effectively prevent the PW leaking during thermal management applications, thereby avoiding the consequent safety risks and enhancing the lifespan of electronic devices. This work opens up a promising pathway for the rapid fabrication of leakage-proof, customizable and flexible PCCs. [Display omitted] • A new method to solve the leakage problem of traditional phase change composites. • EG tightly wraps PW, which can effectively prevent PW leakage in thermal management applications. • Carbomer gel is used as a 3D printing ink to build various architectures. • The post-PDMS infiltration process ensures the flexibility and mechanical properties of PCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for high-performance and compact electronic devices has been increasing day by day. Due to their compactness, excessive heat is generated, causing a decrease in efficiency and life. Thermal management of electronic components is crucial for maintaining excessive heat within the limit. This experimental research focuses on the combined effect of nano-enhanced phase-change material (NePCM) with different configurations of heat sinks for cooling electronic devices. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as nanoparticles with concentrations of 3 wt% and 6 wt%, RT-42 as the phase-change material (PCM), and aluminum as the pin fin heat sink material. Different configurations of the heat sink, such as circular, square, and triangular pin fins, are used against the fixed volume fraction of the fins. It is found that the square configuration has the highest heat transfer with and without PCM. A maximum base temperature reduction of 24.01% was observed in square pin fins with RT-42 as PCM. At 6 wt% of NePCM, the maximum base temperature lessened by 25.83% in the case of a circular pin fin. It is concluded from the results that a circular pin fin with NePCM is effective for base temperature reduction, and all fin configurations with NePCM collectively reduce the heat sink base temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: MBBS and nursing students spend a lot of time in near vision activities daily while studying. In the covid and post COVID-19 pandemic era, the emphasis on electronic teaching and studying has increased immensely. Students have started depending more on online studying, teaching and search for study material leading to more time being spent using electronic devices like mobile phones, tabs, PC etc. This can lead to lot of eye strain (digital eye strain) and this predisposes them to develop Non Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies (NSBVA) related to accommodation and convergence of eyes. Aim: To study prevalence of NSBVA and report associated ocular symptoms and association of electronic devices (mobile, laptop) use with prevalence NSBVA, in MBBS and nursing students of a teaching hospital in Western Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted between November 2020 to April 2021at Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and CSM Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra, India. In this study, a total of 110 students including both MBBS and nursing students from all academic years of the hospital were examined for a comprehensive ophthalmic examination and complete binocular vision assessment. The prevalence of NSBVA, associated ocular symptoms, prevalence of refractive errors and duration of electronic device use in the students was documented. Student's t-test was used to compare the total daily duration of electronic devices (mobile, laptop, Computer tablets) use between students with and without NSBVA. Chi-square test was used to find association of variables duration of electronic device use and occurrence of NSBVA. results: Out of 110 students examined, there were 37.27% (n=41) were males and 62.72% (n=69) females. Age range was 18-30 years with mean age 21.85±2.67 years. Overall, 47 (42.72%) students had NSBVA including 34 MBBS and 13 nursing students. 12 (11%) students had ocular symptoms with NSBVA while 35 (31.8%) students had NSBVA without any ocular symptom. Eye strain was the most common ocular symptom. Average electronic device use was 4.53 hours/day. Most used electronic device was mobile phone. There was no association between NSBVA and electronic device use. conclusion: The NSBVA is highly prevalent among MBBS and nursing students. Ocular symptoms are absent in many students with NSBVA which may lead to delayed diagnosis and worsening of ocular symptoms due to NSBVA. Older age group of students have higher prevalence of NSBVA. Electronic device exposure is not significantly associated with NSBVA in these students. Screening of such at risk population is important for timely diagnosis and treatment of NSBVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New‐concept electronic devices including e‐skins, nanogenerators, brain–machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high‐performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate‐based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of widespread electronic devices (mobile phone, computer mouse, keyboard, web-camera, monitor) was studied by manual dismantling. The material flow analysis was done for e-waste components. For the case study of Ukraine, five devices under investigation contain over 4 thousand tons / year resources. Most of them (first of all, plastic and metal) can be easily recovered. The content of chemical elements in the components of the electronic devices was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Taking into account the mass of electronic waste generated in Ukraine, the resource potential of metals is estimated. Most of metals are concentrated in mobile phones and monitors (about 2000 tons/year). Apart from common metals, silver, molybdenum, vanadium, rubidium, zirconium, antimony, yttrium, rhodium, bismuth, and gallium were also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine a device for balancing the ends of a weight and its effect on the performance of young weightlifters, using an experimental approach to the research question, with a sample size of (12) athletes representing the club (Al-Rafidain Al-Diwaniyah Al-Ettifaq Al-Iskan) applicants. The homogeneity and equivalence processes were carried out to verify the starting line of their data, after taking their tribal measurements (height, weight, arm grip strength, and the relative achievement of the snatch and nether lifts). When performing and due to the absence of such a device, the usual sample approach was used and training units were entered into it using the training method. The results of the pre and post arithmetic circles for the two groups were compared and treated statistically. After that, the most important conclusions of the device were reached that had a positive impact on achievement and improvement of some kinematic variables for the two Snatch lifts Walther. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify, characterize and compare attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and other factors related to electronic device (ED) use and distracted driving (DD) among taxi and app-based drivers. A survey among drivers in San Diego and across the United States was used to collect self-reported attitudes and behaviors among taxi and app-based passenger-carrying drivers from October 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to assess the difference between sociodemographics, ED use, ED use attitudes, and citation and crash history by driver type. Prevalence ratios were assessed for differences in ED use and ED use attitudes by driver type using Poisson regression models with robust error variance and a log link function. The final models adjusted for age, sex, level of experience, education and English fluency. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. Of the 175 drivers that met eligibility criteria, 131 reported driving for app-based services and 44 identified as taxi drivers. Compared to taxi drivers, app-based drivers were more likely to be female, native English speaking, and have fewer than 3 years of experience in the transportation business. All drivers reported at least one type of DD while the car was in motion. App-based drivers were significantly more likely to use a smartphone while driving (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR): 1.42), report that while driving it is safe or very safe to accept a call (APR: 1.73), receive/respond to a passenger request (APR: 3.40), or process a payment (APR: 5.39). Taxi drivers were more likely to either receive a citation for ED use (31.8% v 7.6%, p < 0.001) or be in a collision while using ED (29.6% v 4.6%, p < 0.001). Almost all drivers who received a citation or who were involved in a crash reported becoming somewhat or significantly more cautious about using ED while driving. Drivers in the small passenger-carrying transportation industry engage in DD frequently due to occupational demands. Given the known increased crash risk with DD, effective policies and interventions for app-based and taxi drivers are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the Slovak team of the European Social Survey participated in an acceptance testing of electronic devices that enables respondents to respond in public opinion surveys. So far, face to face or telephone survey modes have been used for data collection. With the development of digitization, most of the survey work has moved to the online space. As a result, respondents without internet access were left outside the reach of survey agencies. Additionally, the approach was tested as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, which in several respects affected the implementation of the fieldwork so far implemented in the form of computer assisted personal interviews. The Electronic Questionnaire Device project (EQD) coordinated by NatCen (UK) tested electronic devices (tablets) and collected the feedback from respondents who have no experience with the use of such devices and do not use the Internet. The aim of this paper was to investigate and describe i) initial participants' reactions to the device; ii) issues related to device usage; iii) willingness of respondents to participate in self-completion surveys again. The findings of the study show up evidence for the overall acceptance of the tested approach. This approach aims to enable participation in a survey to those people who might not have been (approach)able to take part under other circumstances. In general, the participants were open to cooperation, and accepted the option of selfcompletion. While an acceptance of the device as a tool for the self-completion approach by respondents with low/uncompleted education remains questionable and uncertain, having some previous experience with ICT seemed to help in decreasing the initial stress and tension of the respondent to accept the self-completion option. These findings will, however, require further verification on larger samples of respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of electronic-based devices to measure and to improve adherence of subjects in clinical trials is increasing. AiCure has developed a mobile technology that is claimed to provide visual confirmation of drug ingestion. While there is evidence suggesting that including such self-monitoring device in a study increases adherence, the quality of the data produced by the device may be questionable. Can the mobile technology reliably distinguish whether a subject takes the study drug or not? Methods: Adherence was calculated based on exposure, self-reporting and self-monitoring for subjects randomized to an anti-depressant. Levels of adherence and agreement between the three approaches were investigated based on calculation of proportions, two-way tables and receiver operating curves. Results: A total of 214 subjects had measured concentrations of study drug at all three time points (end of weeks 3, 4 and 5), along with adherence data to define proportion of days adherent based on self-reporting and the self-monitoring instrument developed by AiCure. Self-reported adherence proportions were higher than self-monitored adherence proportions, although both were high (>90%). Neither self-reported and self-monitored adherence agreed with exposure-based adherence. Conclusion: Both self-reported and self-monitored adherence overestimated