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Acetic acid is widely used in cosmetics, manufacturing chemicals, food additives, or in some countries used as drinks. So that the needs for acetic acid increase every year. Acetic acid can be produced by fermentation using raw nypa sap containing sucrose, glucose and fructose. Factors affecting the fermentation process are the substrate sugar concentration and fermentation time. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing sugar concentration, the effect of fermentation time on bioethanol concentration, and the effect of fermentation time on acetic acid concentration. The fermentation process was carried out in two stages, namely Bioethanol Fermentation using S. cerevisiae with variations in sugar concentration of 149 g/L and 202 g/L and fermentation time of 1,3 and 5 days. The bioethanol produced was continued by the acetic acid fermentation process using A.pasteurianus with variations of the fermentation time of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days. The maximum conditions for acetic acid production were 202 g/L sugar concentration, 39.47 g/L bioethanol substrate, and the 9th day fermentation, at acetic acid concentration of 36.71 g/L and yield 71.37%.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), has been successfully synthesized hydrothermally from eggshells or shells through the formation of Precipitate Calcium Carbonate (PCC). For biomedical applications, some synthesized HApare still calcium deficient (HApdc), so they do not meet specifications as implants or fillers of bone and teeth. Because it is resistant to high temperatures and has pores, in this study HApdc used as a catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid (PFAD). In the initial stage, HAp is impregnated with metals: Cu, Co and Ni and produces catalysts Cu-HAp, Co-HAp and NI-HAp. Furthermore, the metal-HAp catalyst is used in the PFAD esterification process into biodiesel. PFAD has free fatty acid (ALB) levels reaching 90%. Cu-HAp catalyst, giving the highest conversion yield of biodiesel (94.4%), with specific gravity 0.84 g/ml (40 ° C, viscosity 4,811 Cst, acid number 0.5533 gr KOH / gr oil, flash point 120 ° C and a calorific value of 9813 Kcal/kg in accordance with ISO standards-04-7182-2006. Analysis of the chemical components in the form of biodiesel from PFAD: Methyl Ester Heksadekanoat (53.1%); ME 9, Oktadekenoat (32.81%); ME octadecanoic (2:59 %) and ME 9,12, Octadecadienoic (5.93%) and a little Hexadecanoic Acid (5.57%).

Food spoilage leading to food waste and substantial economic losses is a major issue for the food industry. The spoilage is often due to bacterial and fungal contamination in foods. Spores from microorganism pose a great concern since they can survive pasteurization and grow in specific foods. The obj1ectives of this work were to investigate the effect of temperature (T: 80-90°C), soluble solid concentration (11–20°Brix), and spore age (30–60 days) on the log reductions of Eupenicillium javanicum ascospores in pineapple juice. It was also carried out to estimate the first-order kinetic parameters (D and z-values) from the log survivor curves. Increasing the temperature from 80 to 90°C for 10 min increased the spore inactivation in 11°Brix pineapple juice by 6.4 log. For 5-log inactivation, increasing the percentage weight (% wt.) of sucrose from 11°Brix to 20°Brix at 90°C, increased the time needed to inactivate the spores by 2.6 min. Likewise, increasing the age of ascopores from 30 days to 60 days, also increased the time required by 16.7 min. The estimated D-values for 30-days old spores in 11°Brix juices were 19.84 min at 80°C, 4.99 min at 85°C and 1.45 min at 90°C, with z-values of 8.6-8.8°C. The results obtained provide useful data to design and predict pasteurization process targeting E. javanicum ascospores.

Indonesia was the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. As the plantation area expands, the increasing number of palm oil process industries results in large amounts of waste product. The biggest waste was of palm fruit fiber (fiber cake). It was known that 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of palm oil will produced 13% or 130 kg of fiber cake. By look at the potential that can be generated from the fruit fiber of palm oil (fiber cake) coming from the CPO process industry has a value that to use as the main ingredients in the making of alternative bioethanol fuel. The purposes of this study were to synthesize bioethanol from the raw material of palm fruit fibers, to determine the influence of the amount of Saccharomyces cerevisiae weight on bioethanol, and to determine the optimum time of bioethanol production from the raw material of palm fruit fibers by separation hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method. The stages of this study were delignification used KOH solution obtained from the extract of Palm Empty Cluster Ash, then the purification process using 3% H2O2 solution. Then the hydrolysis process using 2 M H2SO4 for 3 hours at 100°C. The last process was fermentation. In the fermentation process, variations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration were 4, 6, 8 and 10 gr/L and fermentation time were 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. In acid hydrolysis, a maximum sugar concentration of 131 gr/L was produced. The best Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration in this study was 4 gr/L at the best fermentation time of 96 hours with the obtained bioethanol content of 7% or 55.25 g/L.