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Prior to the Age of Mass Migration, Germans left central Europe to settle primarily in modernday Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Ukraine and Russia. Despite the harsh conditions that the first generation of settlers had to endure, their descendants often fared better, not worse, compared to native population groups. This study offers a possible explanation for this surprising outcome. We use data on approximately 11,500 individuals to estimate and compare basic numeracy scores of German settlers and other populations groups in target regions. We find that German settlers generally had superior basic numeracy levels, suggesting that these settlers must have contributed positively to the human capital endowment in their target regions. The numeracy of Germans was somewhat higher than the numeracy of Hungarians and substantially higher than the numeracy of Russians, Ukrainians and Serbs. We do not find noteworthy differences in terms of numeracy between German emigrants and the population they left behind, suggesting the absence of substantial migrant selection.

Lateral fruiting in walnut is an important feature and many breeding programs follow this criterion. Following the evaluation of walnut genotypes from Padea population (Romania), a genotype with fruiting in clusters (P1) was identified, located on its own roots. The paper presents the phenological and pomological characteristics of this perspective genotype. The results obtained show that at the age of 15, the tree has a height of 9.2 m, a trunk height of 1.1 m, a trunk circumference of 75 cm, a trunk diameter of 23.88 cm, it is fruiting in clusters, the number of nuts/clusters is between 5 and 11 nuts. The flowering period is in the 2nd half of April, the genotype being protandrous. The average weight of nut is 10.73 g, and kernel percentage is 51.55%. The coefficients of variability indicate a high uniformity of nut within the cluster in terms of physical characteristics. In conclusion, the P1 genotype sums up several valuable characteristics (nut weight, kernel percentage, fruiting constancy) and will be focused on genetic conservation, and also for introduction into culture. It was propagated by grafting, and it is going to be studied in culture.

The establishment of European colonies across the world had important demographic consequences because it brought together diverse and distant civilizations for the first time. One clear example of this phenomenon is observed in the Canary Islands. The modern Canarian population is mainly the result of the admixture of natives of North African origin and European colonizers. However, additional migratory flows reached the islands due to the importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugarcane and the intense commercial contact with the American continent. In this review, we evaluate how the genetic analysis of indigenous, historical and current populations has provided a glimpse into the Canary Islands’ complex genetic composition. We show that each island subpopulation’s characterization is needed to fully disentangle the demographic history of the Canarian archipelago. Finally, we discuss what research avenues remain to be explored to improve our knowledge of the impact that the European colonization had on its native population.