adherence. Neither the self-reported nor the self-monitored adherence measure reflected subjects' actual adherence. This prompts for cautiousness when interpreting either of them, and it underlines the need for thorough validation of electronic devices and software that claims to measure adherence. The AiCure instrument may not be able to reliably determine whether the subjects swallow the study medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The registration of respiration through the left and right nostrils simultaneously makes it possible to register the dynamics and periodicity of the nasal cycle. For this purpose, an interface two-channel portable system has been developed for 24-hour recording of breathing through the two nostrils separately. The portable system can be used for multifunctional medical examinations under any conditions in patients with various anatomical and physiological disorders of breathing, sleep, and consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is x-ray fluorescence analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment. The paper evaluates the composition of waste electrical and electronic equipment most often used by today's society. For the five electronic devices (mobile phone, computer mouse, keyboard, web-camera, and computer monitor), the components have been identified and elemental composition has been measured using x-ray fluorescence analysis. As expected, most of the devices weight accounts for plastic (since the casing is mostly made from plastic). Cables also have a significant weight. In the devices analysed, 28 chemical elements were found during the study: the greatest diversity were found in monitor. The largest weight corresponds to "heavy" elements forming metal parts of the devices. Among the valuable components, copper and zinc are the most common. It is worth noting the high content of titanium in all the devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Gambling Issues is the property of Centre for Addiction & Mental Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At present, the numerical methods are lack seriously which are used for the electromagnetic coupling analysis of electronic device with penetrated wire. Therefore, an efficient time domain hybrid method is presented consisting of finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, transmission line (TL) equations and Norton theory to solve the electromagnetic coupling problem of electronic device with penetrated wire. In this method, the penetrated wire of electronic device is divided into external and internal transmission lines according to the shielded enclosure of device firstly. Then, the FDTD method combined with the TL equations is used to build the electromagnetic coupling models of external and internal transmission lines and obtain the transient responses on the lines, respectively. Finally, the equivalent circuit model of the penetrated wire is established by the Norton theory, which can solve the impedance mismatch between external and internal transmission lines, and achieve the transmission of interference signals on the penetrated wire. The accuracy and efficiency of the presented method are verified via the numerical simulations of electromagnetic coupling of the penetrated wire in the free space and shielded cavity by comparing with the traditional FDTD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact that portable electronic device use in bed after lights out has on sleep/wake behaviour within an adult population. Specifically, this study aimed to (1) identify patterns of use of electronic devices in bed; (2) examine the relationship between electronic device use in bed and sleep/wake behaviour; and (3) examine the impact of demographic variables on electronic device use in bed. Using a cross-sectional design, telephone interviews were conducted with 1,225 participants (52% female). Survey questions asked about participant demographic variables, their sleep/wake history, and their pre-sleep behaviours, which included electronic device usage. Forty-two percent of participants reported using electronic devices in bed after lights out, and 27% of adults who reported 'always' using electronic devices in bed were spending over an hour per night using them. Sleep characteristics were significantly different in device users compared to non-device users (p < 0.001). Frequency of device use was associated with later sleep times, and duration of device use was associated with shorter sleep duration and decreased sleep quality. Older adults were less likely to use devices in bed after lights out, and had less duration of usage. Electronic device use in bed was found to reduce sleep duration and sleep quality in adults. To further our understanding of the impact device use in bed has on adult sleep behaviour, future studies should consider employing objective measurements of both sleep behaviour and device usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a two-dimensional material, which is attracting increasing attention due to its special properties. It can be obtained by laser or ion beam irradiations of pristine graphene oxide (GO). It shows high mechanical resistance, considerable electric and thermal conductivity. All these rGO characteristics together with the high number of molecular species that can be embedded between its layers, make graphene oxide a potential material for electronic sensors or efficient support on which conductive strips, condensers, and micrometric electronic devices can be designed. In particular, as it is described in this paper, it is possible to carry out high spatial resolution lithography in GO by using a focused laser or micro ion beam in order to design macro, micro, and submicron geometrical structures. The use of the reduced graphene oxide for the laser and ion beam fabrication of electrical resistances and capacitances is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overuse of portable electronic devices depletes one's attention capacity, a critical cognitive resource. Although contact with nature promotes attentional functioning, we do not know the extent to which exposure to nature and the use of electronic