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The objective of this study is to determine the ways in-service teachers in Turkiye make use of open educational resources and their opinions on using them. For this purpose, the explanatory sequential design has been employed. 588 teachers have participated in the quantitative part of the study; and ten have participated in the qualitative part on a voluntary basis. Data collection instruments have been (a) a personal information form developed by the researchers comprised of 16 questions and (b) a semi-structured interview form with 3 questions. The personal information form has been administered online to participants via social media. Whereas the interviews have been conducted using Zoom teleconferencing software. According to the findings, more than half of the teachers are knowledgeable on the matter of open educational resources and information resources consist of social media. It has been determined that female teachers make greater use of open educational resources than males. It has been established that the most significant affordance of open educational resources is the way it saves time and space for teachers, whereas lack of time and knowledge are the primary obstacles against using open educational resources. Additionally, the opinions of teachers show a demand from their employing organizations towards activities for raising awareness towards the matter of open educational resources and it has been shown that they wish to be encouraged on this matter. It has also been expressed that they expect quantitative and qualitative improvement of the resources provided by the Ministry of National Education, as well as support and cooperation on the use of open educational resources.

Open educational resource (OER) initiatives have opened new avenues for educational opportunities, yet OER adoption levels globally remain low. Two significant obstacles to more widespread adoption of OER are the challenge of internet connectivity that nearly half the world's population still faces, and the lack of locally-relevant (e.g. in terms of language and curricula) OER resources. This article's contribution is twofold. First, it presents a qualitative landscape analysis of existing primary- and secondary-level Arabic-language digital OERs and of the initiatives that provide these resources. Second, it details applied research via a case study, wherein appropriate resources identified in the analysis were subsequently curated for inclusion in an offline digital library currently being used in schools in Northeast Syria that offers all Open resources. Results from the landscape analysis indicate a limited quantity of Arabic-language OER content available for primary and secondary education. Furthermore, multiple challenges hinder the adoption of OER in resource-constrained settings. Accordingly, recommendations are made that could help to improve these resources' ability to be used, particularly drawing from the article's applied case study for examples. Given the case study's application of providing locally-relevant OER resources in an offline setting, this article provides a real-world example of furthering open e-learning, despite infrastructural, linguistic, and socio-political challenges. As such, it advances research supporting innovative e-learning practice, and should be of interest for scholars and practitioners interested in furthering the adoption of open e-learning in low-resource settings globally.

The study investigated the impact of digital leadership on teachers' usage of digital educational resources (DERs). The study collected data from teachers and headteachers in four pre-tertiary schools in Ghana. Also, trust was included as the interacting variable to examine its mediating role in digital leadership and digital educational resource usage to better disentangle the relationship between digital leadership and digital educational resource. The study used symmetrical (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and asymmetrical approaches (fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) for the analysis of the relationships. The results underpin digital leadership's importance in digital educational resource implementation outcomes in developing countries' pre-tertiary schools. The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis findings confirm that exclusively using symmetrical approaches for digital educational resource studies may not be sufficient to understand the expected relationships within a proposed model. Under the partial least squares path modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis, trust did not mediate the relationship between digital leadership and teachers' usage of digital educational resources. Sharply from the PLS-SEM findings, the fsQCA revealed that the presence of digital leadership and trust are necessary conditions to predict teachers' usage of digital educational resources. These results and their implications for theory and practice are discussed.

This study examined the level of lecturers' awareness and the extent of usage of open educational resources (OERs) for teaching and learning in Nigerian universities. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select two (2) universities (both federal and state-owned) that are running open and distance learning programmes in each of the six (6) geographical zones of Nigeria; and to select a total of one thousand four hundred and eighty-five (1,485) respondents. To guide the study, three research questions were raised and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The main structured research questionnaire used in the study was titled: "Lecturer's Use of OERs Questionnaire" (LUOER; r=0.78). Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics of ANOVA. The findings revealed that lecturers were aware ([pi] = 3.06; SD = 0.72) and ready to use ([pi] = 2.80; SD = 0.80) OERs for education with ranges of identified challenges. Findings also revealed significant institutional affiliation differences in the extent of lecturers' awareness (F[subscript (11,1484)] = 61.71; p = 0.00 < 0.05), readiness (F[subscript (11,1484)] = 32.90; p = 0.00 < 0.05) and perceived challenges (F[subscript ](11,1484) = 12.12; p = 0.00 < 0.05) towards the utilisation of OER for education. Implications to meeting the global challenges were discussed. It was recommended among others that the ministries of education should sponsor periodic workshops and seminars to sensitize lecturers more on the availability and utilization of OER facilities for teaching-learning process.

