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ABSTRACT This study identifies the role of Instagram as a medium of transparency for three Social Enterprises that operate in the creative sector with empowering women as part of their social mission. This study employs content analysis with the help of NVivo software on various narratives, photos, and videos uploaded through the Instagram account from January to May 2023. The researcher also interviewed the CEO and beneficiaries via Instagram live chat. This study indicates the significant role of Instagram in building trust and media dialogue between companies and the public, which are essential in achieving company accountability, legitimacy, and sustainability. ABSTRAK Studi ini mengidentifikasi peran Instagram sebagai media transparansi bagi tiga Usaha Sosial yang bergerak di sektor kreatif dengan pemberdayaan perempuan sebagai bagian dari misi sosial mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis konten dengan bantuan software NVivo pada berbagai narasi, foto, dan video yang diunggah melalui akun Instagram pada bulan Januari hingga Mei 2023. Peneliti juga mewawancarai CEO dan penerima manfaat melalui live chat Instagram. Studi ini menunjukkan peran penting Instagram dalam membangun kepercayaan dan dialog media antara perusahaan dan publik, yang penting dalam mencapai akuntabilitas, legitimasi, dan keberlanjutan perusahaan.

ASEAN has been vocal with its support to gender equality and women empowerment, they formed committees and regional mechanisms that will guide them in achieving this. They also spearheaded various meetings with its member states and established partnerships with other organizations outside ASEAN to further enhance their response to gender and development. Their aim is to promote gender and development with its three pillars to create a gender sensitive society. Based on the data gathered, the LGBTQI+ Community and the women sector of all ASEAN member states are still struggling to get the support and acceptance of ASEAN as well as most of the people especially to those countries who are culture centered, but despite of their struggle they remain positive and hoping that the society will soon accept them wholeheartedly. There may be developments, but hardships are still visible in their work and in society, they still lack opportunities to grow in the fields that are dominated by men, they are still suffering from unequal treatment, and some are still not represented in politics.

Education is a powerful tool that improves socio-economic conditions and empowers individuals, especially women. However, women face gender disparities resulting in lower literacy rates compared to men. Besides understanding the educational status of women agricultural workers and their accessibility to schools and colleges, this study investigated the impact of education on their income levels, language proficiency in mother tongue and English and their preferences to spend more on their children education. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected and analysed from a random sample of 5,044 rural women agricultural workers across 98 revenue villages in the Union Territory of Puducherry. The findings revealed that half of the respondents completed education ranging from 6th to 10th class, where as one out of every four respondents were illiterates and a small percentage possessed higher qualifications of a degree and above. Most of the respondents had access school and six out of ten had access to college within 5 km range. The study established a positive correlation between education level and both individual and family income and a higher level of language proficiency in both the mother tongue and English. The educated rural women workers showed a preference for private schools to educate their children, indicating a growing inclination to spend more on education.

India is a country where growth and development are driven by skills and knowledge, women empowerment through education has emerged as one of the most important aspects that can lead to socio economic development. Around half of the population of the entire world is Women. But till date gender biasness or gender inequality exists and, in many places, women are considered as a secondary citizen. It is undoubtedly true that access to education can bring about some changes in the intellectual abilities of an individual, which is required for the capacity of women to ask question, to reflect on and to act accordingly for the upliftment of their conditions as well as education is necessary so that they can gain knowledge, information and creative ideas so that they can be contribute for the betterment of the society. The present study provides a general overview of the importance of education which is necessary for women empowerment and also highlights the causes of gender biasness and the strategies to combat these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study looked at the relationship and impact of rural women empowerment and rural development in Nigeria's south-south geopolitical zone. A cross-sectional research design was used, and data was gathered through a survey of 750 people using a non-probability sampling technique. 476 of the 750 questionnaires distributed were retrieved and analyzed. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze data collected using percentages, Pearson product moment correlation, and linear regression analysis. The study's findings revealed a significant relationship between rural women empowerment and rural development in Nigeria's south-south geopolitical zone. The study also found that rural women empowerment has a positive and statistically significant impact on rural development in Nigeria's south-south geopolitical zone. Based on these findings, the study suggests, among other things, that government empowerment policies should always take the female gender into account for necessary upliftment, as this will help to improve their status and rural development in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a change in education law in the Republic of Sudan, also known as Northern Sudan, to estimate the causal effect of compulsory education on the welfare of women and children. The aim is to investigate the impact of education policies on women and children's well-being and point out the limitations of these policies in conservative societies. The policy extended the duration of primary education from five years to eight, made it compulsory and reduced the entry age from seven to six. It was proposed in 1995 and implemented in 1998, affecting individuals born from July 1993 onwards. The birth-date Regression Discontinuity Design is implemented as the main methodology to investigate the engagement with education and outcome variables of interest after versus before the cut-off point, by using the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Survey Data. This methodology enables overcoming the endogeneity problem when dealing with observational data. The results suggest that the policy increased completion rates of primary education and participation of women in the labour force but did not increase participation in education. Moreover, there is limited evidence of any welfare effect of the policy. The paper also investigates possible reasons for the policy being ineffective in increasing participation rates. The paper recommends that before taking an essential step towards the goal of universal primary education, the government failed to address existing problems such as the unavailability of schools, long distances to schools, school fees and child labour, which discourage families from sending their daughters to school to increase the effectiveness of the policy. In Muslim societies where informal institutions dominate written rules, compulsory education policies are not likely to yield the expected outcomes, such as equal access for girls to education, unless they are accompanied by huge investment. This paper contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the impact of educational reform policies, discussing issues that limit their effectiveness and making propositions to improve the impact of these policies in such societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction is an important aspect of women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can be helpful in reducing the fertility rates. This study analyzes the role of women empowerment and other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status) using the recent data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18. Study found that women's being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and role in household decision making are helpful in reducing the fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing the fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study also reveals that wealth of household, having sons and husband's education have very limited role on the fertility behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of the FishCORAL project is the roll out of the livelihood projects which would respond to the objective of reducing poverty incidence of fishing communities. One of these livelihood projects was inter-island seaweeds culture of Cawayan and Placer in Masbate. Descriptive research design and purposive sampling were used in the study. Structured survey-questionnaire was utilized and employed interview and focus group discussion as means of collecting information from the target respondents. Data revealed that the majority of the respondents’ dwell in a single house with five members and have a monthly income of P10,252.00 which is not enough to finance household expenditures due to a large number of dependents. They don’t have possession of the lot where their houses are situated. Many are challenged for sources of safe and affordable drinking water. Women empowerment in the area is fair, although disempowerment is high at 51%. Seaweeds project in inter-island barangays does not have significant impacts on the lives of the beneficiaries because poverty incidence is higher than the set poverty threshold. Its effectiveness and efficiency could not be fully assessed although there are glaring pieces of evidence of the major challenges along with these criteria. Putting suitable intervention on the target coastal communities with close coordination on concerned agencies and proper monitoring of the project should be considered by the implementing agency to address the findings in this study. Insurance coverage is recommended to alleviate impacts to the livelihood during inclement weather conditions. Capability development of livelihood beneficiary association along with financial literacy, basic business management, and record keeping shall be carried out.

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Development of a nation depends to a certain degree on the level of empowerment of women in that country. Since women constitute 50% of the population in a nation like India, there cannot be progress unless the strength and potential of women are recognized by both society and the Government. The three main dimensions of women’s empowerment are level of education, role in labour market and governance. The purpose of this article is to analyze trends of women empowerment in India based on these three parameters. Education is a key element of equipping women with the knowledge and skills to productively contribute to the development of the country. Another dimension of women’s empowerment is the position of women in labour market. Data suggests declining Labour Participation rates of women in the labour market in India .Greater political participation by women is important for them to play a productive role in decision making process in the country. The article is based on data collected from secondary sources including Government of India reports and international agencies. The results shows that there are several reasons for low participation of women in labour market and political domain and more efforts need to be taken to empower women in terms of their contribution to labour market and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital in general spurs economic growth. Female human capital in terms of education and health in particular is important for economic growth in countries where poverty and gender inequalities are pervasive, such as Sudan. This study aimed to investigate the role of female human capital in economic growth in Sudan, together with female labor force participation and women's participation in the national parliament. The study applied a basic autoregressive distributed lag model ARDL and a nonlinear (NARDL) accounting for structural breaks to time-series data over the period 1975–2021. The bounds tests revealed that female human capital variables and economic growth have a long-run equilibrium relationship. The empirical results revealed that female human capital has a negative effect on gross national income per capita (GNIP). However, female labor participation was found to have a significant positive effect on economic growth in both models. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women of age 14–25 has a significant negative effect on economic growth, which is likely also reflecting the negative effect of female human capital. Results also showed that women's participation in the parliament has positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short run only. The study argues for enhancing female human capital via female enrollment in education and through the promotion of women's health, including combatting HIV/AIDS. Effective female labor participation can be enhanced through reductions in women's vulnerability in employment and increasing their work in waged formal sectors. Women's political empowerment could foster long-term growth, but its quality aspects must be ascertained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistani women face systemic gender-based violence both at home and workplace. This violence often magnifies after marriages, though for different reasons. Although women have the right to divorce under Islamic law it is hardly practised. Using the Integrative Feminist Model for women‘s rights as a conceptual framework, this paper aims to focus on the restriction of the right to divorce as a cause of domestic violence (DV). Primary data for this study were generated from a population of 350 women in the age group of 18 to 60 years in urban Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) from April 2022 to June 2022. Data reveals that most women suffer from domestic violence but could not use their legal right to divorce because of its non-provision, and also because of their lack of understanding of the provisions of the nikah form. In light of victim responses, this study suggests the introduction of peace education in all schools and in colleges to inculcate the merits of peace and discouragement of feuds and altercations. It is hoped that these lessons leant at school will help in resolving family disputes peacefully and ultimately protect women in general. For a better understanding of the official form of the marriage contract (nikahnama) in Urdu, this author presents a Pashto translation of this document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to determine whether there is any significant difference in women’s empowerment based on their locality and qualification. The data collected for this study was from 200 women at Coimbatore District. Urban and rural locality women are not differing significantly in violence, but the rural women are facing more empowerment in the dimensions of education, social status, finance, marriage, gender equality and overall dimensions the empowerment than the urban women. Below graduate, graduation, above graduate qualified women’s are not differing significantly in education, social status, finance, violence, gender equality and over all dimensions, but the below graduate women are facing more problem in the dimensions of ‘marriage’ in the women empowerment than the other qualified women

The purpose of the present study is to examine the major factors related to the participation of women in the economic activities of Bangladesh, using the data of the nationally representative provided by the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017/18. The survey interviewed a total of 20127 women aged 15-49 on social, economic, and demographic factors. The study used women's occupations as the dependent variable to understand the patterns and dynamics of women's participation in economic activities in Bangladesh. The result shows that 49.6% of women didn’t associate with any work, 7.9% of women worked as a professional, technical or managerial specialist, and 42.5% of women worked as non-professional, such as: in agriculture, and domestic-related work. Two policy implications emerged from the study: 1) The economic activity of women in Bangladesh is still low, most of them earn their livelihood utilizing non-professional works; 2) Women who are relatively from poorer families, not very well educated, located in the rural area are largely seen in economic activities in Bangladesh. Finally, the study indicates an idea about important determinants of women's employment, as poor women with little formal education remain economically active. The study recommends that women must be provided with new skills and knowledge to expand their ability and the education of women must be given the highest priority, which is the fundamental problem.

Empowerment of women is essentially the process of upliftment of economic, social and political status of women, the traditionally underprivileged ones, in the society. It is the process of guarding them against all forms of violence. This article attempts to study the status of Women Empowerment in India and highlights the Challenges and Issues of Women Empowerment. We observe in our day to day life how women become victimized by various social evils. Women Empowerment is the vital instrument to expand women's ability to have resources and to make strategic life choices. The study is based on purely from secondary sources. The study reveals that women of India are relatively disempowered and they enjoy somewhat lower status than that of men in spite of many efforts undertaken by Government. It is found that acceptance of unequal gender norms by women are still prevailing in the society. The study concludes by an observation that access to Education, Employment and Change in Social Structure are only the enabling factors to Women Empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of women empowerment on maternal and childcare use is sparsely research using Nigeria's data. This study examined the influence of women empowerment and selected socio-demographic factors on maternal and childcare use in Nigeria. The study is cross-sectional and utilized data for 8,006 women drawn from the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive and predictive analyses were undertaken to assess the prevalence of ANC, place of delivery and complete child immunization. The odds for utilizing the three indicators were estimated using multivariate binary logistic regression. The data revealed that 59% of the women made up to four ANC visits, 53% had their deliveries in health facilities and 26% undertook complete child immunization. Various indicators of women autonomy significantly influenced the three health indicators. The findings of the study have implications for both policy making and healthcare practice. It indicated that policies should be implemented in Nigeria that have the potentials to address social gender disparity and economically empower women. Healthcare practitioners should deploy the approaches of couple counselling and establishment of male-friendly maternity clinics as effective tools to integrate married men into women's reproductive health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation of low women empowerment in household settings might influence women's attitude and ability to negotiate for protected sex in their marital relationship. This study aimed to investigate the association between women empowerment factors and the attitude for safer sex negotiation among Indonesian married women. The secondary data of 28,934 individual records of married women retrieved from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) was used. The dependent variable was the attitude for safer sex negotiation measured by women's acceptance toward a justification to ask her husband to use a condom if her husband has a sexually transmitted disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis accounting for the complex survey design was performed. The results showed that women empowerment factors, that include higher level of education and participation in household decision-making had a positive effect on women's attitude for protected sex. Those women with higher levels of HIV knowledge and whoever talked about HIV with their husbands were also more likely to justify for protected sex. Therefore, women empowerment through education, improving socioeconomic conditions, and increasing HIV-related knowledge can help develop a positive attitude and enable women to negotiate for safer sex with their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are an integral part of society. There have been wonderful changes around the world in recent years. Women can play a viable part in the development and economy of any country. The traditional rather orthodox men have issues with women going outside their domestic sphere. In the era of economic empowerment, it is very difficult to make ends meet. Without the contribution of women at par with men, it is very difficult for the breadwinner to drag the entire familial baggage over his shoulders singularly. In order to study this, a group of 60 respondents sampled through snowball sampling was gathered for structured interview in Rawalpindi. Keeping in view the modern ICT and the newly introduced mode of learning, virtual Quran teaching through an institute or privately serves as a good source of living. Islam is a modern religion that has served to enlighten the masses stuck in ignorance. It allows for equitable women rights. Virtual Quran teaching is one such entrepreneurial skill gauged by women recently to earn a sustainable and revered livelihood that serves in their alleviated social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empowerment, entrepreneurship and education are the most imperative issues among women to develop the country. Micro credit is one of the effective tools to eradicate poverty among poor people through enhancing women empowerment, enhancing the entrepreneurial activities and improving education level for both men and women. It has initiated the schemes to encourage entrepreneurial activities along with developing education level and enhance the women empowerment in the country. The main goal of this research is to inspect the improvement of women empowerment, evaluate the development of entrepreneurship and the education level among micro credit borrowers in Bangladesh. There are two hundred and thirty respondents were participated in this research. The data were analyzed by the descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis. The results found that the women empowerment slightly develops even though it is not significant statistically whereas the entrepreneurship and education are negatively associated with micro credit programs. This research influences the micro credit institutions to develop and focus on the application of loaned amount by borrowers to affect significantly on women empowerment, entrepreneurial activities and education level. Finally, this research is also merits the government to widen the facilities and lessen the hardship on micro credit institutions and encourages the policy in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid evolving Indian education system is evinced by the rising trend of large number of new institutes that have mushroomed in every nook and corner of the country resulting in deteriorating standards of teaching quality. They need to look into ways for providing a conducive organizational climate that can harness the skills and competence of the academicians while keeping them engaged and also promoting their wellbeing for long term retention in the organization. Though there are many extant studies examining the antecedents of Employee Engagement in the Indian sectors, or assessing the level of Employee Engagement in banking, manufacturing sectors and hospitals, mainly but there is hardly any study analyzing the role and influence of the organizational drivers affecting employee engagement in the education sector pertaining to private institutes. So, this paper tries to explore and understand the organizational factors/drivers affecting the engagement of the academicians in private institutes in Faridabad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's autonomy or ability to make decisions is determined by several factors, education is one of them. In this paper, we have checked the association of women's education with their autonomy. We have considered how women's education influences the decisions regarding their marriage, participation in family's decisions, access to healthcare facilities and management of finances in the family. From a randomly selected cluster of neighbourhoods/muhallas in Jacobabad city, we purposively selected 391 married women from different households for testing four hypotheses. Results reveal that education played a positive role in the women's lives by enhancing their participation in the family's power distribution. Women with graduate level education performed better in the family's power distribution than women with primary or secondary level education. The women with graduate level education were asked their consent for marriage, had more frequent participation in family's decisions and visited healthcare facilities more often. However, these women also had limited control over the family's finances, which shows that educated women too do not have complete autonomy in managing and controlling household finances, which can empower them and enhance their status in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women being the most disadvantaged section of Pakistani society require special attention in regard with political empowerment to play their due role in overall development of the country. This becomes more important when we talk about political status of women in Sindh. Being one of the area where cultural and social conservativeness remains highly rooted in the society, women in rural areas of Sindh are unable to find space in political activity in elections. Though, there are some exceptions but largely women in Sindh struggle a lot in cashing-in their political power by exercising constitutional basic right. This needs to be addressed by the state governing bodies so that women in Sindh can play their due political role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women in Pakistan have social problems in the way of acquiring higher education in many parts of the country. Distance Education (DE) system performs major role in providing higher educational to those who are unable to access the educational facilities because of any personal or cultural constraints or because of living in deprived areas. Because of the policies of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, distance education has its legal recognition in Pakistan like other parts of the world. Therefore, women in Pakistan are also enjoying benefits of this system to boost up their educational position in cases where they feel unable to attend the formal institutions. The aim of current study was to discover the reasons that incline women to study through distance education system rather than attending the formal institutions with rural and urban differences. This study was conducted following the survey method using a sample of 410 women from Southern Punjab in Pakistan. Tool of study was a questionnaire on 5-point rating scale. Data was analysed using mean scores and t test statistics. Results indicated that females adopted this system due to flexibility in its procedures. They were happy that they continued their studies along with performing their social and domestic responsibilities. Distance education provided chance to women to struggle for the uplift of their career without disrespecting their family values and disturbing customs of their families in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education should be taken on priority because it is the most significant factor for the development of the rural environment. Education is the basis for foresightedness and creativity that triggers changes; it helps in the quality of human resource, quality of life and economic growth. Education takes us away from overpopulation and misery to enlighten, poverty, darkness and tradition backwardness. In the development of society, women in Pakistan has been playing a predominant role through their active participation in social as well as economic activates directly or indirectly. The present study investigates the association among education and empowerment of rural women in Pakistan by using primary data, which were collected from rural areas of Southern Punjab by using multi-stage cluster sampling. The result of the study reveals that the main determinants of women empowerment are education, socioeconomic condition of females compares to region or cost. The results also show clearly that structure of family has a relationship with the status of women as well as the participation of women in the decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is aimed at investigating the impact of women work participation and women empowerment on household poverty of Southern Punjab. For that purpose, primary data is collected in 2015 from three divisions of southern Punjab i.e. Multan, Bahawalpur and DG Khan. The study uses logistic regression analysis for econometric results. Econometric results propose that age of respondent and household size appear to be significant causes of increasing poverty in Southern Punjab. Moreover, education of respondent, married marital status, women work participation, good sanitation facility, no. of earners, urban residence, women economic empowerment, women social empowerment and women familial/ interpersonal empowerment are significantly turned out to reduce poverty from Southern Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]