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By using integrated lumped elements based on through-silicon via (TSV) technology, a 3-D low-pass filter (LPF) with ultracompact size and ultrawide stopband is proposed. The 3-D magnetic coupling is enhanced between microsize spiral inductors to increase the mutual inductance and improve the high-frequency performance. A coaxial TSV with enhanced capacitance in high resistivity silicon (HRS) is utilized both as capacitor and as a vertical interconnection without any overhead in area and routing. The 3-D nature of the proposed filter yields a miniaturized size of 0.2 x 0.10 mm². The LPF is analyzed with equivalent circuit model and validated with the well-matched S-parameters obtained by finite element method simulation and measurement. With -3-dB cutoff frequency at 2.6 GHz, the LPF exhibits an insertion loss below 1 dB, a reflection loss over 17 dB in the passband, and a suppression level over 20 dB from 5.28 up to 40 GHz in the stopband.

A miniaturized substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter with an area of 0.682 × 0.210 mm2 is proposed based on through-silicon via (TSV) technology for terahertz (THz) applications. The design method of the THz cavity filter based on rectangular TSV is introduced and the filtering characteristics are investigated by the finite element method and the mode matching method. The rectangular TSV is substituted by cylindrical structures and the THz cavity filter is fabricated and measured in order to investigate the possibility of integration with typical three-dimensional integrated circuit manufacturing processes. The cavity filter utilizing cylindrical TSV exhibits a bandwidth of 0.051 THz centered at 0.331 THz, an insertion loss of 1.5 dB, and a reflection of higher than 15 dB in the passband.

With an increasing number of people sharing feelings and opinions online, the online platforms have become one of the most important channels for public opinion dissemination. Moreover, recurring online public opinion has become a primary form of online public opinion and has begun to have major effects on prompting social change. Therefore, this paper establishes a novel dynamic dissemination model to systematically study the recurrence of online public opinion. Through an in-depth analysis, three major influencing factors are determined, a recurrence probability function is identified, and then a SIR-I-based dynamic dissemination model is successfully developed, for which the uniformly asymptotically stability is fully proved. A case study from “Child abuse in Ctrip kindergarten” is conducted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed model. The parameter analysis proved that controlling of the public opinion heat, control effectiveness, event topic relevance, and recurrence time point is an effective way to manage the recurrence dissemination, and that opinion leaders play an important role in dissemination. Meanwhile, comparative analysis shows that our model efficiently characterized the dissemination process of recurring online public opinion. As our paper expanded the research cycle of public opinion to its recurrence, it not only enriches online public opinion dissemination model development, but also provides a reference for quantitative analysis of recurring online public opinions dissemination.

The polarization-maintaining fiber-based Sagnac loop interferometer (PSLI) is frequently applied in directional torsion measurement, but may suffer from a large temperature cross talk. In this study, a novel method was proposed for fabrication of side-tapered PSLI by a two-step arc-discharge technique at the splicing point. The energy distribution of the taper region was characterized, and comprehensive tests were performed in terms of torsion and temperature. The experimental results showed that, through bias twisting, the measuring areas were effectively gapped and highly sensitive torsion and temperature responses were gained simultaneously. With a small wavelength shift, the torsion sensitivity reached 13.54 dB/rad in the range from − 30 to 30 rad/m. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity was found to be − 1.579 n m / ∘ C , with a near-zero intensity fluctuation. Therefore, the sensor fabricated herein successfully achieves simultaneous measurement of directional torsion and temperature with high sensitivity and ultralow cross talk. The proposed scheme has the merits of practicality, low cost, and ease of operation, and is very promising for multiparameter engineering monitoring.

Integrating renewables and reliable fossil fuels in power generation is considered as one of the most promising and efficient strategy to solve carbon emissions and renewables uncertainties. In this paper, a new hybrid solar-wind-gas system fully considering natural gas and renewables cooperative complementarity in electric power generation is proposed, which is capable of achieving an equilibrium between benefits and reliability. A multi-objective optimization model simultaneously considering total income and power supply-demand deviation is then developed to obtain the best possible scheduling strategies under twelve natural scenarios, with ɛ-constraint method and fuzzy satisfying approach utilized. A real case from Golmud, China clearly demonstrates that the complementarity in this hybrid power system can effectively realize economic-reliable equilibrium. Specifically, the maximum total economic benefits can reach 31 176 × 103CNY in summer, and natural gas can provide a 100% supplementary power to ensure system reliability. Renewable power generation shows higher economical efficiency, so the highest benefits of 10 903 × 103CNY occur in sunny summer days, when renewable power output ratio is up to 68.84%. Meanwhile, natural gas, as a reliable energy source, has a higher complementary advantage over renewable energy, and its maximum change rate can be up to 14.54% which is almost 10 times of wind power.

