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Background: Data on temporal trends in outcomes, gender differences, and adherence to evidence-based therapy (EBT) of diabetic patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are sparse., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively acquired data on 3565 diabetic (2412 males and 1153 females) STEMI patients enrolled in the Swiss AMIS Plus registry between 1997 and 2010 and compared in-hospital outcomes and adherence to EBT with the nondiabetic population (n=15,531)., Results: In-hospital mortality dramatically decreased in diabetic patients, from 19.9% in 1997 to 9.0% in 2010 (p trend<0.001) with an age-adjusted decrease of 6% per year of admission. Similar trends were observed for age-adjusted reinfarction (OR 0.86, p<0.001), cardiogenic shock (OR 0.88, p<0.001), as well as death, reinfarction, or stroke (OR 0.92, p<0.001). However, the mortality benefit over time was observed in diabetic males (p trend=0.006) but not females (p trend=0.082). In addition, mortality remained twice as high in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic ones (12.1 vs. 6.1%, p<0.001) and diabetes was identified as independent predictor of mortality (OR 1.23, p=0.022). Within the diabetic cohort, females had higher mortality than males (16.1 vs. 10.2%, p<0.001) and female gender independently predicted in-hospital mortality (OR 1.45, p=0.015). Adherence to EBT significantly improved over time in diabetic patients (p trend<0.001) but remained inferior - especially in women - to the one of nondiabetic individuals., Conclusions: In-hospital mortality and morbidity of diabetic STEMI patients in Switzerland improved dramatically over time but, compared with nondiabetic counterparts, gaps in outcomes as well as EBT use persisted, especially in women.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of physiologic and pathologic ECG abnormalities in a cohort of young conscripts that represents the whole young generation of today., Methods: ECGs of all Swiss citizens who underwent conscription for the army during a 29-month period were analyzed manually., Results: ECGs of 43,401 conscripts (mean age 19.2 ± 1.1 years) were analyzed; 158 conscripts were female. Incomplete right bundle branch block was found in 5870 (13.5%) and left anterior fascicular block in 360 (0.83%). First-degree AV block was present in 329 (0.8%) and Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) second-degree AV block in 3 (0.01%). Early repolarization was observed in 1035 (2.4%), T-wave inversion in 39 (0.09%), and minor T-wave changes in 182 (0.42%). Brugada-like abnormalities were observed in 6 (0.01%). None of the conscripts had atrial fibrillation or flutter., Conclusion: ECG abnormalities can be found in a relatively large proportion of young individuals. Incomplete right bundle branch block, left fascicular block, and first-degree AV block are the most frequent findings. No conscript presented with atrial fibrillation or flutter., (Copyright © 2012 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rests upon clinical, electrocardiographic and biochemical parameters. Previous studies reported AMI patients who present with non-specific ECGs., Objectives: To examine clinical or demographic features of AMI patients presenting with or without ECG changes and assess the impact of these ECGs on treatment and outcome., Methods: Using the AMIS Plus data, patients admitted between 2003 and 2008 with a definite diagnosis of AMI (clinical symptoms, elevated troponin levels) were stratified according to the admission ECG into group 1 with normal/non-specific ECGs and group 2 with ECG changes., Results: Of 14 957 patients, 1085 (7.3%) belonged to group 1 and 13 872 (92.7%) to group 2. There were no differences between the two groups in age (65.9 yr vs. 65.4 yr), gender (28% female), diabetes (19% vs. 18%), hypertension (61% vs. 59%), family history (35% vs. 33%) or smoking (37% vs. 38%). Dyslipidaemia (62% vs. 56%; p <0.001), history of CAD (39% vs. 35%; p = 0.023) and obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2 [23% vs. 19%; p = 0.003]) were more frequent in group 1 who were admitted longer after symptom onset (280 min vs. 230 min). Patients in group 1 were exposed to less intensive pharmacological and interventional treatments (aspirin [93.6% vs. 95.3%; p = 0.012], clopidogrel [70% vs. 73%; p = 0.046], unfractionated heparin [59% vs. 65%; p <0.001], ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists [46% vs. 53%; p <0.001]). However, therapy with beta-blockers (72% vs. 70%), statins (75% vs. 76%) and nitrates (59% vs. 57%) did not differ between groups. Patients in group 1 underwent PCI significantly less frequently (69% vs. 77%) with a longer hospital delay (589 min vs. 96 min). No differences were found for reinfarction (both 1.4%) and a cerebrovascular event (0.4% vs. 0.8%). Cardiogenic shock (5% vs. 2%; p <0.001) and mortality during hospitalisation were higher in group 2 (6% vs. 3%; p <0.001). A normal/non-specific ECG on admission was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.34-1.11; p = 0.104)., Conclusions: Despite less intensive treatment, AMI patients who presented with a normal/non-specific ECG developed cardiogenic shock less frequently during their hospitalisation and had a lower crude mortality rate compared to those with ECG changes on admission. Nevertheless, reinfarctions and cerebrovascular events occurred evenly in all AMI patients, regardless of their admission ECG.

