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Integrated power systems (IPSs) are popular in the shipbuilding industry. DC shipboard microgrids (dc-SMGs) have many advantages compared with ac ones in terms of system efficiency, operation flexibility, component size, and fault protection performance. Being in the exploring stage, dc-SMGs have several potential configurations with different system architectures and voltage levels. In a dc-SMG, functional blocks integrated include power generation modules (PGMs), propulsion system, high power loads, and pulse loads specifically in naval ships. In modern ships, the PGMs include not only generators and fuel cells (FCs) but also energy storage systems (ESSs), which cooperate with generators to improve the overall efficiency and reliability. High power electric converters are vital interfaces between the functional blocks and the dc distribution system. Rectifiers for generators take the tasks of dc bus voltage regulation and power sharing. Inverters for propulsion motors are responsible for the motor drive in different operating conditions. Bidirectional dc/dc converters for ESSs are used to provide supply-demand balance and voltage fluctuation mitigation. This paper makes a comprehensive review of power architecture, functional blocks including electrical machines and energy storage, as well as power converters in dc shipboard power systems.

This paper investigates the integration of the fractional-order capacitor on electrical power systems to improve system performance. The system performance problem in this exploration is reducing the losses and improving the voltage profile. For decades, capacitor installation is having a great effect on compensating system reactive power which affects system performance and quality. The novelty in the proposed work is to integrate the fractional capacitor to the power systems as a distributed generator. The study compares the classical capacitor implementation versus the fractional capacitor as a suggested new technology. Due to the complexity of the study to obtain optimal size, parameter, and location of the proposed technologies, Marine predator as a meta-heuristic optimization technique is employed. The proposed methodology can be divided into two parts; a single objective function to study the losses minimization and the voltage improvement individually and the second part is the multi-objective single representation problem to find the optimal solution for both two targets, the losses reduction, and the voltage profile improvement. The proposed fractional capacitor implementation is assimilated to standard IEEE 69 radial system.

Historically, energy constraints have limited the spatial range, endurance and capabilities of ocean observation systems. Recently developed wave energy conversion technologies have the potential to help overcome these limitations by providing co-located and persistent power generation for ocean observations, enabling new opportunities for ocean research. In this paper, we develop the first techno-economic model for wave-powered ocean observation systems and use the model to study system characteristics and cost drivers. Our model utilizes time-domain simulation and optimization to identify cost-optimal system characteristics and to estimate capital and operational costs. Using our model, we evaluate the use of wave energy to power a 200 W ocean observation system deployed for five years at five unique geographic locations. We found that, depending on the geographic location, cost-optimal wave energy powered systems require an ≈ 0.5–3 kW wave energy converter and an ≈ 15-50 kWh battery. The corresponding range of power system costs over the deployment duration is between $110,800 and $673,200. We build on these results by performing a sensitivity analysis of key model parameters and identifying the potential economic impact of future technology advancements. Overall, our results indicate that characteristics of the geographic location, power system durability, and electrical power demand are key drivers of power system economics for ocean observing.

A Real-time electricity market transaction is an important method that is used to realize the interactive balance of source-network-load in a new generation power system. Based on the multi-camp economic choice and the needs of national conditions, the emergence of cluster operators is inevitable. Due to stability and development of photovoltaic users, it is important to evaluate the importance of users in a photovoltaic user group. In the existing model, users are too sensitive to the electricity price, which will lead to too high electricity adjustment rate. In order to make up for the lack of importance ranking research and the high adjustment rate of electricity consumption, this paper will introduce the electric power consumption satisfaction function and propose an optimal pricing model that is based on the master-slave game. The study analyzes the nature of operators’ revenue, and presents a method to calculate the contribution value using the cooperative game theory. The TOPSIS method is proposed to evaluate the ranking of the producers and sellers in the group. The developed illustration verifies the superiority of the cluster economic operation model.

The deterioration of cable insulation is a widely acknowledged problem, and detection lays the foundation for maintenance and overhaul. The measurement of Tangent delta (tan δ) at very low frequency (VLF) works well on cable insulation detection, nevertheless the conventional method could only be conducted offline, where the power outage is usually required, interrupting the normal operation. To break thus a limitation, an advanced online method is proposed, and tan δ would be calculated based on the measurement of an artificially injected VLF voltage and that of the VLF leakage current through cable insulation. To coordinate with this method, an injecting source, with the comprehensive self-protection and the by-pass channel for power-frequency signals, is developed to safely inject a VLF voltage to the power system, and a monitoring system, with an accuracy better than ±0.3 μA, is established to obtain the injected voltage’s and leakage current’s waveforms, which would be used to further calculate tan δ with the cross-correlation algorithm. In addition, this method, as well as developed devices, is applied on several cables in China Electric Power Research Institute, and the measuring results keep consistent with the actual conditions, which verifies the validity.