devices interact to promote or inhibit attentional functioning. In this study, 81 participants performed cognitive tasks and then were randomly assigned to one of four rest treatments: green settings with or without a laptop computer and barren settings with or without a laptop computer. Attention was measured three times. Analysis showed a significant effect for both setting and use of a laptop as well as a significant interaction between setting and laptop use. A further analysis controlling for time spent focused on the laptop screen produced similar results. The findings show that using an electronic device in green settings substantially counteracts the attention enhancement benefits of green spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal method was utilized to synthesize flat sheet-like tungsten disulfide with a single-crystal structure, using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, tungsten hexachloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a reducing agent and a sulfur source, a tungsten source and a surfactant, respectively. The controllable synthesis of the tungsten disulfide nanosheet was realized by controlling the types of surfactants, which was characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, BET, UV-vis and PL. Due to the unique flat sheet morphology and unique electronic characteristic of the synthesized tungsten disulfide nanosheets, they could be promising nanomaterials for electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis methodology is presented to investigate soft failures in electronic devices. This methodology combines transmission line pulse (TLP) full-wave simulations with system-level and TLP measurements. Information on susceptible parts in the device under test (DUT) and/or soft failure sensitivity of the integrated circuits (ICs) are obtained from the measurements. Then, the TLP current spreading within the printed circuit board (PCB) of the DUT is simulated. The susceptible signals can be determined by comparing the simulated voltages and/or currents at the signal terminations with the measured threshold values. If the simulated voltages and/or currents are higher than the threshold values, the signal is considered susceptible and a soft failure may occur in the DUT. Using the obtained information from simulations and measurements, the root causes of soft failures can be identified. Further, by utilizing full-wave simulations, the design of the product can be modified to reduce the electrostatic discharge (ESD) noise on the susceptible signals, and consequently prevent soft failures. The proposed analysis methodology is applied to a tablet which suffers from soft failure. The root cause of the soft failure is identified, and countermeasures are designed against the ESD-induced soft failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Visión Electrónica is the property of Fondo de Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

5-aminoisophthalic acid used as a low molecular weight gelator to synthesize a novel metallogel in presence of Cobalt(II)-ion, offers semiconducting application as an electronic devices with high mobility values at room temperature. [Display omitted] • 5-aminoisophthalic acid is used as a gelator to synthesize a metallogel using Co(II)-metal ions in DMF medium. • The mechanical properties of the Co(II)-metallogel was established through rheological analysis. • Microstructural features were visualized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic images. • The gel forming mechanism of the synthesized metallogel was established through FT-IR, Raman Spectroscopy, TGA analysis. • The synthesized Co(II)-metallogel shows promising semiconducting behaviour with high charge career mobility values. A novel ultrasonication method was successfully employed to prepare a metallogel using 5-aminoisophthalic acid as a low molecular weight gelator and cobalt(II)-acetate in N,N-dimethyl formamide at room temperature. Mechanical properties were analyzed through rheological analysis, microstructure through scanning electron microscopy and EDX mapping, and formation strategy via FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Crystalline nature was confirmed by PXRD analysis. The gel exhibited a strong semiconducting nature, supported by optical band gap estimation, electronic device characterization, and charge carrier mobility assessment. Remarkably high electron mobility, potentially surpassing reported metallogels, was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCB fuses are used widely in small power and small size electronic devices such as switch mode power supplies, chargers etc. They offer small size and low cost but their dependency of the track's geometry make them imprecise. The aim of this research is to show an approach for improving the design procedure, leading to improved parameters and operation of the fuse. The suggested design is based on modeling with finite element method and numerical simulation. Experimental results validating this work are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) particularly poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) have vigorous tendency to crystallize into the ordered morphologies, thereby reflect the efficient electrical and optical characteristics. Here, the remarkable crystalline structures of P3ATs comprising single crystals, nanofibers, nano/microwires, nanoribbons, micelles, nanowhiskers, thin films, spherulites, etc. are thoroughly reviewed. In each category, the principle aspects like preparation methodologies (e.g., self-seeding, shearing, electrospinning, self-organization, epitaxial solidification, etc.), micro/nanostructures, orientation and optical properties are meticulously brought into consideration. Applications of the ordered P3AT structures in solar cells, organic field-effect transistors, and sensors as well as the theoretical studies are also highlighted. Furthermore, the polymorphism, sol-gel, nanoparticles, liquid crystalline morphology, and two-dimensional sheets are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing attention has been paid to the next generation of 'green' electronic devices based on renewable nanocellulose, owing to its low roughness, good thermal stability and excellent optical properties. Various proof-of-concept transparent nanopaper-based electronic devices have been fabricated; these devices exhibit excellent flexibility, bendability and even foldability. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of transparent nanopaper that uses different types of nanocellulose, including pure nanocellulose paper and composite nanocellulose paper. The latest development of transparent and flexible nanopaper electronic devices are illustrated, such as electrochromic devices, touch sensors, solar cells and transistors. Finally, we discuss the advantages of transparent nanopaper compared to conventional flexible plastic substrate and the existing challenges to be tackled in order to realize this promising potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrite nanoparticles (FNPs) have attracted a great interest due to their wide applications in several areas such as biomedical, wastewater treatment, catalyst and electronic device. This review focuses on the synthesis, characterisation and application of FNPs in electronic device with more emphasis on the recently published works. The most commonly used synthesis techniques along with their advantages and limitations are discussed. The available characterisation techniques and their application in electronic materials such as sensors and biosensors, energy storage, microwave device, electromagnetic interference shielding and high-density recording media are briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A copper-foam-based ionic wind cooling system is proposed. • The effective operating range of the system can be increased. • Additional 2.3 °C temperature drop is obtained for cooling an LED chip. • The new system is lighter and more compact. Heat dissipation for electronic devices is a rising issue today. In the present work, a solid-state fan (SSF) using copper foam as a collecting electrode has been developed. Experimental comparison and evaluation of the discharge characteristics and heat dissipation performance led to the optimization of the SSF's structure. The cooling of a high-power LED chip using the proposed SSF is followed by an experimental investigation into the luminous characteristics of the cooled LED chip. SSF with a mesh collector is compared with it as well. The results indicate that the 'needle-to-copper foam' SSF has a broader operating voltage range and a higher self-maintained discharge voltage than the 'needle-to-mesh' SSF, which leads to superior cooling performance at high applied voltage. The cooling impact is worse as the porosity increases but gets better with higher PPI values. The high-power LED chip's case temperature decreased by an additional 2.3 °C when the optimized SSF was used to cool it, and the output luminous properties is improved. Due to the benefits of comprehensive performance, a 'needle-to-copper foam' SSF has greater application potential in the heat dissipation of electronic devices than a 'needle-to-mesh' SSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the blue light emitting fluorophore containing indolium/coumarin fused conjugated system probe JE5 , for the effective detection of cyanide ion. The probe holding diethylamino coumarin unit as a donor unit and indolium as an acceptor unit that is connected by a π-conjugation. The cyanide ion sensing ability of the probe has been monitored by UV–visible and fluorescence measurement. The probe exhibits a vivid color change from deep blue to pale yellow before and after sensing cyanide ion. The color change confirmed by visual and UV–visible titration studies. Fluorescence enhancement was observed for the probe after cyanide addition. The obtained color change was due to the disconnection of ICT between the donor and acceptor unit resulting in color change with the added cyanide ion. The limit of detection of the probe JE5 found to be 1.99 μM and 0.97 nM by UV–Visible and fluorescence methods. Electronic device with proper coding data developed for the effective detection of cyanide ion. The stoichiometry of 1:1 binding between JE5 and cyanide ion was obtained. [Display omitted] • Blue light emitting fluorophore-indolium/coumarin fused probe developed. • The probe exhibits a vivid color change from deep blue to pale yellow up on cyanide detection. • Easy to handle electronic test kit developed for the effective detection of cyanide ions in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management is becoming a major challenge for electronics, and a better temperature control algorithm that could maximize the system performance will play a greater role in fully utilizing the existing cooling capacity. Unfortunately, the simplest look-up table method is still widely used as the temperature control algorithm in current portable electronic devices, especially laptops, resulting in a significant performance loss of devices. In this paper, a general temperature control framework for a commercial laptop that considers the skin temperature constraints is proposed based on the model predictive control algorithm. In specific, a high-accuracy compact thermal model is first generated through the model order reduction method and validated by abundant experimental data. Then the proposed MPC is numerically evaluated in three test scenarios, covering different workloads and performance indexes. The results show that the proposed MPC outperforms the baseline look-up table method by achieving about 10–20% higher performance index in different test scenarios. The open-loop optimal control method is also considered to estimate the optimality of the proposed MPC. Moreover, a parametric study is conducted to analyze the influence of different control parameters, indicating broad prospects for the future application of the proposed MPC algorithm. • A general temperature control framework for commercial laptops is proposed via MPC algorithm. • The constraints of skin temperature are considered. • A compact thermal model of the commercial laptop is generated and validated by abundant experimental data. • The proposed MPC could obtain about 10–20% higher performance index compared