The worldwide use of open educational resources (OER) has highly increased during the recent years. However, there is no clear idea about how these resources are utilized by teachers in Lebanon. Hence, this study aims at examining the extent to which the concept of OER is well known among the teachers. It also investigates the practices of OER users and explores the barriers to powerful use and sharing of OER among teachers. Nevertheless, this is quantitative research designed for analyzing the data collected from 308 teachers through an online questionnaire. The results showed that 60% of the respondents have heard about OER. Moreover, they revealed that OER users showed misunderstanding of the concept of OER due to their lack of knowledge about the open licenses. Hence, a national policy for e-learning is needed to leverage open education and ignite the power of OER by encouraging teachers to be producers of knowledge.

The abundance of technology nowadays is contributing to the development of learning practices. This gives learners greater opportunity to find, access, and use resources to benefit learning. Open educational resources (OER) are one of the few educational developments that emerged with technology. While it is true that there are a lot of OERs available on the internet, it is unsure how many learners are aware of their existence. This research aimed to identify how many students are aware of OERs, where they use OERs, and whether the educational institution encourages OERs. The researchers surveyed several students within the University of the Philippines Open University. The survey included learner demographics, statistics on learners' awareness and usage of OERs, learners' OER access locations, and the challenges they encounter when using OERs. The survey showed that the learners, regardless of age, are aware of OERs. They mostly access videos, research, and journals on web pages and Wikis. They find the OERs accessible and relevant, but reliability and visibility are challenging.

Molecular case studies (MCSs) are open educational resources that use a storytelling approach to engage students in biomolecular structure-function explorations, at the interface of biology and chemistry. Although MCSs are developed for a particular target audience with specific learning goals, they are suitable for implementation in multiple disciplinary course contexts. Detailed teaching notes included in the case study help instructors plan and prepare for their implementation in diverse contexts. A newly developed MCS was simultaneously implemented in a biochemistry and a molecular parasitology course at two different institutions. Instructors participating in this cross-institutional and multidisciplinary implementation collaboratively identified the need for quick and effective ways to bridge the gap between the MCS authors' vision and the implementing instructor's interpretation of the case-related molecular structure-function discussions. Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive and engaging experience that has been used effectively in teaching molecular sciences. Its accessibility and ease-of-use with smart devices (e.g., phones and tablets) make it an attractive option for expediting and improving both instructor preparation and classroom implementation of MCSs. In this work, we report the incorporation of ready-to-use AR objects as checkpoints in the MCS. Interacting with these AR objects facilitated instructor preparation, reduced students' cognitive load, and provided clear expectations for their learning. Based on our classroom observations, we propose that the incorporation of AR in MCSs can facilitate its successful implementation, improve the classroom experience for educators and students, and make MCSs more broadly accessible in diverse curricular settings.

Comprehensively improving the quality of education in resource-poor areas is an urgent challenge to achieve balanced development of basic education in China. In the process of educational development in resource-lacking areas, information technology has: (1) changed the traditional teaching mode and teaching environment, (2) provided high-quality educational resources, (3) promoted the professional development of teachers, and (4) promoted the overall improvement of education quality. Southwestern Guizhou Prefecture in Guizhou Province, China, has become a typical case in using information technology to promote education quality improvement in areas with scarce educational resources. This article explores educational information technology in the region as an example to discuss how to grasp the regional characteristics and local needs in the layout of information technology, integrate information technology into teaching practice, and steadily improve the overall teaching quality of the region.

The behaviour to use innovation and technology for teaching, learning, and research is influenced by different levels of culture, ranging from the supranational, professional, and organizational to the individual level. The current study focused on the organizational, professional, and individual levels of cultural influence on preservice teachers' intentions towards the use of open educational resources (OERs). This study is based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and different levels of culture for innovation and technology usage. A survey was conducted on preservice teachers (n = 376) enrolled in the universities of Punjab (Pakistan). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied through smart-PLS. The results revealed that pre-service teachers were aware of the importance of OERs. It was found that preservice teachers' intentions played an important role towards their actual behaviour to use OERs. Personal level culture and perceived behavioural control influences the pre-service teacher's intentions to use open educational resources. The study has policy and practice implications for developing a social, cultural, and psychological environment to enhance pre-service teachers' intentions to use OERs. Future studies may be conducted on the effect of supranational and national culture on institutional policies designed to adopt OERs.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the role and awareness of and barriers to Open Educational Resources (OERs) in Indian higher education, specifically in the State of Uttarakhand. This study further investigates the factors that hinder the progress of OER acceptance in the teaching and learning process of higher education and suggests ways to overcome these barriers. Acceptance and barriers of OERs in Indian higher education have been analyzed with the help of responses received from 204 participants (students) through questionnaire, who are either enrolled in ODL or the conventional system of education in the state of Uttarakhand (India). This study found that post-graduate programme learners are more aware of access to OERs and the majority of learners reported that training/workshops based on OERs are beneficial for them. Findings from this study will be helpful in understanding the obstacles and hindrances faced by the learners and respective institutions in the process of offering OERs. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown period.