Grid codes play a significant role in setting power system characteristics, such as ramp rate of different kinds of power plants. Using novel energy sources, like solar energy, for supplying electrical power demands, develops the requisite for controlling the characteristics of these sources such as their power ramp rates. While solar power is going to increase or decrease, ramp rate control is crucial. There have been suggested different strategies for power ramp rate control. Some of these strategies need batteries and some do not. Due to solar radiation uncertainties, it is necessary to use energy storage systems to control power ramp rate. On the other hand, batteries add huge costs and unreliability to the power systems. As a result, there is a trading-off among initial cost, reliability, security, and operation costs for selecting an optimal strategy. Also significance of the grid is a decisive factor. In this paper, some power ramp rate control schemes are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of different types of schemes have been analyzed. Also, in this literature different kinds of power ramp rate control strategies for photovoltaics have been clustered into some major sets. Besides, power ramp rate control is essential for novel schemes such as virtual synchronous machines, so emerging virtual inertia in novel power grids is another motivation to establish different methods for controlling the power ramp rate of renewable energy sources. Thus, in this paper, there is a section discussing the applications of power ramp rate control schemes.

Increased electrification of aircraft power systems has been widely presented as a route toward meeting environmental and emissions targets for aircraft performance, via more-electric aircraft and future hybrid-electric aircraft concepts. In parallel, the superior mechanical performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has resulted in its increasing use for aircraft structures. The relatively low electrical conductivity of CFRP compared to traditional aluminum structures and copper conductors limits the use of structural CFRP structures as electrical elements, so separate systems are needed. This adds structural mass and volume to a system, negating some of the benefits of using CFRP. Closer integration of the composite structure and electrical power system (EPS), with an ultimate goal of achieving components with multifunctionality (combined thermal, electrical, and structural functionality), offers a route toward the light-weighting of these systems, thus supporting improvements in aircraft performance. This article presents a roadmap to achieve this multifunctionality, supported by the combination of introducing definitions for different levels of multifunctionality, associated design thresholds, and trades between the EPS and CFRP materials/structures. Existing multifunctional (MF) electrical-thermal-structural CFRP-based solutions are contextualized within this roadmap. This enables the realization of viable routes for developing MF systems for the strategic focus of future research efforts.

Most loads of electrical power systems on a more electric aircraft (MEA) are regulated power converters. These loads behave as constant power loads (CPLs) that can significantly affect system stability. The system will become unstable and will be unable to operate at the rated power. In this article, a novel adaptive stabilization of a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based dc electrical power system in MEA is presented using a nonlinear feedback approach via loop-cancellation technique with a simple equation of feedback gain, which can be calculated from the power level of the CPL. The equation can be derived from a polynomial curve fitting based on the proposed mathematical model derived using the dq method. The adaptive stabilization results are validated by a small-signal stability analysis using the linearization technique, a large-signal stability analysis using the phase plane analysis, an intensive time-domain simulation using MATLAB, and experimentation. The results indicate that the proposed adaptive stabilization technique can provide the considered aircraft power system always stable for all operating conditions within the rated power, and the dc bus voltage can adhere to the MIL-STD-704F standard.

In this paper, a cascade PI-PD secondary control scheme is presented in automatic generation control (AGC) application under a deregulated environment. Along with conventional electric power genera...

In this age, it is undeniable that the roles of renewable resources are indispensable due to the increasing demand for electric power. With improvements in the renewable energy resources (RER) technology, integration of renewable resources for power generation is becoming more attractive and provisions are now available for consumers residing in localities with poor electricity connection to set up small renewable-based community generating units to generate electricity for their benefit. But in an interconnected electrical network, any random behaviour on the consumers side might introduce unfavourable conditions into the grid which the operators may need to rectify or mitigate. The current work is focused on investigating the feasibility of providing corrective operator-side RER integration to offset some of the negative impacts due to random consumer-side RER integration, considering an IEEE-30 bus test system. Based on the results of continuation power flow analysis, a bus with weaker voltage magnitude was considered for consumer-side RER integration, whereas for corrective operator-side RER integration, a trial and error approach was employed to search for the best location to place solar power generation unit among the load buses. Further, to study the consequences of RER integration on the small disturbance voltage stability of the system, a time domain analysis was performed using Power System Analysis Toolbox, and the system behaviour was monitored from optimally placed phasor measurement units.

The treatment of wastewater and industrial effluents by electron beam irradiation is a promising technique, however, not very widespread in Brazilian territory. The design and construction of a mobile unit by the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, containing an electron beam accelerator of 700 keV and 20 kW is innovative to demonstrate the effects and positive results of this technology. The aim is to transfer the mobile unit to several companies with interest in liquid waste treatment, connect to the industry electrical system and start the ionization treatment process through electron beam. The mobile unit connection to the local electrical system may be a challenge due to the great diversity of voltages and distances involved, as well as the large injections of harmonic content generated by the electron beam accelerator that can affect sensitive loads in the industrial system. In this work, an analysis of the electrical power system of the mobile unit was made, regarding the interruption capacity, selectivity protection and adequate short circuit levels, in order to assure a greater reliability in the operation. At the end, the control panel of the mobile unit, simulations and measurements were carried out at the 1.5 MeV and 37.5 kW electron beam accelerator, installed in the Radiation Technology Center, demonstrating the necessity of applying a filter to reduce the measured harmonic distortion. The analysis of the mobile unit electrical power system was made, in order to assure a greater reliability in the operation.

