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Dense nanocrystalline ZrO2-3 wt% Y2O3 ceramics with grain sizes ranging between 23 to 130 nm were tested by ultrasonic pulse echo and Vickers hardness. The elastic modulus and hardness results were corrected for the residual porosity and the phase content. The corrected elastic moduli exhibited continuous decrease with decrease in the grain size. In contrast no correlation was found between the corrected hardness and grain size. The percolative composite model was used to describe the changes in the elastic moduli in terms of percolation of the elastic wave through the intercrystalline phase at the percolation threshold. The absence of correlation with the hardness results was explained due to the other energy absorbing mechanisms such as microcracking beneath the indenter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]