espanolIntroduccion El objetivo fue analizar la frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta en atencion primaria ordinaria y en urgencias pediatricas hospitalarias de la poblacion pediatrica autoctona y de origen inmigrante, y su asociacion con variables socioeconomicas. Pacientes y metodos El estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes se realizo en 301 ninos de 2 comarcas de Guipuzcoa. La poblacion inmigrante se represento siguiendo la proporcion real por nacionalidades en 2011. La poblacion autoctona respeto la misma distribucion por edades que la poblacion inmigrante. La muestra fue seleccionada por aleatorizacion simple. La frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta se obtuvieron a traves de las bases datos administrativas. Los datos socioeconomicos se obtuvieron a traves de una encuesta presencial ad hoc, dirigida a los tutores de los sujetos a estudio. Resultados No se observan diferencias en la frecuentacion ni en la duracion de las consultas. El perfil del nino significativamente mas frecuentador a atencion primaria ordinaria respondio a los ninos de 0 a 6 anos, con un hermano como maximo. Este perfil se repitio a la hora de asistir a urgencias hospitalarias. Por su parte, respecto al tiempo de consulta ambulatoria destaco la relacion entre ser madres con estudios universitarios o superiores y realizar consultas mas largas. Conclusiones La edad, el numero de hermanos y el nivel de estudios de la madre son las variables que mejor han explicado la variabilidad en cuanto a la frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta, afectando a ambos grupos de poblacion infantil en el mismo sentido y por igual. EnglishIntroduction The aim of the study was to analyse the frequency and time of consultation in Primary Care and in paediatric hospital emergencies, between the native (Spanish-Born) paediatric population and children of immigrant origin, as well as its relationship with socioeconomic variables. Patients and methods The retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on 301 children in two regions of the Basque Country (Gipuzkoa). The immigrant population was represented following the proportion of nationalities distribution in 2011. The native population had the same age distribution as the immigrant origin population. The sample was selected by simple randomisation. Frequency and consultation time data were obtained through the administrative databases. An ad hoc face-to-face survey, addressed to the guardians of the study subjects, was carried out in order to obtain socio-economic data. Results No differences were observed in frequency or mean duration of the consultation visits. The profile of the significantly more frequent child in Primary Care responded to children from 0 to 6 years old, with maximum one sibling. This profile was repeated when attending hospital emergencies. On the other hand, as regards outpatient consultation time, the relationship between mothers with a high education level or university degree and longer duration of Primary Care visits was highlighted. Conclusions Age, the number of siblings, and mother's education level were the variables that have best explained the variability in terms of frequency and time of consultation, affecting both groups of children equally and in the same direction.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention at improving Oral Health Professionals (OHP's) knowledge of HPV and comfortability to discuss vaccination with their American Indian and Alaskan Native patients. OHP's attended an educational lecture covering HPV vaccination. Participants completed four validated questionnaires that encompassed a sociodemographic survey, a pre-lecture questionnaire (pre-Q), a post-lecture questionnaire (post-Q), and a follow-up questionnaire (follow-Q). The McNemar test was used to assess the significance of marginal probabilities in the responses between the pre-Q and post-Q and the Chi-square test to assess responses between the post-Q and follow-Q. A total of 122 OHP's completed the sociodemographic survey, pre-Q, and post-Q. Among these, 29 OHP's completed the eight-week follow-Q. The majority of all the participants were White/Caucasian (41%), 31 to 60years of age (72%), females (64%), and held a graduate/professional degree (52%). Analysis of the pre-Q responses showed that only 6.8% of OHP's discuss the connection between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer with patients and a lack of information on the topic was the major barrier reported. After the educational intervention (post-Q), 86.5% of OHP's reported they were more likely to recommend the HPV vaccine and 69.8% felt more comfortable administering it. Comparison between the pre-Q and the post-Q showed a significant improvement in overall HPV knowledge. Similarly, a comparison between the post-Q and the follow-Q showed retained knowledge overtime. Our study suggests that the educational intervention was effective at improving OHP's knowledge of HPV and enhancing their comfortability and preparedness to discuss the vaccination with their patients.

The last few years have witnessed an explosive generation of genomic data from ancient and modern Native American populations. These data shed light on key demographic shifts that occurred in geographically diverse territories of South America, such as the Andean highlands, Southern Patagonia and the Amazon basin. We used genomic data to study the recent population history of the Mapuche, who are the major Native population from the Southern Cone (Chile and Argentina). We found evidence of specific shared genetic ancestry between the Mapuche and ancient populations from Southern Patagonia, Central Chile and the Argentine Pampas. Despite previous evidence of cultural influence of Inca and Tiwanaku polities over the Mapuche, we did not find evidence of specific shared ancestry between them, nor with Amazonian groups. We estimated the effective population size dynamics of the Mapuche ancestral population during the last millennia, identifying a population bottle-neck around 1650 AD, coinciding with a period of Spaniards’ invasions into the territory inhabited by the Mapuche. Finally, we show that admixed Chileans underwent post-admixture adaptation in their Mapuche subancestry component in genes related with lipid metabolism, suggesting adaptation to scarce food availability.

Objectives-This report presents a mortality profile of the U.S. non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) population for 2019. Standard mortality statistics, adjusted for race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates, are provided along with comparisons with the three major U.S. populations: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.