The rapid increase of the electrical power demand gave rise to many challenging situations for power system control engineers as the transmission lines are operating at their maximum capacity in most developing economies. To solve this, Distributed Generation (DG), i.e. the generation of electrical power in a distribution network that provides clean energy, is gaining popularity. There are several challenges the protection of distribution networks faces after DG installation, such as variations in short circuit levels, protection blinding, reverse power flow, protection coordination, change in fault impedance, recloser-fuse coordination, selectivity, unsynchronized reclosing, false tripping, etc. In this paper, an IEEE 13-Bus System Radial Distribution System is simulated using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), various scenarios of DG placement are considered, their impact on the protection system is analyzed, and different techniques are proposed to minimize the effect on protection coordination. The use of directional relays, current limiting reactors, and small magnitude DGs is tested and analyzed. The way this effect varies by changing the location of DG is also analyzed.

Power system applications often require solving one or multiple optimization problems which are nonlinear. Due to the limitations such as dimensionality constraints and slow convergence as offered by the analytical methods, swarm intelligence-based methods have emerged as a practical optimization problem solution alternate. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), a well-known member of the swarm intelligence-based family, has been acknowledged as an efficient solution for nonlinear extensive optimization problems. On the one hand, this article provides insights on basic notions and progress of the PSO in power system applications and case studies highlighting the best performance of PSO and its variants. Technical visions essential for the application of PSO, like its form, particle presentation, and the most competent fitness functions, are also depicted for the respective application. On the other hand, it presents a comprehensive bibliographic analysis of 144 high-impact journal articles concerning the prominent applications of PSO as an optimization method in power systems, having more than twenty citations and ordered by the number of citations in descending order. The outcomes of this bibliographic scrutiny demonstrate that Elsevier, IEEE, and Springer articles are the most significant. It also recognizes the most influential and high-impact journals and countries/regions.

The renewable energy-based hydrogen production can lead to the integrated electric power and hydrogen system (IPHS) and offer a pathway to a sustainable energy utilization. Hydrogen is mainly transported via hydrogen tube trailers (HTs), making the hydrogen energy system (HES) operation quite different from those of other energy technologies. This paper proposes an optimal IPHS operation strategy which utilizes HT for transportation. The proposed strategy coordinates hydrogen generation, transportation, and storage stages considering constrained operations of electric power system (EPS), transportation system, and variable renewable energy. The proposed solution method is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) in which HES and EPS constraints are managed individually and the respective solutions are coordinated accordingly. The case studies using the modified IEEE-RTS79 have verified the validity of the proposed IPHS model and its solution method and confirmed the necessity of considering HES in enhancing the EPS operation. The synergies between EPS and HES are studied via numerical examples and the impact of the flexibilities in hydrogen generation, transportation and demand are highlighted.

International audience; This paper proposes a new framework for the operational reliability evaluation of integrated electric power-gas networks (IEPGNs). First, a novel approach for modeling the failure modes of natural gas pipelines is presented. This approach utilizes the concept of virtual nodes and employs a gas release rate model to consider the pinhole, hole, and rupture failure modes of pipelines. Thereafter, a four-state Markov model for natural gas-fired generators (NGFGs) with dual-fuel capabilities is proposed. The area risk method is extended to include the proposed reliability models, and the partial reliability indices of the area risk method are evaluated using a non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation (NSMCS). A nonlinear optimization model is also proposed to calculate electric and gas load curtailments for each system state in NSMCS. This model is linearized to obtain a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for reducing the computational burden. The computational performance of NSMCS is further improved by adopting cross entropy (CE)-based importance sampling (IS). Finally, the efficacy of the proposed framework is demonstrated on three test systems. Case studies validate the importance of considering the proposed reliability models of IEPGNs for operational reliability evaluation. The impacts of operational strategies on the operational reliability indices are also demonstrated.

This paper provides an overview of hyperloop technologies, including a brief discussion of key components of a hyperloop system that determine the electric power requirements as a function of time. At-scale hyperloop systems do not yet exist, so a model was used to generate a set of load profiles for conceptual hyperloop realizations at four locations in the United States: two systems in California and one each in Colorado and Ohio. In all four cases, the modeled hyperloop load profiles included pulses in both active and reactive power. Grid modeling was performed to estimate the grid impacts and for discussing grid integration challenges. The paper discusses how energy storage systems might be used to eliminate the pulsating load characteristics or significantly reduce it to accommodate current grid planning guidelines.

