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Aedes albopictus, ever since, its distribution from country to country, has been known to transmit many viruses (like dengue) to human. The vector possesses enormous plasticity in habitat adoptability. The distribution pattern revealed that maximum population was collected from rural areas during rainy season, at temperature 31-40 oC and RH 41-50 %. The population was collected from clear water having plastic bottom. The small quite places are more productive breeding places having EC (≤ 1000 µS/m), TDS (≤ 500 ppm) and DO (2-5 mg/l). The larval population was mostly established in the areas having exposed shady conditions and have less distance from human habitation. Flora such as spirogyra, grasses and algae, and predators such as damselfly, water bugs and beetles showed affinity with Ae. albopictus population. Stagnant clear water bodies are considered as potential breeding sites for dengue vector.

Snails are the second largest group of invertebrates after insects and make a major part of the world's fauna. There are 35,000 described species of land snails (subclass: Pulmonata) from class gastropods in the world. With the present scenario of climate change, their occurrence has been observed many-fold. Despite their economic importance, population diversity and distribution of these creatures on different host crops in Punjab Pakistan is not much more studies. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to identify the snail species and their diversity on different hosts in the agroecosystems of Multan. The snails were collected from different crops like wheat, vegetable (spinach), fodder, citrus orchard, and plant nurseries. A total of 8264 specimens were collected and preserved in the form of a dry shell and 70% alcohol in Ecology Lab, MNS - the University of Agriculture, Multan for identification purpose. The preserved specimens were identified under microscope using available taxonomic keys. Ariophanta bistrialis ceylanica, Ariophanta bistrialis cylix, Ariophanta solata, Oxychilus draparnaudi, Monacha catiana, Cernuella virgata, Pupoides abilabris and Oxyloma elegans were identified during the study. The highest and lowest population of Ariophanta bistrialis cylix (1592) and Ariophanta solata (446), respectively was recorded. The population diversity was found maximum in plant nurseries followed by fodder crop (Berseem) and citrus orchard while least in vegetable (Spinach) and wheat crop. The maximum population was found in July and August, while least in March and May. In the rainy season, the population of snails was recorded maximum as compared to the dry season.

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera) has attained the status of major insect pest drastically affecting the value and production of the cotton crop. The main objective of the study is to estimate losses caused by O. hyalinipennis (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 pairs release / boll) identified on boll weight, fiber characteristics (mike, staple length, staple strength, lint index and Ginning Out Turn), seed index and seed germination, under semi opened bolls of two Bt genotypes (MNH-886 and MNH-456). The offered O. hyalinipennis density is directly proportional to GOT while inversely proportional to boll weight, seed index, germination, lint index, mike, staple length and staple strength. All morphological parameters revealed highly significant but negative correlation with offered densities of O. hyalinipennis. Linear regression model showed that fiber characteristics affected significantly by O. hyalinipennis. Thus, a long term sustainable IPM strategy must be implemented to curtail this bug population under check.

In current study, extensive field surveys are carried out to explore the fauna of assassin bugs of family Reduviidae, along with their habitats and prey records from different localities in the Pothohar region of Pakistan. The quantitative web structure is constructed for better understanding species habitat linkage and is represents a total of twelve different assassin bug species, of which five were identified as new country records i.e., Tribelocephala indica (Stal, 1853), Coranus spiniscutis (Reuter, 1881), Oncocephalus schioedtei (Reuter, 1882), Scadra annulipes (Reuter, 1881) and Ectrychotes dispar (Reuter, 1881). The result of diversity indices, Shannon-Weiner’s and Simpson’s index showed that Trail-5 (Islamabad), Taxilla (Rawalpindi), Sohawa (Jehlum) have maximum values (1.092, 0.662; 1.75, 0.82 and 1.69, 0.78) respectively. The assassin bug species i.e., Rhynocoris marginatus and R. fuscipes are found to predate maximum number of economically important pests of various crops. The diversity indexes of assassin bugs from the Pothohar region indicated that the species have uneven distribution in the five districts. The variation in richness of assassin bug population was recorded in the selected three districts of the Pothohar region. The species richness showed almost same pattern in Islamabad and Jehlum demonstrated by minute difference in Shannon’s equitability index (0.65-0.929 and 0.77-0.87) respectively.

Insects comprise the largest group of animal kingdom and play vital role in providing various ecosystem services. Some of these tiny creatures serve as notorious and serious pests of crops including cotton. Cotton is an important fibre crop which being succulent, is observed to be attacked by various chewing and sucking insects. Due to anthropogenic activities, climate on the earth is being chaged since last century that leads to global warming. Under this situation of climate change, abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, rainfall and atmospheric gases (especially CO2), and biotic factors like parasites, predators, competition are dominant factors that govern population dynamics and proliferation of insect pests of cotton. Insects being poikilothermic in nature have temperature of their bodies is approximately the same as that of the environment. Therefore, the developmental rates of their life stages are strongly dependent on temperature. So with the increase in temperature, almost all insects are affected to some degrees by changes in temperature due to global warming and there may be multiple effects upon insect life histories. These effects exert impact on crop insect pests’ populations in several complex ways like extension of geographical range, increased over-wintering, changes in population growth rate, increased number of generations, extension of developmental season, changes in interspecific interactions, changes in crop pest synchrony, increased risks of invasions by migrant pests, introduction of alternative hosts and over-wintering hosts. The various methods such as culturals, physicals, biologicals, botanicals, entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic chemicals are adopted by farmers and researchers at national and international level to control pest population. Among all above mentioned methods, the main emphasis in insect pest management in cotton crop is use of synthetic pesticieds. These are although cheap, effective and having faster action but have much side effects like environmental pollution and health hazards due to their penetration in food chain. Due to excessive and non-judicious use of these chemicals on high infestation of cotton pests, resistance and resurgence of these pests are now being recorded as more serious. Such situation leads in integration of all possible alternate measures like resistant cultivars, GMOs, genetic controls, use of biocontrol agents, use of biopesticides, use of insect pheromones and many others for effective control. So, effects of climate change on insect pests of cotton crop and management tectics in this scenario are being reviewed in this chapter that will provide a ready reference for policy makers and researchers to improve management practices of cotton pests in various geographical areas, in ecofriendly and efficient way.

Adults and immatures of Aedes mosquito populations were collected at temperatures between 40 and 44°C (summer), while larvae were collected at 0°C (winter). Major mosquito activities were observed from February to mid-December at various collection sites that yielded high populations of Aedes spp. from May to September, and high populations of Culex spp. and Anopheles spp. from March to September. In June to July, mosquito activity was suspended because the relative humidity was high (70%); a result of the monsoon rains. In August, with temperature ranging from 38 to 42°C, the populations of Culex, Anopheles and Aedes began to increase (36.8, 32.1 and 26.3%, respectively). Population estimates (through standard prototype Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Biogents (BG)-sentinel) and species composition of Aedes in forest habitats indicated a rapid increase in the populations of Ae. albopictus (52.3%), Ae. aegypti (19.1%) and Ae. vittatus (28.5%) following the rainy season in July. Areas positive for Ae. albopictus had identical population levels and distribution ranges of Ae. vittatus, however, there were no Ae. aegypti in Ae. albopictus areas from August to September. The population level, seasonal distribution, habitat and areas of adult activity marked by global positioning system (GPS) coordinates are being used for reference and for species composition data of Anopheles spp. (2), Culex spp. (10) and Aedes spp. (5) in addition to associated temperature, relative humidity and physico-chemical factors of larval habitat. Global meteorological changes have caused an expansion of the active period, leading to the mosquito's possibility of being a vector of disease increasing, resulting in the spread of dengue fever.