to the baseline method of the look-up table. • The proposed MPC could achieve more than 90% of the optimal value calculated from the open-loop optimal control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electronic devices and resources in the classroom is part of the daily activity for lecturers and students, and it meets the requirements of the "longlife learning" advocated by the EHEA. Thus, several studies have explored the importance of interaction through social networks, using blogs and other electronic resources. Some lecturers have also conducted various experiences related with the use of those devices that allow access to these technologies. The influence of communication technologies provides clear advantages for both the learning process of students and for the daily work of their teachers. However, there are many risks and disadvantages resulting from such use. This article proposes an initial investigation to determine the extent of computer use in the classroom between students degrees in Communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an electric model to determine the values of the electric fields of an electronic device. When applying the method, the integrated circuit device will be modeled on the resistance, inductance and capacitance values (R, L, C parameters) provided by the IBIS (Input/Output Buffer Information Specification), also considering the internal activity of the integrated circuit. The electric parameters of the printed circuit board tracks will be extracted by software based on the moments method and fast multipole method. Simulations of the electric model are performed in the time and frequency domain by the Fourier transform, and from the obtained harmonics, the values of the electric fields are calculated with software based on the finite elements method. Measurements were performed in order to validate the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We fabricated polystyrene (PS) and 6-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) based organic non-volatile memory devices using a spray printing technique. Due to the distinct operational properties of this technique, significant differences were observed in the macro- and microscopic features (e.g., the film quality and surface roughness) of the devices. The thickness of the film was successfully controlled by adjusting the concentration of the PS:PCBM solutions sprayed. Although the roughness of the spray-printed films was poorer than that of the spin-coated film, negligible differences were observed in the basic memory characteristics (e.g., the operation voltage range, turn on and off voltage, retention and endurance). In particular, the printing-based organic memory devices were successfully switched, as exhibited by the on/off ratio greater than two orders of magnitude at 0.3 V read voltage. The resistance state of all of the devices was maintained for more than 10 4 s, indicating their non-volatile characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management of electronic devices is encountering a bottleneck due to the continuously increased heat flux generated from equipment. Fortunately, the development of thermoelectric self-cooling (TESC) technology provides new opportunities for cooling electronic devices passively. In this paper, a practical application of the TESC technology on an ultra-high performance (UHP) lamp used in commercial projectors is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Experimental results show that once the TESC system is carefully designed, it can perform better than conventional forced cooling systems with no power consumed. A numerical model is further established based on the thermal resistance-capacitance network. The comparison between experimental and simulation results proves the accuracy of the proposed model. The dynamic deviation of the numerical model is within 9%, and the steady-state deviation is within 2%. Furthermore, a parametric study is conducted to analyze the influence of different physical properties and structures of thermoelectric materials. Results indicate that choosing an appropriate configuration of physical properties is more important than purely improving the dimensionless figure of merit. Additionally, about 70% of the thermoelectric materials can be saved if a suitable fill factor and thickness of thermoelectric pairs were utilized. • The implementation of the thermoelectric self-cooling system on a practical electronic device is demonstrated. • Experimental results show that the proposed thermoelectric self-cooling system performs better than the conventional forced cooling system with no power consumed. • An accuracy model based on the thermal resistance and capacitance network is proposed. The dynamic deviation of this numerical model is within 9%. • The parametric study shows that about 70% of the thermoelectric materials might be further saved if the proper configuration was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated electronic transport of charge carriers in a gapped bilayer graphene superlattice (GBGS), based on transfer matrix method. We have found that conductivity of the system has an oscillatory behavior respect to the gap value. As the gap value is simply changeable by external voltage in bilayer graphene, the conductivity can be controlled by gate voltage. It also has been shown that transmission probability for normal incident angle depends on barrier width in presence of band gap within barrier region. As a result, a GBGS behaves very differently compared to a gapless bilayer graphene superlattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful isolation of single-layer graphene, the two-dimensional allotrope of carbon from graphite, has fuelled a lot of interest in exploring the feasibility of using it for fabrication of various electronic devices, particularly because of its exceptional electronic properties. Graphene is poised to save Moore's law by acting as a successor of silicon-based electronics. This article reviews the success story of this allotrope with a focus on the structure, properties and preparation of graphene as well as its various device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple but dependable electronic device, Con-Dis, has been developed to gain reliable information on elderly persons' perceptions of their well-being. The device has been tested and proven to be technically functional and dependable. It was tested in two care homes for the elderly and two private homes to evaluate whether it provided reliable information about the service quality. This report illustrates the practical usage of the device and shows its efficiency in gathering reliable service quality information from the focus group. The results suggest that Con-Dis is suitable for measuring the perceived service quality and seems to reduce the risk of too-positive evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Technologically advanced human societies require specialized tools and equipment to enable their diverse and mobile activities. Portable electronic devices like laptop, PDA, handphone, etc. are now an essential tool for many people in their daily lives. The rechargeable batteries used to power the portable electronic devices could be improved upon with regards to power density, and there is a crucial need for efficient, renewable and more environmentally friendly power sources. Many researchers have shown that the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an appropriate alternative to rechargeable battery technology, although many factors must be resolved before it can be commercialized. This paper gives an overview on the possibilities for using the DMFC as portable electronic devices power source along with some views on current and future trends in DMFC development, economic analysis and presents the current problems and solutions by DMFC researchers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A Nordic multicentre, open-label, non-interventional postmarketing surveillance study was carried out during a period of 24 months evaluating safety and efficacy of ReFacto as prophylactic or on-demand replacement therapy in patients with haemophilia A treated by self-medication. Fifty-seven patients were enrolled and studied for safety; efficacy was evaluated in 39 patients who received ReFacto for 24 months and recorded sufficient diary data on a hand-held computer. The compliance of using the device was good in small children, variable in adults and poor in teenagers. The fact that the overall compliance was low constituted a limitation of the number of patients with reliable diary data. Overall safety was rated as excellent or good by the clinicians for all patients at all visits and overall efficacy at 24 months evaluated to be excellent (74%) or good (26%). It was noticed that ≥50% of patients/parents reported no absences from school or work owing to bleeding episodes during the study period. Among patients on regular prophylaxis, 6 of the 30 patients (20%) receiving ReFacto experienced no bleeding episodes. A median of four bleeding episodes occurred during the 24-month study period, and 93% of the episodes were resolved with ≤2 ReFacto infusions. In the 7 on-demand patients, there was a median of 18 bleeding episodes, 87% of which resolved with ≤2 ReFacto infusions. Interestingly, 42% of the ReFacto infusions taken by the patients classified to the on-demand group were registered as prophylactic treatment. In conclusion, ReFacto demonstrated good safety and efficacy in prophylaxis as well as treatment of bleeding episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of PCM filling ratio, intermittent power load and heat transfer coefficient are discussed. • The negative and positive effects of PCM are assessed. • PCM heat sink is more effective approach under intermittent power load. • PCM heat sink with 30% PCM filling ratio has the best performance. Metal fin enhanced phase change material (PCM) has been successfully demonstrated as an effective approach for electronic devices cooling, especially in the case of high-power density for only a limited period. Application of PCMs in the heat sink accelerates the heat storage and reduces the heat rejection resulting in a tradeoff effect. In this study, the effects of PCM filling ratio, intermittent power load with different power off time interval and heat transfer coefficient on the performance of PCM-filled heat sinks are studied for electronic devices cooling. A constant power load is firstly studied to reveal the effect of PCM filling ratio. An intermittent power load with different power off time interval is then investigated to enlarge the operation time of electronic devices. Finally, the effect of heat transfer coefficient is discussed to assess the negative and positive effects of PCM. The results show that the effective operation time of PCM-filled heat sinks significantly increases and its peak temperature obviously reduces under intermittent power load compared to the constant power load, and it becomes more apparent with increasing power off time interval. The thermal performance of PCM-filled heat sinks significantly strengthens under natural cooling condition, i.e., h = 10 or 20 w•m−2•K−1. However, during forced convection cooling, e.g., h = 100 w•m−2•K−1, the heat sink without PCM may have a better performance because the negative effect of PCM outweighs its positive effect. The results of this paper are of great significance in the optimal design of PCM-filled heat sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A metal oxygen molecular cluster compound has been utilized for the preparation of organic–inorganic nanocomposite film by a sol–gel method. The entrapment of these cluster compounds in a composite film has been characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. The entrapped metal oxygen cluster stabilizes its energy levels, which is evidenced from the change in redox potential and band gap. The rectification phenomenon of composite films is attributed to the embedded cluster compounds. The rectification behaviour of the composite film, which is due to the charge transfer from molecular cluster and the electrode, has been studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides an effective method for parameter extraction of microelectronic devices and elements. A novel method, memetic