With the increased demand for electrical power, it is required to increase the number of power transformers in power systems. One of the main challenges facing protection engineers is the protection and isolation of power transformers in the shortest time possible, during internal faults. One of the alternative solutions to reduce the fault current in the power system is the application of a superconductor fault current limiter (SFCL). In this article, the ratios-based transformer differential protection algorithm is evaluated in the presence of resistive SFCL during internal fault conditions. A model of the system under study, including SFCL, is simulated and studies are performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results demonstrate the capability of the ratios-based differential protection scheme to detect internal faults in the presence of SFCL.

This chapter elaborates on a comprehensive definition of what can be understood for a Smart Grid by introducing the basic elements of a power grid and enhancing those with telecommunication technologies. The core underlying criterion supporting the regulation of electric power systems is the maximization of social and environmental welfare in the production and consumption of electric power. Electric power system management is a complex undertaking covering technical, economic, regulatory, social, business, and environmental factors. Information and Communication Technologies, understood as computing and electronic elements coupled with telecommunication networks, have been appreciated and used by the power utility industry at the core of their operations. There are some Smart Grid challenges tightly connected to the use of telecommunications technologies and services. They can be grouped in two broad categories Customer Engagement and Grid Control. The impact of telecommunication services on Smart Grid operations is a key aspect of the enablement of telecommunications for the grid.

Optical fiber‐based technologies and Power Line Communication (PLC) are the most relevant access wireline fixed‐network solutions for the Smart Grid. This chapter elaborates on Passive Optical Network (PON) and PLC technologies, covering the most relevant systems in each of them. PONs are intrinsically different from active optical networks, and electrical power is only required at the transmit and receive points, easing the rollout. PLC technologies are a unique set of technologies that use the power system cables for telecommunication purposes. PLC is undoubtedly recognized as an enabler of the Smart Grid. Broadband‐PLC technologies make use of the spectrum starting at 1.8MHz and offer a higher transmission data rate that comes at the expense of a higher attenuation that limits coverage. Optical fiber allows electric isolation in substations and electricity‐related premises in general, and PLC technology is by default available in Smart Grids.

This article quantifies the seismic performance of interdependent electric power and telecommunication systems, while also identifying variables with the highest impact on design. We introduce interdependent power and telecommunication models, which probabilistically simulate the physical dependency of telecommunication systems on power via interdependent adjacency and coupling strength, while a topology observability analysis quantifies the cyber dependency of the power system on telecommunications. We also use new functionality-based performance measures, including data congestion in telecommunications and partial observability in power systems, given communication demands upsurging after earthquakes. As an application, our methodology assesses the performance of stylized power and telecommunication systems in Shelby County, TN. Results show that neglecting retrials, congestion, and power interdependency lead to significant overestimation of the performance of telecommunication systems, particularly at low-to-medium hazard levels. Sensitivity results also reveal that decreasing the strength of coupling across systems is one of the most effective ways to improve the seismic performance of evolving cyber-physical systems, particularly when increasing observability in the power system through telecommunication end offices with richer data flow pathways.

This study analyzes the process of electric power system integration in various regions worldwide. This process is implemented by creating both interstate electric ties and power grids. The analysis is comprehensive and examines the system, spatial, technical, organizational, and market aspects of the integration. Various countries, including developed countries such as Europe and North America, as well as economically developing countries such as Central America and Africa, are involved in this process. However, the rates and scales of electric power integration differ across various regions worldwide. The analysis shows that the process of electric power integration, which has decades of history, is still ongoing, despite the growth of other trends, such as the development of distributed generation. Further electricity integration is expected to lead to the formation of a global power interconnection in the long term.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of advanced technologies with various control approaches in terms of their respective merits and outcomes for power grids. Distributed energy storage control is classified into automatic voltage regulator and load frequency control according to corresponding functionalities. These control strategies maintain a power balance between generation and demand. Besides, three basic electric vehicle charging technologies can be distinguished, i.e. stationary, quasi-dynamic and dynamic control. For realizing charge-sustaining operation at minimum cost quasi-dynamic and dynamic strategies are adopted for in-route charging, while stationary control can only be utilized when the electric vehicle is in stationary mode. Moreover, power system frequency stability and stabilization techniques in non-synchronous generator systems are reviewed in the paper. Specifically, a synchronverter can damp power system oscillations and ensure stability by providing virtual inertia. Furthermore, it is crucial to manage the massive information and ensure its security in the smart grid. Therefore, several attack detection and mitigation schemes against cyber-attacks are further presented to achieve reliable, resilient, and stable operation of the cyber-physical power system. Thus, bidirectional electrical power flows with two-way digital control and communication capabilities have poised the energy producers and utilities to restructure the conventional power system into a robust smart distribution grid. These new functionalities and applications provide a pathway for clean energy technology. Finally, future research trends on smart grids such as IoT-based communication infrastructure, distributed demand-response with artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions, and synchrophasor-based wide-area monitoring protection and control (WAMPC) are examined in the present study.