Introduction: Electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have been limited by low sensitivity at acceptable levels of specificity. A number of studies have demonstrated that body mass index (BMI) is associated with decreased sensitivity of ECG LVH classification in hypertensive patients. The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation relationship between LVH voltage criteria and BMI in Swiss conscripts., Methods: A database of 41,806 young Swiss people, who underwent compulsory conscription for the Swiss Army, was compiled. Along with other medical data, an ECG was taken. Statistical analyses, such as linear regression and calculation of correlation coefficient, were carried out between LVH voltage criteria and BMI., Results: The mean age in the studied population was 19.2 +/- 1.1 years with a median age of 19 years (range from 17 to 38 years). We found an overweight prevalence of 25.1%. The results showed that body habitus had significant association with Sokolow-Lyon voltages. A mean decrease of 13%, 5%, 19%, 14%, and 12% for the five studied Sokolow-Lyon indexes were found between normal range subjects (18.5 < or = BMI < 25) and obese subjects (25< or = BMI)., Conclusions: Our study confirms the hypothesis that people with higher BMI, a growing section of the population, have lower ECG amplitudes. Therefore, the Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria may underestimate the presence of LVH for subjects with higher BMI, which is not the case for the Cornell voltage. Our analysis suggests that computerized electrocardiography for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy based on Sokolow-Lyon voltages should incorporate the BMI factor.

Background: Abnormally long and short QT intervals are recognized to be associated with an increased risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. It is therefore important to define the upper and lower border of the normal QT., Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the normal distribution of the QT interval in a contemporary population of young conscripts and to define long and short limits of the QT interval., Methods: In Switzerland, all young male citizens must undergo compulsory conscription for the Swiss Army at the age of 18 to 19 years. In every conscript, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed. Retrospectively, 41,767 consecutive ECGs of Swiss citizens who underwent conscription for the army between March 1, 2004, and July 31, 2006, were analyzed., Results: The mean QTc Bazett interval was 394 +/- 22 ms. One percent of the conscripts had a Bazett QTc shorter than 347 ms, and one percent had a Bazett QTc longer than 445 ms, respectively. None of the subjects presented a QTc Bazett < 300 ms; the prevalence of a QTc Bazett < 320 ms was 0.02%., Conclusion: The present study shows the distribution of QT intervals in an unselected young population. Because none of the subjects presented a QTc < 300 ms, it may be concluded that the short QT syndrome is a very rare entity in the population of young male adults.

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is useful in managing patients with refractory heart failure. To increase efficacy, pacemaker settings are optimized, with Doppler echocardiography being the preferred method. Recently, acoustic cardiography, an automated method that records, analyzes, and displays simultaneous ECG and heart sound data, has been developed. In this study, the suitability of acoustic cardiography as an alternative to Doppler echocardiography in CRT optimization is evaluated., Methods: We studied 43 CRT patients undergoing optimization. Using Doppler echocardiography, we determined the optimal atrioventricular (AV) delay with a transmitral flow assessment. For optimization of the interventricular (VV) delay, we used the left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (VTI). For acoustic cardiography, we used the electromechanical activation time (EMAT, the interval from QRS onset to the S1). Reproducibility of echocardiography and acoustic cardiography was determined by programming 10 different delay settings twice in random order., Results: All 43 subjects underwent AV optimization, and 14 had CRT devices allowing VV optimization. While the intraobserver variability of EMAT and Doppler echocardiography parameter was similar (9.9% vs 8.5%), the reproducibility of EMAT was the highest (r = 0.91) and VTI was the lowest (r = 0.35). The correlation between the optimal AV delays determined by EMAT versus transmitral flow assessment was 0.86 (P < 0.001). The correlation between the optimal VV delays determined by EMAT versus VTI was 0.58 (P < 0.05), perhaps due to the poor reproducibility of the VTI., Conclusion: For CRT optimization, acoustic cardiography provides results similar to echocardiography but with improved reproducibility and ease of use.

Background: Trials on implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) for patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have highlighted the need for risk assessment of arrhythmic events (AE). The aim of this study was to evaluate risk predictors based on a novel approach of interpreting signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) and ejection fraction (EF)., Methods: SAECG, interpreted with a new index, and EF were prospectively evaluated to predict AE in 144 patients with AMI., Results: During the mean follow-up period of 4.1 years, 19 AE occurred. The new SAECG index showed a sensitivity of 84%, a specificity of 62%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 25%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%. A combination of a normal new SAECG index and an EF >35% resulted in a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 47%, a PPV of 22%, and a NPV of 100%; this corresponded to an AE incidence rate of 0%. When both tests were abnormal, the AE incidence rate was 21.3%., Conclusions: This is the first contemporary study reporting predictive values based on a combination of SAECG and EF. If confirmed in an appropriately designed and powered trial, this novel approach might be used to identify both patients at very low risk for AE not requiring further risk assessment and patients at high risk in whom ICD implantation can be considered without further risk assessment.