differential evolution (MDE) algorithm, is proposed in this paper. By combining differential evolution (DE) algorithm, mutations in immune algorithm (IA), and special operators for parameter extraction, MDE possesses characteristics of high accuracy, stability, generality, and efficiency. The effectiveness of the method has been shown by two typical examples, including small-signal equivalent circuit models for an AlGaN/GaN HEMT device up to 40GHz, as well as an equivalent circuit model for on-chip differential spiral inductors. In both cases, the initial values and parameter ranges of the elements in the equivalent circuits are hard to determine in optimization. The results and comparisons with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and canonical DE algorithm, demonstrate the superiority of MDE in terms of accuracy and generality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The immunity of an electronic device to radiated electromagnetic noise, which is determined by the test methods in IEC61000-4-3, has become an important concern. In this paper, the author links an electromagnetic field analysis that takes the impedance characteristics of an ASIC into consideration and an immunity evaluation technique for a standalone ASIC to investigate the immunity of an electronic device to radiated electromagnetic noise. He verified the validity of the results that were obtained by this analytical technique by comparing them with the results of actual measurements performed in accordance with IEC61000-4-3. He also showed that although the immunity characteristics of an electronic device worsen at the resonance frequency, they can be improved by inserting capacitors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(7): 31– 40, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20373 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The easy access to electronic devices for users has resulted in the development of a vast range of programs and applications for visual evaluation and diagnosis that can be downloaded to any device. Some of them are based on tasks and stimuli that depend on luminance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in luminance reproduction between electronic devices and their implications for contrast reproduction. A total of 20 Galaxy Tab A devices with 8-bit graphics processing units were evaluated. Characterization of every screen was performed obtaining the response curve for the achromatic stimulus. Mean, maximum and minimum luminance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were obtained to assess differences between devices. Variation of luminance with increasing digital level was observed in all devices following a gamma distribution. Comparison between devices for mean results showed that some of them differed by as much as 45 cd/m2. The coefficient of variation varied from ~5 to 9%. Mean percentage of differences in luminance between devices reached 30%. In conclusion, differences in luminance reproduction between devices were present, even considering devices from the same manufacturing batch. It cannot be assumed that the characterization of one device can be extrapolated to other devices. Every device used for research purposes should be individually characterized to ensure the correct reproduction. For clinical purposes, limitations should be considered by visual specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly high power density of today's electronic devices requires the cooling techniques to produce highly effective heat dissipation performance with as little sacrifice as possible to the system compactness. Among the currently available thermal management schemes, convective liquid metal cooling provides considerably high performance due to its unique thermal properties. This paper first reviews the studies on convective cooling using low-melting-point metals published in the past few decades. A group of equations for the thermophysical properties of In-Ga-Sn eutectic alloy is then documented by rigorous literature examination, following by a section of correlations for the heat transfer and flow resistance calculation to partially facilitate the designing work at the current stage. The urgent need to investigate the heat transfer and flow resistance of forced convection of low-melting-point metals in small/mini-channels, typical in compact electronic devices, is carefully argued. Some special aspects pertaining to the practical application of this cooling technique, including the entrance effect, mixed convection, and compact liquid metal heat exchanger design, are also discussed. Finally, future challenges and prospects are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel hybrid heat sink filled with PCM and air was introduced. • Cooling ability of hybrid heat sink was better than PCM-based heat sink. • Novel heat sink compete with air-cooled one with a double convective coefficient. With the introduction of PCM-based heat sinks, the cooling of the electronic components in transient applications has been developed. The PCM-based heat sink effectiveness is acceptable only within the melting time, so that in the post-melting stage, the electronic component temperature increases significantly. In this study, a novel hybrid heat sink filled with PCM and air was introduced. This heat sink uses the PCM and air potentials simultaneously to neutralize the effects of the incoming heat flux to keep low the electronic device temperature. Incorporation of air into the PCM-based heat sink leads to acceleration in the heat rejection to the ambient (positive effect) and reduces the PCM volume fraction (negative effect). Based on the results, the positive effect outweighed the negative one and consequently, the cooling ability of the novel heat sink was better than the PCM-based as well as air-cooled heat sinks. As the convective coefficient increases, the positive effect strengthened and hybrid heat sink effectiveness become more apparent. It was found that the novel heat sink (with 50 W.m−2.K−1) can compete with air-cooled heat sinks with much higher convective heat transfer coefficient (100 W.m−2.K−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]