The organization of operation, maintenance and repair of the basic technological facilities of electric power systems (EPS), which are beyond their designed service life (hereinafter referred to as ageing facilities, or AFs) is one of the problems that determine the energy security of many countries, including economically developed nations. The principal cause of insufficient overall performance of AFs is the traditional focus of the EPS management on economic efficiency and the insufficient attention to reliability and safety of AFs. The tendency to nonlinear growth in the frequency of occurrence of unacceptable consequences in the EPS requires ensuring the operational reliability and safety of AFs. The averaged estimates of reliability and safety used at designing power facilities are not suitable for characterization of overall operational performance. Among the basic and the least investigated (in terms of operational reliability and safety) EPS facilities are overhead power transmission lines (OPL) with a voltage of 110 кV and above. This is for a reason. OPL are electric power facilities with elements distributed along a multi-kilometer line (supports, insulators, wires, accessories, etc.). That is what makes the organization of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of each of these elements, and, consequently, the assessment of operational reliability and safety, so problematic. A method is suggested for assessment of “weak links” among the operated OPL on operative intervals of time along with a method for assessment of the technical condition of OPL at examination of a representative sample.

This paper investigates the small-signal power oscillations in a VSC-based multi-terminal DC (MTDC) power transmission system. Regarding the DC power oscillation modes (DPOMs), this paper demonstrates that when the master–slave control is adopted for the MTDC power system, there is only one DPOM. In contrast, when the DC voltage droop control is adopted, the DC electric power oscillations (DEPOs) may be multi-modal oscillations as there are multiple DPOMs. Furthermore, a better understanding of DEPOs, which is analogous to low-frequency electric power oscillations (LEPOs) in conventional AC power systems, is obtained, unveiling how the DPOMs determine the power oscillations in AC and MTDC power systems. Moreover, this paper theoretically verifies that the DPOMs determine the behaviors of both DEPOs in MTDC systems and power oscillations between the VSCs (which adopt the DC voltage control or DC voltage droop control) and external AC systems. By analogy to LEPOs, damping torque analysis is applied to examine the stability risk of the MTDC power system. The results indicate that even if VSCs are self-stable, there is a potential risk of growing DEPOs occurring in MTDC power systems under heavy DC loads.

This paper introduces a mathematical model for having the optimum operation of electrical power system with different values of reliability levels. The start-up costs of the units, minimum-up times and minimum-down times of the units are of the factors considered Based on the reserve requirements and reliability analysis, a suggested method is presented for economical reliability computation of electrical power systems.

Numerical simulation is the key technique for large-scale power system analysis. Redistribution of global renewable power via international interconnections requires new simulation tools to study the interconnected systems with different nominal frequencies as a whole. This paper introduces an open-source simulation toolkit for electrical power systems (STEPS) hosted at Github. Its kernel is coded in C++ with major functions of power flow and electro-mechanical dynamic simulation. Flexible options are provided and configurable to improve power flow solution and dynamic simulation. Common devices and models are supported in STEPS for AC/DC hybrid system studies. The study of interconnected systems with different nominal frequencies is supported in STEPS for research of international interconnection. Application program interfaces are provided and wrapped with Python to enable high-level interfaces for general applications. STEPS is thread-safe, and parallel computation is supported in both kernel-level and task-level parallelization to accelerate simulation. It is portable and works on Windows and GNU/Linux platforms. Cases from small to large-scale systems are thoroughly tested to validate the toolkit with commercial packages as benchmarks.

The efforts to reduce the impact of the electric power generation from fossil fuels have been conducted to increase renewable energy sources and the trend to implement a decentralised scheme by distributed generation systems. However, small power plants' use does not contribute to the frequency regulation in the electrical power system due to the lack of the inertia and damping properties of synchronous generators used conventionally. This condition can produce unpredictable and unstable operational conditions of multi-area power systems. Hence, this paper aims to assess a voltage source converter (VSC) controlled by a synchronverter to help in frequency regulation in power networks that contain an actual number of renewable sources connected. The contribution lies in using the synchronverter as a control element capable of interacting correctly in a power network with a distributed generation system integrated with synchronous generators and renewable energy sources. Under this scenario, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) strategy of a photovoltaic-fuel cell-battery power generation system demonstrates that the VSC controlled by a synchronverter can react adequately under frequency deviations. A three power plants' performance, a conventional one and two photovoltaic (P.V.) farms handled by a synchronverter tied through a transmission link, is studied to demonstrate that the frequency viewpoint's behaviour and control purposes are satisfied. The results show the viability of the synchronverter as a frequency control strategy in electrical networks.

An independent system operator tasked with providing equitable and fair transmission services in an open-market context has a challenging job in dynamic security-constrained dispatch of an electric power network. This study proposes a new methodology based on the optimal flow of power and swarming mode, which is restricted by iterative stability. In addition to the static and dynamic functional constraints, dynamic margin needs in relation to normal condition and contingencies, particle swarm and moth swarm optimizations are used to optimize social welfare. Furthermore, because the pattern of load growth in the current market environment is difficult to forecast, a new approach for estimating the sensitive loading direction linked with a dynamic loading margin is presented. To demonstrate and test the suggested approach, an IEEE 14-bus test system with both supply and demand bids is utilized.

This study aims to develop alternative steering models for the EV bus. The EV bus uses its energy source from the main 384 VDC 300 Ah battery and the secondary battery with a capacity of 25.8 VDC 100 Ah. The use of energy in this electric bus is divided into the main components, namely the BLDC motor as the main drive of 200 kW, 15 kW of air conditioning, 7.5 kW of hydraulic power steering, a compressor for the air braking system of 4 kW, and accessory components. The other is 2.4 kW. It is expected that this 7.5 kW electric power can be reduced by an electric system by up to 20 %. This research will study the steering system with an electric power system (EPS) to convert the hydraulic steering system (HPS). With this EPS system, it is hoped that controlling the vehicle’s motion towards the steer by wire will be easier. Initially, data were collected from the types of large vehicles from various well-known brands about the steering system used. A large commercial vehicle that purely uses EPS is not yet found. The model developed for EPS on this electric bus is through the reverse engineering method by redrawing all the components involved in the previous steering system. Because this type of EV bus is included in the upper mid-size class, this paper proposes two new EPS models, namely the addition of an assist motor on the drag link and on the steering rack. The links involved in this system are wheel drive, steering column, lower steering column, rack and pinion gear, assist motor, drop link, drag link, drop link extension, drag link extension, tie rod, knuckle, kingpin, tire, axle beam and several others. The values of stiffness, inertia, and damping of each link will affect the driver’s torque and the assist motor as a wheel speed function on this electric bus. The steering structure of the EV bus consists of a truss structure and a frame structure with a kinematic structure consisting of two four-bar linkages joined together, Целью данного исследования является разработка альтернативных моделей рулевого управления электробуса. Электробус использует энергию от основного аккумулятора с напряжением 384 В постоянного тока и емкостью 300 Ач и вторичного аккумулятора с напряжением 25,8 В постоянного тока и емкостью 100 Ач. Потребление энергии в данном электробусе разделено на такие основные компоненты, как вентильный двигатель в качестве главного двигателя мощностью 200 кВт, 15 кВт система кондиционирования воздуха, 7,5 кВт гидроусилитель руля, компрессор для воздушной тормозной системы мощностью 4 кВт и вспомогательные компоненты. Остальное составляет 2,4 кВт. Ожидается, что электрическая мощность в 7,5 кВт может быть снижена до 20 % с помощью электрической системы. В данном исследовании будет изучена система рулевого управления с электроусилителем руля (ЭУР) для замены гидроусилителя руля (ГУР). С помощью ЭУР ожидается упрощение управления автомобилем с помощью электроники. Изначально были собраны данные по типам крупных транспортных средств различных известных марок об используемой системе рулевого управления. Крупного коммерческего автомобиля, использующего исключительно ЭУР, пока не найдено. Модель ЭУР электробуса разработана методом обратного проектирования путем перерисовки всех компонентов, задействованных в предыдущей системе рулевого управления. Поскольку данный тип электробуса относится к верхнему среднему классу, в статье предлагаются две новые модели ЭУР, а именно добавление вспомогательного двигателя на продольной рулевой тяге и на рулевой рейке. Тягами в этой системе являются привод колеса, рулевая колонка, нижняя рулевая колонка, реечная передача, вспомогательный двигатель, тяга стабилизатора, продольная рулевая тяга, удлинитель тяги стабилизатора, удлинитель продольной рулевой тяги, соединительная тяга, кулак, шкворень, шина, балка оси и ряд других. Значения жесткости, инерции и демпфирования каждой тяги будут влиять на крутящий момент водителя и вспомогательный двигатель в виде функции скорости колеса на данном электробусе. Структура рулевого управления электробуса состоит из ферменной конструкции и каркасной конструкции с кинематической структурой, состоящей из двух соединенных вместе шарнирных четырехзвенников, Метою даного дослідження є розробка альтернативних моделей рульового управління електробуса. Електробус використовує енергію від основного акумулятора з напругою 384 В постійного струму і ємністю 300 Ач і вторинного акумулятора з напругою 25,8 В постійного струму і ємністю 100 Ач. Споживання енергії в даному електробусі розділене на такі основні компоненти, як вентильний двигун в якості головного двигуна потужністю 200 кВт, 15 кВт система кондиціонування повітря, 7,5 кВт гідропідсилювач керма, компресор для повітряної гальмівної системи потужністю 4 кВт і допоміжні компоненти. Решта становить 2,4 кВт. Очікується, що електрична потужність в 7,5 кВт може бути знижена до 20% за допомогою електричної системи. В даному дослідженні буде вивчена система рульового управління з електропідсилювачем керма (ЕПК) для заміни гідропідсилювача керма (ГПК). За допомогою ЕПК очікується спрощення управління автомобілем за допомогою електроніки. Спочатку були зібрані дані за типами великих транспортних засобів різних відомих марок про використовувану систему рульового управління. Великого комерційного автомобіля, що використовує виключно ЕПК, поки не знайдено. Модель ЕПК електробуса розроблена методом зворотного проектування шляхом перемальовування всіх компонентів, задіяних в попередній системі рульового управління. Оскільки даний тип електробуса відноситься до верхнього середнього класу, в статті пропонуються дві нові моделі ЕПК, а саме додавання допоміжного двигуна на поздовжній рульовій тязі і на рульовій рейці. Тягами в цій системі є привід колеса, рульова колонка, нижня рульова колонка, рейкова передача, допоміжний двигун, тяга стабілізатора, поздовжня рульова тяга, подовжувач тяги стабілізатора, подовжувач поздовжньої рульової тяги, сполучна тяга, кулак, шкворень, шина, балка осі і ряд інших. Значення жорсткості, інерції і демпфірування кожної тяги будуть впливати на крутний момент водія і допоміжний двигун у вигляді функції швидкості колеса на даному електробусі. Структура рульового управління електробуса складається з фермової конструкції і каркасної конструкції з кінематичною структурою, що складається з двох з'єднаних разом суставних чотириланковиків

Forward operating bases of the Armed Forces are located in remote areas where grid connection is normally not available and if available are vulnerable to outages due to vagaries of weather or action by adversary. Microgrids are generally more efficient and may provide electric power storage for emergency supply of electricity to mission critical equipment like surveillance systems, sensors, communication, command and control systems of such forward bases. Several small independent microgrids can also be interconnected together to satisfy the energy requirements of the remote military areas. Networking of several self-supervised microgrids is being developed with the aim to enhance efficiency, reliability and resiliency as well as the steadiness of power systems. In this work, an interconnection of microgrids at three remote bases of the armed forces is presented and simulated. The proposed power co-ordination strategy is designed in such a way that during peace time operation it tries to minimize the overall requirement of fossil fuel for generators supplying the critical loads and in case of outages, it can tackle the emergency situation by automatically routing the power to critical loads from other operational bases. The entire system has been simulated and verified using MATLAB 2018.

The study of electric power flow analysis (Load Flow) is intended to obtain information about the flow of power or voltage in an electric power system network. This information is needed to evaluate the performance of the power system. Electrical power flow problems include calculating the flow and system voltage at certain terminals or buses. The benefits of this power flow study are to find out the voltage at each node in the system, to find out whether all the equipment meets the specified limits to deliver the desired power, and to obtain the original conditions in the new system planning. This study is divided into two: the analysis of data when the conditions have not been added wind turbine and after the addition of 300 kW wind turbine with software power station ETAP software 12.6.0 and the Newton-Raphson method will be used in analyzing the power flow of the electric power system. Based on the results of the tests, it is found that the overall value of losses for power flow before the addition of DG is 0.031 MW and 0.037 Mvar, for the voltage drop with the lowest percentage, namely on bus 10 with a percentage of 96.45 for the 0.4 kV system and the 20 kV system on bus 19 with a percentage of 99.03, the largest% PF load was in lump 1 with 98.64 and the smallest% PF was in lump7 with a value of 84.92. The short circuit data value on the 20 kV bus system at Andalas University before the addition of DG with 3-phase disturbances averaged 13.354 A, 1-phase disturbances averaged 3.521 A, 2-phase disturbances averaged 11.719 A and 2 ground phases of 12.842 A Whereas for the value of power flow after the addition of DG in the form of the wind turbine of 300 kW the overall value of losses is 0.032 MW and 0.042 MvarAR, for the voltage drop with the percentage for voltage drop with the lowest percentage is bus 10 with a percentage of 96.63 for system 0, 4 kV and a 20 kV system on bus 14 with a percentage of 98.1, the largest% PF load is in lump 1 with 98.64 and the smallest% PF is in lump7 with a value of 84.92. The short circuit data value on the 20 kV bus system at Andalas University after the addition of DG with 3 phase disturbances has an average value of 13.354 A, 1 phase disturbance averages 3.523 A, 2 phase disturbances average 11.737 A and 2 phases ground is 12.059 A For the source in this system, after the addition of DG, there was a change in the% PF of the PLN grid, namely 79.53 and the wind turbine -83%.

