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The author discusses the technologies applied to convert primary energy into more usable forms and which provide two-thirds of the U.S. technology. The author cites that some of the technologies include steam and combustion turbines used for electric generation, and the internal combustion engines spark-and compression-ignition, which are used for transportation. He notes that the main innovation in power and transportation technology is slow and call for increased research & development (R&D).

This article discusses U.S. energy recycling company Primary Energy Recycling Corp. Primary captures a customer's wasted energy, converts it into a usable form, then sells it back to the customer. These customers include steel plants where the use of steam from operations generates electricity through a turbine, which is then sold back to these plants.

The article reports on the efficiency of energy conversion process in the U.S. The maximum case temperature of many DC/DC modules is typically given as +100 degree Celcius (C) or +105 degree C. It notes that the smaller the difference between case surface and ambient, the less heat lost. The internal losses occur through switching losses in the transformer, and resistive losses in the windings and tracks.