The use of Open Educational Resources (OERs) in the teaching and learning of various subjects is a relatively new innovation in the Kenyan school system. With the advent and subsequent liberalisation of ICT, material developers are subsequently shifting away from the traditional modes of material development in the form of textbooks and other "canonical" formats which require the teacher to use them as they are handed down without any input or modification. The Open Resources for English Language Teaching (ORELT) is one such educational innovation. This paper reports the findings of a baseline survey conducted in Kenya with a view to finding out the views and perceptions of Kenyan Junior Secondary School Teachers with regard to the adoption of open resources for the teaching of English language in Kenyan secondary schools. Sixty (60) JSS teachers of English from rural and urban schools and of mixed gender were invited for a four day ORELT in-service induction workshop at the Kenyatta University Conference Centre. The teachers were then given ORELT materials in the form of CDs and textbooks for use in teaching English in their schools. They were also registered on the online ORELT platform and each given log in credentials to enable them freely to access the materials and freely interact with fellow teachers throughout the Commonwealth. The study reports that whereas teachers are ready to embrace the use of open resources, they have varying perceptions on the suitability and potential efficacy of open resources in Kenyan classrooms. It also emerges that such differing perceptions are constrained by institutional, cultural, pedagogical and personal factors. Accordingly, the study recommends a more structured, inclusive bottom-up approach to any educational innovation as a means of ensuring success.

The educational paradigm has been changing, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, that made witness the field's strengths, weaknesses, and lack of readiness making the transition from traditional classroom teaching to Online Remote Teaching and Learning (ORTL). While pre-pandemic studies state that teachers were willing to change, post-pandemic studies still show that teachers have a basic or medium level of digital competencies, still feeling insecure about how to effectively and efficiently use digital tools in their educational practices. The study presented here is being conducted at a Portuguese Higher Education Institution, to students of a master's degree in Digital Education Resources, after they were trained in the development and implementation of digital Open Educational Resources (OER). This paper presents preliminary findings concerning teachers' perceptions about the pedagogical implications of using OER after having received specific training on how to prepare, adapt, create, and implement them. This study methodology consisted of the application of questionnaires, at the end of the unit on Digital Educational Resources. The results are preliminary, concerning the first implementation of the questionnaires. Our goal is to consistently apply them, to gain a better understanding of the knowledge gained over the course, and positive and negative implications on their pedagogical experience.

Modern educational process has to take into account the tendencies in science and tech advancement and also demands of society to quality of education services. As one of the most effective ways, there is reasonably considered purposeful usage of digital educational resources. In this study, there has been considered modern educational technology of "Blended learning" by model of the "Flipped classroom", that is based on the concept of unifying the technology of "class-lesson system" and technology of digital teaching on the grounds of new didactic possibilities given by ICT (informational and communicational technologies) and modern teaching means. Theoretical methods among which there are analyzing, comparing and summarizing the research subject on the base of psychological and pedagogical literature; query-diagnostic method that help to evaluate effectiveness of digital educational resources usage in teaching students with application of "Flipped classroom" technology. In the carried study, there are shown different variants and technological means in realization of "Flipped classroom" when making digital educational resources on subjects of "Methodology and methods in organizing scientific research" and "Method of teaching mathematics". According to survey results it can be stated that students sufficiently highly evaluate the level in organization of teaching, the content of digital educational resources and also qualification and responsiveness of teachers. Study results can be used at development of teaching courses, digital educational resources that are introduced within scope of higher education, when making comparative studies for working out design methodology for digital educational resources. Pilot project on introduction of new educational technology on within realization scope of digital education resources at various levels of higher professional education, was held on the base of Kazan (Volga region) federal university institute and proved its trustworthiness.

Institutions, organisations, and policymakers use open educational resources (OERs) to promote student equity and social inclusion. The global COVID-19 crisis highlighted the need for lifelong learning and underscored the importance of the higher education system in this endeavour. This study describes informal learning among adults through OERs, during the COVID-19 crisis, distinguishing between employed and unemployed individuals and between professional and personal development. A questionnaire distributed during the COVID-19 lockdown focused on three themes: (1) types of OERs used for learning during this period; (2) perceived OERs' usefulness; and (3) changes in OER use due to the crisis. Our findings revealed group differences in types of OERs used and in changes brought about by COVID-19, as well as within-group differences based on personal characteristics. Only a few participants reported using massive open online courses (MOOCs). Moreover, videoconferencing usage increased despite low perceived usefulness ratings, pointing to a change in informal learning modes. This exploratory research provides insights into the preferences of individual groups. These insights may be used to reduce socioeconomic disparities, especially among those who have lost their jobs, and to develop effective models for open education.