Deterioration and aging of the technical fleet of thermal power facilities lead to an unpredictable shutdowns of power equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to create a special approach in maintenance and repair programs, taking into account the possibility of predicting the moment of onset of the defect, its development, as well as the time of possible equipment failure. The equipment maintenance system used at the enterprises is based on the collection of retrospective data on defects and failures on the main and auxiliary equipment of the TPP and summarizing statistics on identical or similar equipment samples. Analysis of domestic and foreign methods of maintenance and organization of repair, as well as possibility of their application in modern power engineering is given. In order to create an efficient production asset management system, which addresses the problem of finding a balance between the potential risk of losses associated with both the operation of equipment and the cost of correcting defects, new class systems are now used in the software market, which carry out equipment maintenance based on the forecast. In order to optimize the equipment maintenance system and ensure uninterrupted and reliable operation of the equipment at minimum operating costs, as well as to reduce equipment downtime, unscheduled and emergency operations, it is advisable to use a modern approach to manage both reliability and risk, as well as the cost of asset ownership. This will enable to control the economic efficiency of the use of production assets. The necessity of creation of an algorithm of implementation of repair programs of power equipment base on technical condition for its use in digital power systems is shown. An algorithm is proposed for implementing the repair program of power units of electric power plants, including steam boilers and turbines of thermal power plants, differing by taking into account the technical condition of power equipment, which allows recognizing the defect that has appeared, determining the cause of its occurrence, its evolution and the duration of possible equipment failure. In the developed repair maintenance algorithm, it is proposed to make a transition from statistical empirical assessments of the technical condition of the equipment to objective estimates obtained on the basis of automated technical diagnostics systems and predictive analysis of situations.

Power system stability is widely assessed based on tools that rely on the representation of voltages and currents through quasi-static phasor calculus, implying that the network itself and the synchronous machine stators are modeled by algebraic equations. Accordingly, the associated fast transients are neglected, assuming those decay rapidly. However, with the increasing penetration of converter interfaced generation in power systems, the reliance on quasi-static phasor calculus is to be questioned. In this paper, the validity of quasi-static phasor calculus models is verified, and dynamic phasor calculus is considered as the alternative. A methodology to systematically compare quasi-static and dynamic phasor calculus is developed. It includes frequency response, modal, and sensitivity analyses. The methodology is applied to an IEEE test network considering penetrations of converter interfaced generation of up to 100%. The models are implemented in MATLAB. The H-infinity norm is proposed as an indicator to identify differences in the applicability of the models. The results show that the quasi-static phasor calculus is suitable for stability analysis only if low bandwidths of converter controls are given. Dynamic phasor calculus instead is suitable and applicable to generic stability studies of integrated power electric and electronic systems with high penetration of renewables.

The paper presents the results of the next research stage on Russia’s interstate electric connections. The issues related to the electric power reintegration of Russia with the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus are considered. The article studies the economic efficiency and joint access possibilities of the considered national electric power systems into the electric power markets of Southern and Minor Asia and Middle East countries. The authors estimated preliminary characteristics of the potential the interstate power interconnection “Caspian energy ring”. The high economic efficiency of creating an interstate power grid in this region is shown.

Advancements in different types of electrical meters and computing technologies aiding the data collection and sensing of various parameters of the electrical power system has been made possible with the availability of vast amount of electrical data. With the help of such technology and data, statistical prediction of load can be made smarter and more accurate. This can help stop excessive electricity production. With the help of deep learning techniques such as a long-short-term neural network (LSTM), it is possible to build time-series models that map non-linear parameters that can be used for precise memory sequences. An increase in recognition is witnessed in the field of forecasting with a short-term demand. In the field of power system control, it is now considered important. When proper pre-data is available, precision results can be high. Here, we are employing long short term neural network to forecast the load of a sample household.

Electric power protocol is a typical kind of industrial protocols, and is widely-used in electric power systems. Since most electric power protocols are private and have no public protocol specification, it poses a great challenge for security analysis and vulnerability discovery. Protocol reverse engineering makes it possible to analyze unknown or private protocols. However, previous reverse engineering methods which are proposed to analyze private protocols are not suitable for reversing engineering electric power protocols, because electric power protocols have many unique features and have more compact structures. To address this issue, we present a novel data-driven approach to infer the fields of electric power protocols. The approach leverages clustering technique to reverse-engineer the structure information of electric power protocols and a new metric is proposed to measure the distance between adjacent fields and merge fields recurrently. We use Precision, Recall and F1-measure as the evaluation metrics. Results show that our methods can infer most protocol fields of three commonly-used electric power protocols correctly. We also compare our approach with some state-of-the-art approaches, and results show that our approach performs better.

It is hard to imagine life without electricity. Electrical energy is constantly consumed to allow humanity to carry out diverse activities ranging from charging mobile phones to controlling the flow of vehicles and pedestrians with traffic lights. Due to its widespread usage and significance, some people take the availability of electric power for granted and expect that the lights will always turn on when they turn on the switch. Nevertheless, when illuminating our rooms, we need to appreciate that an extensive power system infrastructure is in place to securely generate, transport, and distribute electrical energy to our homes.