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Since the foundation of the Ottoman Empire, the official understanding of religion has been shaped within the framework of Sunnī Islam. This understanding was represented by Māturīdiyya and Ash'ariyya. The Shī'ī propaganda carried out in the XV-XVI centuries played an important role in the adoption of the Sunnī thinking in the Ottoman Empire as an official understanding of religion. These centuries are during the time when the Ottoman official religious ideology has undergone great change and a number of oppositional religious movements have emerged against this ideology. At the beginning of this kind of opposition movement against the Sunnī idea is the Safavids who carried out Shī'ism propaganda and Kızılbaşlık movement in Anatolia. In the face of these tendencies, which are seen as a threat to the structure of the state and the society and belief, the Ottoman Sultans tended to centralize both the political and religious structures of the state. For this purpose they have struggled at the political and scientific level against the Ahl al-Sunna movements. With this article, we will try to determine the main causes of the Sunnī Muslims' adoption of Sunnī thought and the factors affecting their transformation into formal ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The problem of necessity for understanding and evaluating the revealed attributes of Allah is one of the most discussed issues beginning from the early times of Islam due to their literal meanings enable the idea tashbih (affirming Allah's nearness to humanity) and tajseem (anthropomorphism). In this context, there are three different ways to understand them throughout the history of Islamic thought: 1. The Mushabbiha and the Mujassema adopted the way of tashbih and tajseem. 2. Jahmiyya and Mu'tazila defended the way of nafy/ta'teel (negation of affirmative attributes). 3. Ahl Al-Sunnah followed the method of tafwid (relegation of matters to Allah), ithbaat (affirmation) and ta'weel (allegorical interpretation). This study aims at bringing to light on the point of view of Abu Al-Barakat An-Nasafî about the revealed attributes. In order to understand his method better, opinions of the schools such as Salafiyyah, Mu'tazila, As'hariyyah and Maturidiyyah are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of faith and its nature has been one of the most hotly debated issues by the Islamic sects from the early times. The main framework of this discussion constitutes what the distinction should be between faith and unbelief and how to define the boundaries of muslim, unbeliever and siner. Various issues around Islam, faith, ingenuity, profess and action concepts, the condition of the great sinner, faith - act relationship, increase and decrease of faith and the relationship faith -Islam have been discussed. This article, after giving general information about the debate over faith, discusses Mu'tazilah's related views and evidences about the issue. In addition, after the Ahl al- Sunnah the criticism against Mu'tazilites has been mentioned, general assessment of the works of the debate around the concept of faith will be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]