This study reports on the adaptation and outcomes of a teacher professional development (TPD) programme in a rural Zimbabwean secondary school. The programme incorporated Open Educational Resources (OER), specifically OER4school materials, that were provided via tablet computers for teachers and students. A mixed-methods case study was employed to explore teachers' perceptions, knowledge, experiences of interactive learning and teaching in relation to this TPD, as well as their perceptions and experiences of the role and value of using technology to support student learning. Video data from structured lesson observations were triangulated with teacher post-lesson interviews and thematically coded. The interviews indicated that all teachers demonstrated a change in mindset and a clear understanding of interactive teaching methods. However, the structured observations revealed that only half of the teachers were using these interactive methods. Teachers also emphasised the value of OER and tablet technologies in improving lesson planning and making classroom learning more authentic. The use of technology, as both a TPD medium and as a classroom tool, showed potential to enhance the quality of TPD and teacher quality. Yet more specific teacher development to support the interactive use of technology within the classroom would be beneficial.

This article presents findings from a research project that aimed to replace physical books with an adaptive learning platform, Area9 Rhapsode™, for nursing students' class preparation. As the project expanded, it became evident that students employed diverse preparation practices, prompting an investigation into their preparation habits. This is done through the following research questions: (1) how do students feel about class preparation? (2) what learning resources do students choose? (3) when and where do they prepare for class? This is conducted through a mixed methods design that draws on empirical data from interviews, mobile ethnography, surveys, and log data. The results highlight the wide range of resources students utilise, including digital and analogue tools, the various temporal patterns of preparation, and students' spectrum of feelings in their preparation. The findings suggest the importance of understanding individual students' preparation habits to facilitate targeted teaching approaches that cater to diverse learning needs. The article contributes to the existing literature on study habits and strategies, emphasising the need for educators to recognise and adapt to students' unique preparation behaviours in order to enhance their academic success.

There are too few teachers and schools to meet the need for quality universal basic education. Therefore, alternative approaches to education provision need to be explored, such as open and distance learning methods and development and provision of curriculum-based Open Educational Resources (OER). However, distribution of printed materials is increasingly costly, and distribution of digital resources remains a challenge in areas with little or no connectivity. This case study explores the potential of using offline strategies to share digital OER. It suggests it is possible to provide access to digital learning resources even in the most remote areas by using appropriate technology, like the Commonwealth of Learning's Aptus device.

The use of digital educational resources is based on ensuring that control measures are fixed and that the educational process as a whole is more transparent. The purpose of this article is to research the use of digital educational resources in primary school. The methodological basis of the study is determined by the possibility of using the design method. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the digital educational environment is understood primarily as the function of knowledge transfer and the desire to combine conventional teaching methods with innovative principles. It was concluded that the digital environment should be designed and taught to future teachers not only as an applied subject but also as an infrastructural component. By comparing the experimental and control groups, the authors empirically confirmed that pedagogical influence using web-based technologies is more effective than previously used ones.

Open Educational Resources (OER) have the potential to change the domain of higher education; however, adoption is still limited. As teachers are the pivotal actors to adopt OER, more insights are needed on their practices with OER and need of support. This exploratory study uses the OER Adoption Pyramid as a framework to analyse adoption of OER within a Dutch University of Applied Sciences. A questionnaire (n = 143) and semi-structured interviews with teachers who had some experience with sharing or using OER (n = 11) offered insights into the current state of affairs on adoption and need of support. The results revealed that informal sharing of resources within teachers' personal networks happens frequently whereas the use of OER is more limited. If teachers use OER, they are mainly used 'as-is' or for a source of inspiration. Our findings indicate that the OER Adoption Pyramid does not properly describe the sequence of each layer within the context of this study. Availability must be lower in the pyramid as a prerequisite for teachers to explore their capacity and volition. Hence, the findings underline the need of support on subject-specific overviews of OER and the creation of national or institutional teacher communities. To improve our understanding, future research should focus on qualitative studies focusing on one case in which teachers engage with OER. This could lead to extensive insights on the factors and sequence of the OER Adoption Pyramid within different contexts.

