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Objective: Mood disorders in patients with epilepsy are common, with depression being the most prevalent. However, this comorbidity is often underdiagnosed. The systematic use of scales such as NDDI-E and QOLIE-10 in prolonged video-EEG monitoring units could be a useful tool for the detection of this comorbidity., Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of a series of patients with epilepsy evaluated in a prolonged video-EEG monitoring unit., Results: Three hundred forty-nine patients were included. The mean age was 49.1 years, and 49.3% were female. 66.2% had focal epilepsy. 20.4% had pharmacoresistant epilepsy. 38.7% of patients had NDDI-E > 13. 43% of patients with focal epilepsy had NDDI-E > 13 versus 21.8% of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (p = .015). Patients with focal temporal epilepsy had the highest rate of NDDI-E > 13 (48.5%). Significant association was found between patient-perceived mood and NDDI-E score (p < .001). However, in the group of patients with NDDI-E > 13, 37.6% had reported feeling "very good" or "good" in mood. Likewise, in the group that had reported feeling "very good" or "good" 21.6% had NDDI-E > 13. In 50.5% of patients with NDDI-E > 13 some kind of therapeutic intervention aimed at this comorbidity was performed. Perceived quality of life as measured by the QOLIE-10 scale was lower in patients with NDDI-E > 13 (p < .001)., Significance: The use of scales such as the NDDI-E and QOLIE-10 at the time of admission in video-EEG monitoring units allows screening for major depressive disorders in patients with epilepsy, which subsequently needs to be confirmed by formal assessment by a psychiatrist. Their systematic use in these units prevents some patients from going undiagnosed. Detection of these disorders allows targeted therapeutic intervention., (© 2024 International League Against Epilepsy.)

Background: Patients' education is the most relevant contributor to patient self-management of epilepsy. We aimed to assess the acquisition of knowledge after a semi-structured interview., Methods: We performed a quasi-experimental prospective study with a cohort of patients with epilepsy admitted for prolonged video electroencephalogram (VEEG). We measured patients' baseline knowledge with a 10-item true-false test (test A). Then, a qualified nurse carried out a semi-structured interview. We measured acquired knowledge with another 10-item true-false exam (test B), prior to VEEG discharge and after a 3- to 5-month follow-up, and we compared the difference between the scores in test A and test B. Finally, we conducted a satisfaction and suitability survey on the interview at follow-up., Results: Thirty-two patients participated, half were women. Their median age was 39.5, and the median length of schooling was 14 years. The median time since epilepsy onset was 13 years, 75% had suffered tonic-clonic seizures. The median score on test A was 7, while the median score on test B was 8.5 (p < 0.001) both at VEEG discharge and after follow-up. After the interview, 84.4% of participants reported that they were very satisfied with the information received; 87.5% stated that they had not previously heard about SUDEP (sudden unexpected dead in epilepsy); and 93.8% considered it important to receive detailed information about SUDEP., Conclusions: Patient education through a semi-structured comprehensive interview improves knowledge of patients with epilepsy about their disease. The calm atmosphere and the qualified nursing working at VEEG units make them an appropriate setting for talking about epilepsy and its risks, including SUDEP., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Studies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy provide few descriptions of seizures that arise in the temporopolar and the anterior temporobasal brain region. Based on connectivity, it might be assumed that the semiology of these seizures is similar to that of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the anterior temporobasal cortex may play an important role in the language system, which could account for particular features of seizures arising here. We studied the electroclinical features of seizures in patients with circumscribed temporopolar and temporobasal lesions in order to identify specific features that might differentiate them from seizures that originate in other temporal areas. Among 172 patients with temporal lobe seizures registered in our epilepsy unit in the last 15 years, 15 (8.7%) patients had seizures caused by temporopolar or anterior temporobasal lesions (11 left-sided lesions). The main finding in our study is that patients with left-sided lesions had aphasia during their seizures as the most prominent feature. In addition, while all patients showed normal to high intellectual functioning in standard neuropsychological testing, semantic impairment was found in a subset of 9 patients with left-sided lesions. This case series demonstrates that aphasic seizures without impairment of consciousness can result from small, circumscribed left anterior temporobasal and temporopolar lesions. Thus, the presence of speech manifestation during seizures should prompt detailed assessment of the structural integrity of the basal surface of the temporal lobe in addition to the evaluation of primary language areas., (© 2013.)