Aimed at sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication applications, three fifth-order novel ultra-compact hairpin bandpass filter is proposed. Through-Silicon Via (TSV), a three-dimensional integration technology, is used to implement the arms of hairpin units, and some hairpin units consist of four arms. In this letter, the design method of the three proposed filters is introduced, and the filteringcharacteristics are verified by HFSS, an industry-grade simulator based on finite element method. The results reveal that the three proposed filter has the center frequency of 0.405 THz, 0.3915 THz, and 0.3955 THz with bandwidth of 0.1 THz, 0.077 THz, and 0.063 THz and exhibits an insertion loss of 2.0 dB and return loss over 12.4 dB, 13.4 dB, and 14 dB. The size of the three proposed filters is both 0.284 × 0.0325 mm^2 (1.29 × 0.148 λg^2).

An effective approach is proposed to improve the electrical and thermo-mechanical reliabilities of through-silicon vias (TSVs) with the addition of a grounded highly doped layer (HDL) around TSV. On the electrical aspect, the reduction of the peak noise induced by the proposed TSV configuration reaches more than 83% in time domain and about 15 dB in frequency domain compared with that of the TSV without HDL. On the thermo-mechanical aspect, the keep-out zone induced by the proposed TSV configuration decreases by as much as 3.9 ${\mu}\text{m}$ (38.2%) compared with coaxial TSV with metal guard ring. Furthermore, the proposed TSV configuration proves to be process realizable.

Based on through-silicon-via technology, we propose an ultracompact Butterworth low-pass filter (LPF) with area of 0.01 mm2. An equivalent circuit model of the proposed LPF is exploited, analyzed, and simplified. The comparisons of filtering characteristics among ideal 4-GHz fifth-order Butterworth LPF, equivalent circuit model, and full wave simulation of proposed LPF validate the accuracy of the equivalent circuit model. And the proposed LPF exhibits ultracompact size and superior filtering characteristics compared with the existing LPF.

In this paper, a comprehensive passive torsion measurement is performed firstly in a 40-cm-long polarization maintaining fiber-based Sagnac interferometer (PMF-SI), and the non-linear torsion response is found and investigated. Then, a fiber laser torsion sensor (FLTS) with a dual-ring-cavity structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, in which the PMF-SI is utilized as the optical filter as well as the sensing unit. In particular, the highly sensitive linear range is adjusted through fine phase modulation, and owing to the flat-top feature of fringes, an ~83.6% sensitivity difference is effectively compressed by the generated lasing. The experimental results show that, without any pre-twisting, the ultra-wide linear response from &ndash, 175 to 175 rad/m is gained, and the torsion sensitivities are 2.46 and 1.55 nm/rad with high linearity (&gt, 0.99) in the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, respectively. Additionally, a high extinction ratio (&gt, 42 dB) and small line-width (~0.14 nm) are obtained in the proposed FLTS, and the corresponding detection limit reaches 0.015 rad/m.

The industrial process of drinking water treatment requires intensive energy, leading to high enterprise costs and abundant carbon emissions. To ensure cost-effective and low polluting power supply for the above process, this paper proposes to deploy the grid-connected hybrid renewable system. A multi-objective nonlinear dynamic model mixed with integer variables is established for the decision makers, in which both system configurations and operations as well as benefits trade-offs from four dimensions are simultaneously considered. The e-constraint method and system planner attitude parameters are introduced to transform the proposed model into its equivalent single objective form, which is further been solved by the LINGO software. A case study in China is given to assess the viability of the proposed model, in which optimal system configuration, economically feasible self-sufficiency ratio and optimal energy balance are obtained. Influences of electricity pricing strategies and natural resource changes on the systems are also analyzed and compared. It is found that the deployment of grid-connected hybrid wind/PV/storage system can help power users to cope with the future electricity price variation risks, with the feasible self-sufficiency ratio reaching 95%.