Open Educational Resources (OERs) have become a very useful medium in the fields of education, research, and training in recent decades, supported by governments and highly respected universities and institutions worldwide. Today's university students--in western societies mainly--have been born and raised in a digital world; consuming, providing, and sharing information over the internet 24/7. In that respect, it is interesting to examine whether OERs are a type/kind of information that they would like to "consume, provide, and share" throughout their studies in a formal university course. The paper focus on the attitude toward OERs of students enrolled in a film studies course, offered by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. The aim of the study is to provide film educators with evidence regarding their students' attitudes toward OERs that can be useful in designing teaching strategies to enhance the learning process. Findings suggest that film students want to use OERs in their studies but many of them are not aware that these resources exist and that they are offered from highly recognized institutions and universities worldwide. Therefore, university teachers should assist students to develop familiarity with OERs of high quality and educational value as a useful aid to their studies.

Textbook prices have increased exponentially in recent years, prompting educators to investigate the usefulness of alternative sources for course readings. This is particularly important for community college students who are more likely to be low-income and less likely to complete their educational credentials. Despite this need, there is a dearth of literature investigating community college students' experiences with open educational resources. Therefore, we deployed a primarily openprompt survey to current community college students who were using Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIPs) as alternative textbooks or textbook supplements to gather their perceptions of this specific type of open educational resource. Students primarily viewed TIPs as better than traditional textbooks with the most common themes including relevance, free access, and ease of use. Students' responses additionally revealed knowledge acquisition from the readings and the potential for a long-term connection to the professional resource.

As our literate society becomes aware of the gaps between education and educational achievement, teachers of reading must deliver a superior reading program. To sharpen their skills, teachers of reading must research and educate themselves on essential reading instruction components, useful professional development, the characteristics that define individual students, quality resources, informed and ongoing assessment that guides instruction, and the role of educational technology in their teaching of reading. Learning about, reflecting on, and using these five aspects will enhance the effectiveness of any teacher of reading.

Th? cr?ativity and g?n?ral cognitiv? d?v?lopm?nt of stud?nts ar? gr?atly aid?d by music ?ducation. In China, th? gov?rnm?nt has tak?n action to nationaliz? th? curriculum in r?cognition of th? valu? of music ?ducation and to ?nsur? that childr?n across th? country r?c?iv? consist?nt, ?xc?ll?nt music training. This study aim?d to ?xamin? th? impact of stud?nt motivation on acad?mic achi?v?m?nt. Furth?rmor?, it ?xplor?d th? m?diating rol? of stud?nt motivation and th? mod?rating rol? of saxophon? t?aching m?thods. Th? study includ?s a sampl? of 375 coll?g? stud?nts in China and us?s a quantitativ? cross-s?ctional d?sign. Th? acc?ptanc? and int?gration of culturally appropriat? music curricula, t?aching strat?gi?s, and ?ducational r?sourc?s ar? r?f?rr?d to as nationalizing music ?ducation. Und?rstanding th? ?ff?cts of nationalization on stud?nts' l?arning r?sults r?quir?s a thorough und?rstanding of stud?nt motivation and acad?mic succ?ss in th? music classroom. Th? principal data coll?ction tool for this study is a surv?y qu?stionnair? that ?xamin?s th? nationalization of music ?ducation, saxophon? t?aching t?chniqu?s, stud?nt motivation, and acad?mic accomplishm?nt. Th? gath?r?d data ar? ?xamin?d using statistical t?chniqu?s lik? PLS-S?M and mod?ration analysis. Th? r?sults of th? study d?monstrat?d a dir?ct and favorabl? r?lationship b?tw??n music ?ducation and acad?mic p?rformanc?. Furth?rmor?, it was discov?r?d that stud?nts' motivation play?d a m?diating rol? in this association, indicating that incr?as?d l?v?ls of motivation amplifi?d th? b?n?ficial influ?nc? of music ?ducation on acad?mic achi?v?m?nts. Mor?ov?r, it was not?d that t?aching mod?s play a mod?rating influ?nc?, wh?r? th? us? of ?xp?rim?ntal t?aching m?thods amplifi?s th? impact of music ?ducation on acad?mic accomplishm?nt, ?sp?cially in practical and cr?ativ? ar?as. This r?s?arch ?nhanc?s th? curr?nt und?rstanding by pr?s?nting ?mpirical ?vid?nc? of th? compl?x conn?ction b?tw??n music ?ducation, stud?nts' motivation, and t?aching m?thods.

Education on sustainability is a crucial goal that requires a transformative shift in teacher education to drive meaningful changes oriented to action. A cross-sectional study with an exploratory design investigated preservice science teachers' perceptions regarding teaching sustainable citizenship, specifically focusing on the climate crisis and earthquakes-tsunamis. The study was conducted in two Chilean universities with similar teacher preparation programs. The team designed a podcast series, which was used and evaluated by the 13 participants through action research. Three group discussions explored their perceptions of the resources, as well as the aims and challenges of teaching sustainable citizenship and the podcasts. We used Grounded Theory steps, including triangulation by the researchers to ensure reliability, to qualitatively analyse the data. The results reveal a constraint on teaching in areas where the participants lacked the necessary preparation and background knowledge as students and preservice teachers. The main challenges were related to interdisciplinarity, the social dimension of socio-scientific issues and context-responsive teaching methods. The perceived aims were the development of students' critical thinking, informed positioning, and encouraging active citizen participation. Preservice teachers found the podcast series to be a valuable new epistemic and pedagogical resource that can support their efforts to teach sustainable citizenship and implement pedagogical strategies. The autonomous usage of the device triggered reflection processes, particularly regarding the human rights perspective, which unveiled the socio-political dimensions inherent in science education. It promoted personal re-positioning as active citizens and educators and empowered them to seek out and pursue the changes needed to reshape future classrooms. We discuss these findings in the context of teacher preparation and the use of educational technology in teacher education.

As labour markets undergo rapid and profound transformations, lifelong learning is essential to ensure a responsive, competitive, and skilled workforce. Mature learners are a diverse group, but in comparison to their younger student counterparts, are more likely to have employment and/or caring responsibilities. This field note discusses the development and features of a novel online open educational resource, called "At a crossroads: Navigating work and/or family alongside study" ("At a crossroads" for brevity). The resource aimed to assist university students to both learn about the support options available to them as well as to consider how they themselves might make decisions if they experienced a conflict between their student/work/family roles. "At a crossroads" is innovative in terms of how it was developed (i.e., via survey-based research, story completion method, and consultations sessions with tertiary students) and in terms of what it is (i.e., an online interactive resource that incorporates short dramatizations, social polls, and opportunities to reflect). Our experience in developing this resource caused us to consider how making resources designed to be engaging and informative, while encouraging, positive changes, must be part of the solution. This is especially so when there is significant concern around the overall well-being of tertiary students and their course completion rates. While universities have attempted to offer a range of tools to support their students, on-demand online resources such as "At a crossroads" are easily accessed, free to use, and deliver content in an engaging manner.

Effective video resources are assumed to promote learner engagement, but the extent to which this occurs is unclear. This study examines learners' engagement with instructor-generated video. It contributes an analytical synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data that provides the basis for investigating the extent to which, and how, learners engage with video resources provided in their courses. Specifically, three dimensions of learner engagement with video are studied: behavioural, cognitive and affective. The study contributes to educational technology research by identifying distinctive patterns of learner control over the use of video which diverges from instructors' assumptions. It shows the complex and nuanced features of cognitive and affective engagement. Videos can have positive effects, but inappropriate use of technical features results in learner disengagement. This study contributes a novel use of signalling theory, suggesting the importance of instructor signals concerning relevance, focus and utility as a feature of video generation, as a prerequisite of cognitive engagement. A research and theory development agenda is developed, locating video-based learning in student contexts as a basis for explaining both engagement and disengagement with video technology affordances.

International reports analyzing current and future educational trends with an emphasis on technologies applied to education declare the importance of the design and application of digital educational resources. Guaranteeing its usability allows obtaining an adequate resource with a high pedagogical and technological quality. The objective of this paper is to analyze the empirical researches to determine if exists convergence between educational and computational researches on the assessment of the usability of digital educational resources. To fulfill the objective, the PRISMA protocol was used to carry out two systematic reviews and answer the two scientific questions. The results show that in few cases an adequate integration is achieved between: (1) the criteria for assessing usability as established by Software Engineering; (2) the methods and computational models to assess usability; and (3) the criteria established in pedagogical usability. Due to these shortcomings, a model for evaluating the usability of digital educational resources is proposed as future work. It concludes with the importance of interdisciplinary integration to assess the usability of digital educational resources.

The emergence of social networks in the university context has contributed to modify students' behaviour, conditioning their academic performance and learning preferences. The objective is to analyse the influence of the patterns of use of social networks when predicting the usefulness that university students, give to different digital educational resources.The study, adopting an exploratory and quantitative approach, involves students from four universities. Data collection is approached using a self-constructed questionnaire designed ad hoc by researchers. The information is analysed by means of: (a) exploratory factor analysis, (b) univariate association analysis, and (c) ordinal logistic regression. The results indicate associations between the patterns of use of social networks and the usefulness perceived by participants in digital resources. Nevertheless, the authors conclude that the patterns of use of social networks identified do not serve to predict significantly the usefulness given by the students to the observed digital educational resources.

This case study explores students' perceptions of the creation and reuse of digital teaching and learning resources in their work as tutors as part of a volunteer community development organisation at a large South African University. Through a series of semi-structured interviews, student-tutors reflect on their use and reuse of digital educational resources, and identify the challenges they experience in curating, adapting, and reusing educational resources for use in their teaching activities. The data is analysed qualitatively within the framework of an activity system (Engeström, 1987) to surface the primary systemic tensions that student-tutors face in the reuse of resources found online as well as open educational resources (OER). This study found that student-tutors sourced and used educational materials from the Internet, largely irrespective of their licensing conditions, while also creating and remixing a substantial number of educational materials to make them suitable for use in their context. We conclude that greater awareness of the availability of OER and explicit open licencing for works sourced and created within community development organisations could enhance sharing, collaboration, and help sustain high impact resources.

Background/Context: COVID-19 changed how students learn, the challenges they face both in and out of the classroom, and the ways they access and engage with higher education. COVID-19 also highlighted inequalities in higher education. In response, faculty have also had to change their pedagogical approaches. Purpose/Focus of Study: This article presents ideas to address some of the challenges that COVID-19 has brought to the community college classroom. The focus of these strategies and pedagogical changes is to create a more equitable and successful environment for all students. Research Design: The author's praxis used Paulo Freire's 1970 work, "The Pedagogy of the Oppressed," as a guide to critically examine pedagogical practices and choices for sociological curriculum development at a medium-sized, urban, Hispanic-serving community college. Changes were evaluated through final grade analysis and student feedback. Findings: Ten changes were implemented: making the course mobile phone/ tablet accessible, incorporating audio transcripts for all, using additional video formats, engaging families/children, addressing student anxieties, incorporating more assignment choices, using Open Educational Resources for reduced costs, allowing more flexibility in assignments, extending submission times, and varying course length. These changes have reduced barriers, decreased student anxiety, and increased student success. Conclusions: The pedagogical changes made seemed to help students be more successful in their courses.

Online supplementary education has been prevalent in recent years due to the advent of technology (e.g., live streaming) and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the performance of students in this mode of education varies greatly, and the underlying reasons are yet to be investigated. This study aims to understand the impact of various factors and giving their quantified importance, including student information, family information, and course information by applying Machine Learning method to one of the world's largest online learning platforms. Big data analysis is employed for this purpose via leveraging the abundance of data generated from online education platforms, providing insights that are not attainable through conventional methods such as panel surveys or questionnaires used in offline education. The findings indicate that the most significant factor affecting student performance is the disparity in access to educational resources and the socioeconomic status of families. Finally, we predict students' online learning performance by using explainable machine learning with different groups of features. Our results indicate approximately 70% accuracy in predicting students' performance progress.

The Open Education movement has made efforts to systematise experiences and to evaluate the adoption of Open Educational Resources (OER). However, OER adoption is not part of the prevailing paradigm in higher education, both at the global level and in Latin America. This paper describes results of a study that analysed the social representations regarding the development, use, and reuse of OER by university teachers in their pedagogical practices. We conducted a study of 12 cases from Latin American universities based on Grounded Theory. The results show that the use and reuse of OER lacks of public and institutional policies. The main agents are teachers organised in teams that support OER adoption. The reasons that encourage the creation of OER are mainly intrinsic, such as the pleasure derived from contributing and sharing, as well as external and related to professional development needs from the reflection on one's own educational practice. Educators consider it essential to evaluate the resources created so that they can be reused in continuous improvement processes. Commercial use and misappropriation of the works are two of the main tensions identified. The community factor of teaching guides most behaviours in OER adoption in educational institutions and is presented as an inherent part of the development and transformation of the curriculum.

Open educational resources (OER), which are free and openly licensed educational materials, have been a widely discussed topic in response to high textbook costs, the need for more pedagogical flexibility, and inequality in access to educational materials. In this study we examine the efficacy of OER through a quantitative analysis of the impact of OER on student final exam performance in a large calculus course. Our dataset affords us a relatively large sample size, allows us to classify students in both treatment and control groups, and includes a variety of covariates that allow us to control for multiple correlated factors. We estimate causal treatment effects using several econometric approaches. Our study adds the following insights into the research on OER efficacy: (i) OER materials do not, in general, lead to any significant change in student final exam performance; and (ii) OER materials have a significantly positive impact on both international students and Pell Grant eligible students.

The present article constitutes a systematic review of the literature with the objective of identifying the appropriate elements that must be considered when designing and creating adaptive digital educational resources. The methodological process was rigorous and systematic, employing an article search in which the texts related to the object of study were identified, selected, evaluated and analyzed. It is concluded from the analysis of the documentary corpus that the different approaches found configure a roadmap for the conceptualization of what a digital educational resource should be in order to serve as an element that contributes to learning. In this sense, an exemplary model user is proposed that considers experiences, interests and tastes, thus making it possible to strengthen the particularities of students and enhance the learning experience.

Information technology enhances the nature of mathematics as an empirical discipline, leading to an approach called "experimental mathematics" (EM). It fosters the use of technology-based interactive resources (IRs) in mathematics education, giving mathematics an experimental dimension and reflecting a tension between the empirical-inductive nature of IRs and formal mathematics (FM). Our qualitative research focused on professional development (PD) for IR-based teaching of EM intertwined with FM based on a threefold theoretical framework that combines the mathematical knowledge required by EM, the pedagogical functionality of IRs, and instrumental orchestration. The research analyzed 14 high school teachers' documents generated in the course of a PD program, revealing the evolution of their orientation. We argue that teachers' evolving orientation toward IR-based EM inclusion in school mathematics is the result of meticulous dynamic PD design implementing three key aspects framed by the threefold theoretical framework: teachers playing various roles during the PD, teacher-researcher collaboration, and theoretical support. The beginning of the evolution of the teachers' orientation toward IR-based EM inclusion in school mathematics was made possible by a design grounded in the above theoretical framework and observed through its lens.

Recent literature underlines the increasing use of online platforms in learning undergraduate mathematics, where students refer to these as supplementary resources to develop their mathematical understanding. Through an intrinsic case study, we focus on a highly viewed YouTube learning resource for learning derivative. The selected case is from "3Blue1Brown," a YouTube channel whose founder has received an award from the American Mathematical Society. The video has garnered more than 3.3 million views in the past couple of years. Reflecting on the relevant literature, a realization tree for derivative is developed and then used as an analytical tool to analyze this resource to explore what realizations have been used in it to facilitate students' understanding of derivative. The findings indicate that the analyzed YouTube resource discusses various realizations of derivative, including all its five main realizations, and effectively utilizes new digital technology for discussing these realizations. Such an exceptional resource for learning mathematics leads us to suggest that mathematics lecturers raise their awareness about such online free resources and incorporate them into their teaching packages when appropriate to facilitate student learning.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had both short- and long-term impacts on the institution of schooling, as well as on teachers and students who experienced it. While much has been learned about the impact of the pandemic, including in physical education, less is known about how physical education teachers navigated the sociopolitical realities of their work as they were socialized through the pandemic. Adopting occupational socialization theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Midwestern US physical educators during the COVID-19 pandemic and the lasting implications for their careers. Participants were 30 in-service physical education teachers (20 female and 10 male) from one state in the US Midwest who each participated in a semi-structured interview. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and analyzed using a multiphase collaborative qualitative analysis method grounded in analytic induction and deduction and focused on thematic development. Data analysis resulted in four themes: (a) changing instructional modalities was challenging but prompted creativity and growth; (b) resources were scarce, and marginalization was intensified through the pandemic; (c) recognizing and responding to changes in teacher and student health; and (d) stressors associated with COVID-19 may influence teachers' career trajectories. This study not only adds to the literature related to COVID-19 but also is important for understanding how the schools' culture changes through times of crisis. It is likely that other local, regional, national, or international events will cause disruptions in teachers' work and the nature of student learning in the future.

While numerous studies have investigated teachers' professional learning through their interaction with resources, the question of how teachers' knowledge evolves at different stages of the instructional process remains underexplored. To address this gap, this article builds on the documentational approach to didactics (DAD) and the theory of instrumental orchestration to investigate teachers' professional learning in terms of document development through their interaction with resources in and out of class. To this end, the paper proposes a theoretical and methodological model to analyze the evolution of a document, focusing on the joint evolution of utilization schemes and professional situations. This model provides analytical tools to track the development of teachers' professional knowledge. The theoretical and methodological model was applied to a case study involving a Tunisian primary school teacher who used the technological resource GeoGebra for the first time to introduce the properties of parallelograms to 6th grade students (aged 11-12). Findings suggest the relevance and operationality of the proposed model, through a short-term analysis of documentational genesis, to track the evolution of the teacher's professional knowledge related to the use of GeoGebra in class. This model can be considered as a theoretical and methodological contribution, deepening the understanding of teachers' professional learning when using technological resources and providing insights into the dynamic nature of teachers' professional knowledge development.

A big challenge in educational resources construction is the intelligent and personalized resource recommendation for learners. This paper proposes a semantic recommendation framework of educational resources based on semantic web and pedagogics. In this framework, a domain ontology is constructed to describe the knowledge structure of the domain. All the resources and user portfolio are described with ontology technology and resource description framework to support semantic inference. Based on the semantic resource organization, we made a set of reasoning rules based on pedagogics. These rules are made from the synthesis of the type of the knowledge, the internal structure of knowledge and learner's learning performance. A case study was implemented on the course "theory and practice of database". In this case, learners are recommended different learning materials according to the different knowledge structure and different learning performance. Three typical learning modes are proposed to describe the personalized learning experience. This framework can be used as a guide for teachers and resource designers.