Purpose: The main feature of akinetic seizures is the inhibition of voluntary movements without impairment of awareness. Most clinical information about akinetic seizures has been obtained from cortical electrical stimulation studies, whereas clinical and video-electroen-cephalography (EEG) features have not been described thoroughly. We aimed to analyze clinical and EEG characteristics of bilateral akinetic seizures (BAS)., Methods: Patients with BAS were retrospectively identified from 1,858 consecutive video-EEG studies. All patients had ictal video-EEG, comprehensive clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Results: Ten patients (nine men) were identified; mean age was 22.5 years (range 0.3-71 years) at the time of epilepsy onset and 34.9 years (range 5-73 years) at the time of evaluation. BAS was the only seizure type in four patients. BAS consisted of sudden speech and motor arrest in eight patients, whereas in two patients seizures were characterized by abrupt freezing precipitated by gait initiation. Startle precipitated BAS in four patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed mesial frontal lobe lesions in six patients. Epileptiform activity was restricted to the frontal midline electrodes in all patients, with variable extension to frontal regions. In five patients, BAS were initially misdiagnosed as generalized seizures or nonepileptic events., Discussion: BAS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients reporting paroxysmal inability to move with preservation of awareness, bearing in mind that these seizures can occur spontaneously or be precipitated by startle. The diagnosis can be achieved with video-EEG monitoring, showing stereotyped semiology and distinctive EEG abnormalities, and is often supported by the presence of lesions involving the frontal lobes., (Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2010 International League Against Epilepsy.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical aspects in 130 patients presenting periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) in their EEG and to compare these results with those found in the literature. Etiology, neurologic deficit, seizure occurrence, and evolution were studied in each patient by historical review. The recordings were obtained on 8- or 16-channel EEGs with electrode placement according to the International 10-20 System. Recordings containing PLEDs were selected. PLEDs were defined as repetitive periodic, focal, or hemispheric epileptiform discharges (spikes, spike and waves, polyspikes, sharp waves) usually recurring every 1 to 2 seconds. The statistical study was carried out via the chi(2) test using the computer program SPSS. The main etiology found in this group of patients was stroke (61 of 130 patients). Other processes found were brain infections, tumors, hematomas, and several other entities grouped together as miscellaneous (anoxic encephalopathy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, craniocerebral trauma, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, migraine, multiple sclerosis, and aminophylline intoxication). Half of these patients (65 of 130) developed seizures, mostly partial motor seizures. No significant relation between etiology and seizures was found (chi(2) = 2.81, P = 0.4222). Seizures recurred in 14 of 130 patients during a follow-up of 14.5 months. PLEDs were not recorded in any EEG at the time of seizure recurrence. PLEDs constitute a distinctive but uncommon EEG phenomenon of repetitive, periodic, and stereotyped lateralized complexes. In agreement with the literature, PLEDs were associated with an acute process and occurred early during the course of the illness in all patients studied and were usually associated with structural lesions, with stroke being the main etiology. Traditionally, seizures occur with PLEDs but it is also accepted that they can exist in patients who never develop epileptic activity, either clinically or electrically, as demonstrated in 50% of the patients studied. No significant association between seizures and any etiology could be found. It was not demonstrated that the occurrence of seizures may influence the outcome in any way.

Epilepsy in frontotemporal dementia is considered to be less frequent than in Alzheimer's disease. We report two cases of patients with non-convulsive status epilepticus associated with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. In the first case, status epilepticus was the first symptom of the disease, and consisted of loss of consciousness and mutism. In the second case, status epilepticus led to a clinical worsening one year after the diagnosis. Our study highlights the importance of suspecting non-convulsive status epilepticus in patients with frontotemporal dementia, and including frontotemporal dementia within the differential diagnosis of new-onset seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized Fixation-off Sensitivity (CGE-FoS) patients present abnormal EEG patterns when losing fixation. In the present work, we studied two CGE-FoS epileptic patients with simultaneous EEG-fMRI. We aim to identify brain areas that are specifically related to the pathology by identifying the brain networks that are related to the EEG brain altered rhythms. Three main analyses were performed: EEG standalone, where the voltage fluctuations in delta, alpha, and beta EEG bands were obtained; fMRI standalone, where resting-state fMRI ICA analyses for opened and closed eyes conditions were computed per subject; and, EEG-informed fMRI, where EEG delta, alpha and beta oscillations were used to analyze fMRI. Patient 1 showed EEG abnormalities for lower beta band EEG brain rhythm. Fluctuations of this rhythm were correlated with a brain network mainly composed by temporo-frontal areas only found in the closed eyes condition. Patient 2 presented alterations in all the EEG brain rhythms (delta, alpha, beta) under study when closing eyes. Several biologically relevant brain networks highly correlated (r > 0.7) to each other in the closed eyes condition were found. EEG-informed fMRI results in patient 2 showed hypersynchronized patterns in the fMRI correlation spatial maps. The obtained findings allow a differential diagnosis for each patient and different profiles with respect to healthy volunteers. The results suggest a different disruption in the functional brain networks of these patients that depends on their altered brain rhythms. This knowledge could be used to treat these patients by novel brain stimulation approaches targeting specific altered brain networks in each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate clinical findings, ictal semiology, and results of video/electroencephalography (video/EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in patients with startle epilepsy and normal brain MRI. Methods: Four patients (mean age 12.5years) with startle epilepsy were investigated with MRI, video/EEG, and MEG. Results: Epilepsy diagnosis was established in childhood, and all had spontaneous and reflex seizures. Reflex seizures were triggered by sudden, unexpected sounds and tactile stimuli. The neurological examinations and MRIs were normal. MEG recordings showed focal epileptiform activity. An ictal MEG was obtained in one patient. Source modeling yielded dipole sources in right central frontal region. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the origin of epileptiform activity in startle epilepsy can be localized in brain areas associated with supplementary motor seizures, even in patients with normal brain MRI. MEG adds complementary information to the localization of epileptiform activity and can be useful in planning invasive studies in cases evaluated for epilepsy surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To analyse clinical and therapeutic aspects of epilepsy secondary to ulegyria in adults. Patients Out of 1,020 consecutive patients studied at a tertiary care epilepsy centre, eight cases of ulegyria were identified. All patients had comprehensive clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, interictal EEG, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, five patients had video-EEG monitoring. Ulegyria was confirmed by histological analysis in two patients who had successful epilepsy surgery. Results All patients had a history of perinatal asphyxia. In four of them there was psychomotor developmental delay. Mean age at onset of seizures was 5.8 years (range first week to 21 years). Brain MRI demonstrated predominant involvement of occipito-parietal cortical and subcortical areas. This posterior distribution of lesions was also supported by the presence of auras with occipital and parietal semiology in six patients, and signs of visuospatial dysfunction in five. Four patients had medically refractory epilepsy and two of them had significant improvement with surgical treatment. Conclusions In this group of adult epileptic patients with ulegyria brain MRI, ictal semiology, and neurological examination are consistent with occipital lobe epilepsy. Most patients have severe epilepsy, but in some of them epilepsy can be controlled with antiepileptic drugs, while in others surgical treatment can be effective. Brain MRI criteria of ulegyria are well established, and in two cases it was possible to confirm their diagnosis with histological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Dysexecutive traits have been described in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), but studies mainly focused on juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). To better understand the neuropsychology of IGE, more research is needed on syndromes other than JME, controlling potential confounding factors as the cognitive effects of valproate and epileptic discharges (ED). We describe the neuropsychological profile of a group of patients with different syndromes of IGE including simultaneous video electroencephalography (EEG). Methods We performed a comprehensive cognitive and neuropsychiatric evaluation with video-EEG on 61 adults with IGE (JME 19; IGE with generalized tonic–clonic seizures [GTCS] alone [IGE-GTCS] 22; childhood absence epilepsy [CAE] or juvenile absences epilepsy [JAE] persisting in adulthood 20). We compared results between patients (globally and by syndrome) and a control group of 21 individuals (similar age, educational level); p-values were adjusted for multiple testing according to a 0.05 false discovery rate. Results Patients obtained significantly lower results than controls on visuospatial working memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility and strategy, abstract visuospatial reasoning, arithmetic, and acquired knowledge. While CAE/JAE showed the lowest scores on cognitive assessment and highest anxiety index, IGE-GTCS showed the most favorable scores. Most tests were not influenced by valproate intake, and the dose did not correlate with cognitive performance in the test that yielded differences between patients and controls. Epileptic discharges during assessment were not frequent (10 patients, 1–4 tests). Significance Our findings suggest that patients with IGE have significantly lower abilities in various executive functions and acquired knowledge, compared to population of same age and education. The low frequency of ED on simultaneous video-EEG and absence of correlation of scores with valproate dose reinforce that the obtained results are due to a cognitive phenotype in IGE. This phenotype may be influenced by syndrome, and patients with CAE/JAE persisting in the adult may have a wider neuropsychiatric impairment. Highlights • Patients with IGE showed lower executive abilities and acquired knowledge. • The cognitive phenotype was influenced by clinical syndrome. • CAE/JAE showed lower scores on the cognitive assessment and higher anxiety index. • The IGE-GTCS group showed the most favorable scores in the cognitive assessment. • Results were not significantly influenced by valproate and epileptic discharges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Timing in the management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) seems to be one of the most important modifiable prognostic factors. We aimed to determine the precise relationship between timing in NCSE management and its outcome. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in which clinical data were prospectively obtained from all consecutive adults with NCSE admitted to our hospital from 2014 to 2016. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify clinical and timing variables associated with NCSE prognosis. Results Among 38 NCSE cases, 59.9% were women, and 39.5% had prior epilepsy history. The median time to treatment (TTT) initiation and the median time to assessment by a neurologist (TTN) were 5 h, and the median time to first electroencephalography assessment was 18.5 h; in the cases with out-of-hospital onset (n = 24), the median time to hospital (TTH) arrival was 2.8 h. The median time to NCSE control (TTC) was 16.5 h, and it positively correlated with both the TTH (Spearman's rho: 0.439) and the TTT (Spearman's rho: 0.683). In the multivariable regression analyses, the TTC was extended 1.7 h for each hour of hospital arrival delay (p = 0.01) and 2.7 h for each hour of treatment delay (p < 0.001). Recognition delay was more common in the episodes with in-hospital onset, which also had longer TTN and TTC, and increased morbidity. Conclusions There were pervasive delays in all phases of NCSE management. Delays in hospital arrival or treatment initiation may result in prolonged TTC. Recognition of in-hospital episodes may be more delayed, which may lead to poorer prognosis in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]