Aims: Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in patients with ascites are not well studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate ECG changes in patients with ascites., Methods and Results: Prospective analysis of patients with ascites who were referred for paracentesis. Three ECGs were recorded before paracentesis. ECG 1 was a standard 12-lead ECG. For ECG 2 the precordial leads were placed 1 intercostal space (ICS) and for ECG 3, 2 ICS cranially. The sums (Sigma) of the QRS in ECG1 were compared with ECG 2 and 3. In six patients the same ECG protocol was performed after removal of ascites. Ten hospitalized patients without ascites served as controls. Twenty patients with ascites were analysed. Limbs leads low voltage was present in 11 patients and precordial low voltage in four patients. Cranial placement of the precordial electrodes increased SigmaQRS in all patients with ascites. The most prominent voltage changes appeared in the leads V4-V6 (+62%). Paracentesis of ascites normalized precordial leads low-voltage, while limbs leads low voltage remained. Cranial placement of the precordial electrodes in patients without ascites decreases SigmaV1-V6., Conclusion: We describe a phenomenon of precordial voltage changes in patients with ascites, not reported in the literature yet. By placing the precordial electrodes 1 and 2 ICS cranially the voltage changes can be 'corrected' and this should be done in all patients prior to further diagnostic workup. Removal of the ascites normalizes the precordial leads low voltage.

Principles: changes of the QRS amplitude following defibrillation or cardioversion have never been reported in humans., Methods: prospective analysis of patients externally cardioverted or defibrillated for ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) formed group A and patients without CAD but with external cardioversion/defibrillation formed group B. Patients in the control group (group C) experienced a shock by an Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD). All patients underwent the same study protocol: serial ECG's were recorded and sums (Sigma) of the QRS amplitude created separately for the precordial and peripheral leads. Sigma were then compared with baseline values and changes indicated as percentage (%)., Results: We included a total of 45 patients in our study: 21 patients (47%) in group A, 11 patients (24%) in group B and 13 patients (29%) in group C. Median age was 66 years in group A, 55 in group B and 52 in group C. In group A mean change of the R amplitude was -35% in precordial and -16% in the peripheral leads. In group B mean change of the R amplitude was -16% in the precordial and -2% in the peripheral leads. The QRS amplitude changed -23% in the precordial leads in group A and -14% in group B. 13 patients with external defibrillation or cardioversion of group A + B and all patients of the control group (n = 13) showed no voltage changes. The most pronounced R and QRS attenuation was seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome, CAD and those in whom manual chest compressions had been necessary. Changes appeared after a mean period of 23 hours and returned to normal after a mean of 62 hours., Conclusions: we report the phenomenon of reversible voltage loss after external defibrillation or cardioversion. A possible explanation for this phenomenon might be tissue oedema in the chest area after electrical and traumatic injury. An alternative reason might be myocardial stunning. The exact pathophysiological mechanism leading to reversible voltage attenuation remains unclear and needs further exploration in studies with a larger sample of patients.

Data obtained at cardiac catheterization were used to evaluate the utility of acoustic cardiographic data in assessing the hemodynamic abnormalities associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Thirty-seven patients (mean age, 62.6 years) underwent catheterization, and hemodynamic data were recorded. Acoustic cardiographic recordings were obtained using a system that records and algorithmically interprets diastolic heart sounds and parameters analogous to traditional systolic time intervals. Seventeen patients had LVSD (defined as ejection fraction <50%). The 17 patients with LVSD composed the cohort for analysis. There were strong associations between acoustic cardiographic parameters and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and maximum contractility. Heart rate tended to influence the strength of these correlations. The authors conclude that acoustic cardiographic data can be used in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected LVSD, and specifically in the selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy and the optimization of the settings of implanted resynchronization devices.

Introduction: Alcohol withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens (DT) are serious complications of alcohol dependence. The prevalence of arrhythmias and other electrocardiographic (ECG) changes occurring in these clinical situations is not well studied., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical data and ECG's from patients discharged between 1995 and 2005 with the diagnosis of DT (ICD-Code F10.4) or alcohol withdrawal seizures (F10.3). Measurement of the ECG intervals was done in lead II. The corrected QT interval (QTc) was obtained using Bazett's formula., Results: 49 patients (38 males; 11 females) with a mean age of 48 years were included in the study. 23 patients with DT and 16 with convulsions were admitted to the hospitals. Ten patients developed DT while being hospitalised for other reasons. The QTc interval was prolonged (>440 ms and >460 ms in males and females, respectively) in 31 patients (63%). Five patients (10%) developed tachyarrhythmias (two torsade de pointes, one sustained ventricular tachycardia, two supraventricular tachycardia, one atrial fibrillation). All returned to sinus rhythm after appropriate treatment., Conclusions: Tachyarrhythmias are common amongst patients with severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes. The majority of the patients had an acquired long QT syndrome which led to a torsade de pointes in two cases. No patient died in the hospital and all were discharged in sinus rhythm. Clinicians should possibly avoid QT prolonging drugs and carefully monitor the rhythm in patients with severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes.