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The problems of learning physics have experienced increasingly complex obstacles amid the demands of online learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to explain the basic physics learning process through an online system during a pandemic, by evaluating the Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) approach to Problem-solving Skills (PSS). Data were collected through distributing questionnaires, interviews and documentation studies, then analyzed. This study shows that the applied SRL has been implemented well, but has not been optimal in improving PSS in online Basic Physics learning. The unpreparedness of technological devices and the competence of educators and students become obstacles that result in difficulties in solving physics problems so that the expected results are not following the expected learning targets. Also, this study shows the difficulty of learning physics online during the pandemic. Thus, a responsive physics learning model is needed with conditions that allow the delivery of physics material to be well understood, even though it is delivered through digital media. This is a demand that needs the attention of all parties so that the achievement of online learning targets remains optimal and effective in increasing the problem-solving skills of students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Needs assessment aims to understand the requirements of learning in the COVID-19 pandemic era, the use of online learning platforms, the constraints and solutions offered, the "Merdeka Belajar" curriculum in this course, the challenges and needs in the future. It is an exploratory study for students need on the new learning condition because of the COVID-19 pandemic era. The data gathered from the questionnaire of some lectures and undergraduate programme of physics education students through an online survey also included observation and analysis from various sources. The results show the following facts. It needs online learning with a user-friendly device for students. There are multiple online education platforms based on learning activities, but some students have constraints on internet network stability. Another problem is the need for internet data packages that are not small in the online learning process, especially when using virtual face-to-face platforms. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the semester credit system's weight for the physics learning evaluation course in the "Merdeka Belajar" curriculum. The content of Bloom's taxonomy is quite dense and takes time to understand each level of thinking. So, the future challenge is to develop a learning media that students can use in studying Bloom's taxonomy topic and solve the problem of internet data packages and internet network stability. One alternative solution to learning problems is using learning media in electronic books that students can use offline.

In this era, a misconception is one of the biggest challenges in education. Misconception is an understanding of a concept but incompatible with a scientific concept. This research aimed to describe the profile of students' misconceptions and to analyze the decrease of student misconceptions using a cognitive conflict strategy assisted by PhET Simulation. The kind of research is the pre-experimental category with the design of One Group Pre-Test and Post-Test. The sample of this research is a student of XII IPA 2 SMA Negeri 1 Bangkalan. The results of the pre-test showed that the average percentage of students who experience misconception is 53.53%. Based on the pre-test analysis, it was found 20 forms of conceptions that students had regarding the traveling wave material. After being given treatment using a cognitive conflict strategy assisted by PhET simulation, the post-test results of students who experienced misconceptions became 7.65%. There is a decrease in the average percentage of students who experience misconceptions in the pre-test and post-test results. It shows that the cognitive conflict strategy assigned by PhET simulation is effective in remediating the misconceptions of students on wave material.

Tujuan penelitian ini menghasilkan model penskoran politomus untuk respons butir multiple true-false, sehingga dapat mengestimasi secara lebih akurat kemampuan di bidang fisika. Pengembangan penskoran menggunakan Four-D model dan diuji akurasinya melalui penelitian empiris dan simulasi. Penelitian empiris menggunakan 15 butir multiple true-false yang diambil dari soal UMPTN tahun 1996-2006 dan dikenakan pada 410 mahasiswa baru FMIPA Universitas Negeri Surabaya angkatan tahun 2007. Respons peserta tes diskor dengan tiga model partial credit (PCM I; II; dan III) dan secara dikotomus. Hasil penskoran dianalisis dengan program Quest untuk mendapat-kan estimasi tingkat kesukaran butir (δ) dan estimasi ke-mampuan peserta (θ) untuk menentukan nilai fungsi informasi tes dan kesalahan baku estimasi. Penelitian simulasi mengguna-kan data bangkitan berdasarkan parameter empiris (δ dan θ) memakai program statistik SAS dan akurasi estimasinya di-analisis dengan metode root mean squared error (RMSE). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: (i) Penskoran PCM dengan pem-bobotan mampu mengestimasi kemampuan lebih akurat di-bandingkan tanpa pembobotan maupun secara dikotomus; (ii) Semakin banyak jumlah kategori dalam penskoran partial credit, semakin akurat. Kata kunci: model penskoran partial credit, butir multiple true-false ____________________________________________________________ THE PARTIAL CREDIT SCORING MODEL FOR THE MULTIPLE TRUE-FALSE BUTIRS IN PHYSICS Abstract This study is an attempt to overcome the weaknesses. This study aims to produce a polytomous scoring model for responses to multiple true-false butirs in order to get a more accurate estimation of abilities in physics. It adopts the Four-D model and its accuracy is assessed through empirical and simulation studies. The empirical study employed 15 multiple true-false butirs taken from the New Students Entrance Test of State University the year of 1996–2006. It administered to 410 new students enrolled in 2007 of Faculty of Mathematics and Science of Surabaya State University. The testees’ responses were scored using the partial credit model (PCM) I; II; and III and also dichotomously scored. The results of the four scoring models were analyzed using the Quest program to obtain the estimation of the butir difficulty level (δ) and that of the testees’ abilities (θ). The generating of the simulation data used the SAS statistical program and the estimation accuracy was analyzed by using the root mean squared error (RMSE) method. The results of the study show the following: (i) The scoring with the partial credit model with weighting is capable of estimating abilities more accurate than without weighting and dichotomous scoring; (ii) The more the number of the categories in the partial credit scoring is, the more accurate the result of the ability estimation. Keywords: partial credit model scoring, multiple true-false butir