The implementation of mainstream passive low-pass filters (LPFs) remains a challenge to satisfy the requirements of small size and compatibility with standard CMOS process. Fortunately, the emerging technology of through-silicon via (TSV) offers a possible solution to this issue by developing 3D LPF architecture. A 3D LPF based on coaxial TSV is exploited by fabrication and measurement. The measurement result shows good agreement with that obtained by finite element method.

Keep-out-zone (KOZ) is a conservative way to prevent any devices/cells from being impacted by the through-silicon via (TSV)-induced stress. In this paper, an effective approach was proposed of reducing the KOZ induced by coaxial TSV, by using the structure of coaxial-annular TSV, without decreasing the electrical performance of coaxial TSV. The analytical model was developed appropriate for the thermal stress induced by both coaxial and coaxial-annular TSVs, and was verified by the finite element method. The KOZs induced by coaxial and coaxial-annular TSVs were compared in detail, and the effects of Cu plasticity, TSV material, TSV size, and inner metal plating ratio of coaxial-annular TSV were also studied. The electrical characteristics of different TSVs were compared by employing ANSYS' HFSS, and a feasible fabrication process for coaxial-annular TSV was suggested. It could be concluded that: 1) a 1.6-μm (22.2%) drop of KOZ for coaxial-annular TSV could be reached as compared with that of coaxial TSV; 2) coaxialannular TSV was proved to offer the same superior signal integrity with coaxial TSV, improving S21 by about 93% at 5 GHz and 60% at 20 GHz compared with ordinary cylindrical and annular TSVs; and 3) the coaxial-annular TSV is realizable.

We report continuous-wave orange laser operation at 607.5 nm of a 8 mm long 0.2at% Pr:LiYF 4 single crystal with an improved laser slope efficiency. Using a single InGaN laser diode emitting at ∼444 nm as a pump source, an output power of ∼200 mW was achieved with a threshold absorbed pump power of ∼150 mW and a laser slope efficiency of nearly 42%. M 2 factors of 1.40 and 1.28 were measured in the x and y directions, respectively, attesting to the good quality of the output laser beam.

We present a diode-pumped Pr: LiYF4 (Pr:YLF) laser at 695.8 nm by suppressing the higher gain transitions near 640, 670, 698, and 721 nm. With an InGaN laser diode as the pump source, the output power of the laser centered at 695.8 nm in σ polarization was up to 51 mW, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 12.6% and a threshold power of 229 mW with respect to absorbed pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Pr:YLF laser emitting at 695.8 nm in σ polarization.

The implementation of on-chip inductors in integrated circuit application remains a challenge to satisfy the requirements of high Q-factor, small area consumption, limited parasitic coupling, ease of layout, and manufacture. Fortunately, the emerging technology of through-silicon via (TSV) offers a possible solution to this issue by developing 3D inductor with solenoid architecture. A simple and accurate inductance model of 3D inductor based on TSV is exploited by analytical method. The inductance results obtained from the proposed model and finite element method exhibit good agreement with various design parameter ranges, and the errors between the results of the proposed analytical model and measurement are

We report a continuous-wave ultraviolet laser at 349 nm obtained by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-pumped Pr3+-doped LiYF4 laser. Power scaling of lasers at 698-nm fundamental wavelength was realized using an InGaN laser diode with a maximum output power of 850 mW and a 5-mm-long 0.5 a.t. % laser crystal. The maximum output power at 698 nm was 215 mW. With beta barium borate crystal employed as the nonlinear medium, 33 mW of output power at 349 nm has been achieved.

Accurate analytical models for the strain and stress in silicon induced by annular Through-silicon-via (TSV) are proposed. Finite element method (FEM) is used for the model verification. It is shown that errors for the strain and stress models are respectively less than 6.6% and 6.8% for various metal and dielectric materials. Based on the analytical model of stress, keep-out-zones (KOZs) are also evaluated for pMOS and nMOS, as the stress is parallel and perpendicular to transistor channel. Annular TSVs with various materials induce KOZs of less than 6.6μm. W exhibits the best thermo-mechanical performance with KOZ=0.