Simple Summary Aggressive-invasive species often interact with native ones, thus considerably changing the biological communities, with ecological, economic, and even social effects. It is a challenge to evaluate the direction and the rate of microevolution in native and introduced populations. One of the ways to do this is to estimate the genetic diversity. An introduction often imposes a reduction in population size (genetic drift, bottleneck, founder effect), which has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. However, after a lag, the genetic diversity can be restored due to repeated invasions (multiply introductions), hybridization between individuals from two different subspecies or species in the invaded ranges, as well as during rapid genetic changes under selection pressures in the novel environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity in successful invasive species Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, and whether it may be associated with the strategy of their further expansion. Abstract In our study, two aggressive-invasive species, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, were investigated. The success in naturalization of both species is associated with human activities, since they have been used in agriculture and floriculture and both have qualities such as environmental tolerance, high fertility and phenotypic plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity of both species. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., genetic diversity was compared in invasive and native populations. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity was compared in variety, feral and invasive populations. A genetic diversity was formulated using RAPD, ISSR and REMAP. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., the average genetic diversity within the invasive population was similar (0.432), but slightly less (0.502) than within the native Caucasian population. This may suggest the successful naturalization of invaders and almost complete reconstruction of their genetic diversity. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity for the invasive population was the highest, with an average of 0.294, while for variety, it was the lowest, with an average of 0.194. The feral population had an intermediate place with an average of 0.248, which could suggest an increase of diversity in the process of naturalization.

Fil: Nuñez, Yamila Irupé. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina. Fil: Nuñez, Yamila Irupé. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina. En Argentina, la propuesta de una Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (eib) surge en 1999 como un enfoque flexible y abierto, dirigido a atender las necesidades de aprendizaje de las poblaciones indígenas, sus intereses y expectativas. No obstante, la eib se implementó de manera dispar tanto en el tiempo como en la modalidad, con considerables variaciones según la provincia y la población originaria a la que estaba destinada. A partir de las experiencias educativas y laborales de un auxiliar docente indígena (adi) mbya-guaraní de la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina), este artículo tiene como propósito presentar cómo se llevó a cabo el proceso de incorporación de la población guaraní de Misiones en la educación formal de la sociedad dominante y las implicancias tanto individuales como comunitarias de ello. In Argentina, the proposal of Intercultural Bilingual Education (ibe) emerged in 1999 as a flexible and open approach, aimed at meeting the learning needs of indigenous populations, their interests and expectations. However, ibe was implemented unevenly both in time and modality, with considerable variations depending on the province and the native population for which it was intended. Based on the educational and work experiences of a mbya-guarani indigenous teaching assistant (adi) in the Province of Misiones (Argentina), the purpose of this article is to present how the process of incorporation of the Guarani population of Misiones into the formal education of the dominant society was carried out and the individual and community implications of this process. Na Argentina, a proposta de uma Educação Intercultural Bilingue (eib) surge em 1999 como um enfoque flexível e aberto, dirigido a atender as necessidades de aprendizagem das populações indígenas, seus interesses e expectativas. Porém, a eib se implementou de maneira desigual tanto no tempo como na modalidade, com consideráveis variações segundo a província e a população originária à que estava destinada. A partir das experiências educativas e laborais de um auxiliar docente indígena (adi) mbya-guaraní da Provincia de Misiones (Argentina), este artigo têm como propósito apresentar como realizou o processo de incorporação da população guarani de Misiones na educação formal da sociedade dominante e as implicações tanto individuais como comunitárias disso.

We examine the effect of ethnic residential segregation on short- and long-term education and labor market outcomes of immigrants and natives. Our identification strategy builds on the one-sided tipping point model, which predicts that neighborhood native population growth drops discontinuously once the immigrant share exceeds a certain threshold. After having identified a statistically and economically significant discontinuity in native population growth at candidate tipping points in the three metropolitan areas of Sweden between 1990 and 2000, we show that these thresholds also are associated with a discontinuous jump in ethnic residential segregation. We exploit these thresholds to estimate the intent-to-treat effect of tipping. We find modest adverse education effects among both immigrants and natives. These effects do not carry over to the labor market.

Labour resources of countries are important for their economic growth and national security. The problem of the native population decline in many countries is solved by increasing an influx of international immigrants. Russia is not an exception. The main research object of this study is the special category of immigrants - foreign-born population. The character of integration of foreign-born population on the Russian labour market is the main research subject in this study. For our analysis we use the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey data of 2006-2012 and apply Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions. Our findings show that integration of the foreign-born in the Russian labour market depends on their ethnicity and income level. The ethnic Russian foreign-born have similar income compared to the natives. However, income of the non-Russian ethnic foreign-born is lower than income of the natives. At the same time, the income differences between two groups decrease with their income level growth.

What are the security consequences of population movements? This article seeks to provide a better understanding of when, how, and under what conditions terrorism diffuses across countries via migration flows as a vehicle. We contribute to this debate by studying the influence of migrants’ cultural proximity to the native population of their host country. It is argued that cultural closeness can contain such terrorism diffusion. Similarities in societal norms, customs, or beliefs seem likely to induce trust in the social interactions between migrants and locals. This, in turn, makes it more difficult for terrorist organizations to exploit transnational population movements for radicalization and as a recruitment pool – one of the core mechanisms linking population flows with terrorism. Conversely, migrants from culturally distant societies may find it more challenging to integrate into their new homes. A fertile ground for terrorist organizations for the recruitment of new followers is thereby more likely. Our analyses present consistent evidence that the effect of terrorism diffusing across countries weakens when accounting for cultural closeness between migrants and host societies. This key finding of our research has crucial implications for policy’s and scholars’ understanding of terrorism, the diffusion of terrorism across countries, and the security consequences of population movements.

The number of female marriage migrants in East and Southeast Asia has grown significantly over the past three decades. However, little is known about the health of this population. Following Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19-32, 2005) framework, a scoping review of English language research databases was used to synthesize knowledge on the health of Asian marriage migrants. This will be used to inform recommendations for health care practice and research. Fifty-five eligible studies were included and presented using five identified categories-mental health, women's health and maternal-child health, public health, general well-being, and social challenges. Overall, studies consistently document that marriage migrants experience worse health outcomes, multiple barriers to health care services, and multilevel social challenges compared with the native population in the receiving countries.

Background Most first-generation migrants have lower mortality compared to the native population. Finnish-born migrants in Sweden instead have higher mortality; possibly because of health behaviours established before migration. To increase our understanding of this excess mortality, we compared the cause-specific mortality of Finnish migrants in Sweden to both the native population of Sweden and the native Finnish population residing in Finland. Methods We used Swedish and Finnish register data, applying propensity score matching techniques to account for differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the migrants, Swedes and Finns. The index population were Finnish migrants aged 40–60, residing in Sweden in 1995. We compared patterns of all-cause, alcohol- and smoking-related, and cardiovascular disease mortality across the groups in the period 1996–2007. Results Finnish migrant men in Sweden had lower all-cause mortality compared to Finnish men but higher mortality compared to the Swedish men. The same patterns were observed for alcohol-related, smoking-related and cardiovascular disease mortality. Among women, all three groups had similar levels of all-cause mortality. However, Finnish migrant women had higher alcohol-related mortality than Swedish women, similar to Finnish women. Conversely, migrant women had similar levels of smoking-related mortality to Swedish women, lower than Finnish women. Conclusions Finnish-born migrants residing in Sweden have mortality patterns that are typically in between the mortality patterns of the native populations in their country of origin and destination. Both the country of origin and destination need to be considered in order to better understand migrant health.

Introducción: El acceso de las personas migrantes venezolanas al sistema de salud es fundamental para su supervivencia y bienestar futuro. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los niveles de afiliación a dicho sistema de las personas venezolanas en las áreas urbanas de Colombia por periodos de arribo, así como los factores sociodemográficos y laborales asociados. Metodología: Se realiza análisis cuantitativo de tipo estadístico descriptivo e inferencial, a partir de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares 2018, la cual aporta datos representativos para Colombia y sus 13 ciudades más importantes. Se utilizan los módulos de migración, de variables sociodemográficas del hogar y de ocupación relativos a la población de 14 a 65 años. Resultados: Únicamente 24,5 % de dichos migrantes están inscritos al sistema de salud en contraste a 93 % de las personas colombianas. Los niveles de afiliación se redujeron de 82 % entre las personas venezolanos que arribaron en 2013 o antes a 10 % entre los que llegaron en 2017-2018. Las personas venezolanas afiliadas al sistema de salud son una población selecta en términos sociodemográficos; más joven, más educada, con mayor participación laboral y mayores ingresos que la población nativa en Colombia. La baja inserción de las personas migrantes venezolanas en empleos con contrato escrito restringe dicha afiliación. Conclusiones: Las personas venezolanas en Colombia tienen muy limitada la inscripción al sistema de salud. A pesar de que este es un derecho protegido por los marcos jurídicos internacional y nacional, estas personas enfrentan barreras económicas, políticas y sociales para ejercer ese derecho en Colombia.

What affects native support for immigration? At a time of rising anti-immigration sentiments, this is a question raised by both academics and policy makers. We study the role of labor protection in shaping native preferences over migration policies. We look at Swiss national votes which took place from 2000 to 2014. Our results show that a higher immigrant exposure reduces pro-immigration vote shares in municipalities with a relatively low-skilled native population. The negative response is mitigated under higher levels of labor protection as measured by collective bargaining coverage. We look at labor market outcomes to understand mechanisms at play and find some suggestive evidence that collective agreements mitigate negative wage responses among low-skilled natives. Overall, the analysis suggests that labor protection affects vote outcomes by improving in addition other labor market conditions or by alleviating existing fears among the native population.

In a world of hardening borders, nations may deprive themselves of enjoying the benefits of cooperative immigrants. Here we analyze the effect of efficient cooperative immigrants on a population playing public goods games. We considered a population structured on a square lattice with individuals playing public goods games with their neighbors. The demographics are determined by stochastic birth, death, and migration. The strategies spread through imitation dynamics. Our model shows that cooperation among natives can emerge due to social contagion of good role-model agents that can provide better quality public goods. Only a small fraction of efficient cooperators, among immigrants, is enough to trigger cooperation across the native population. We see that native cooperation achieves its peak at moderate values of immigration rate. Such efficient immigrant cooperators act as nucleation centers for the growth of cooperative clusters, which eventually dominate defection.

This paper studies the Christianization, and consequent indigenization of faith, by the Māori on the North Island of New Zealand in the nineteenth century. The Christianization of the Māori illuminates the process of indigenization by which foreign faiths are adopted by native populations. In examining the Christianization of the Māori, one can come to understand the process of indigenization, that is the adoption of a foreign faith by a native population. Understanding the conversion process by the British on an indigenous population allows contemporary scholars to not only acknowledge the truth of the past, but also move forward with explanations regarding the current state of relations between settlers (Pākehā) and the indigenous (Māori), as well as between the Māori and their varying faiths. Specifically, in this paper Iargue that the process of conversion, as well as the impact of missionization and Pākehā desire for land, contributed to the development of Māori prophetic movements, an indigenized form of faith, which exemplified the complexities of British missionization in the nineteenth century.

Introduction: Very few community-based studies are centered on the native population of India and to our best knowledge this study is the first of its kind that aims to throw light on the chewing patterns and its effect on patients suffering from OSMF in the indigenous population of Andaman and Nicobar. This study aims to correlate between tobacco associated adverse habits and prevalence & severity of OSMF in indigenous population of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Material and Method: The study was conducted in Port Blair, Andaman in June 2014.The study population consisted of 500 residents of age 22-84 years with known tobacco usage who were screened clinically. Results & Discussion: Nearly 144 patients were diagnosed clinically with OSMF. Thus, a prevalence rate of 28.8%, which was comparatively higher to previous tribal studies in central India. This study is novel to the Andaman Islands and served as a potential tool to educate the natives on the tobacco consumption habits.

Las translocaciones han sido una importante herramienta de manejo para la restauración de poblaciones de borrego cimarrón (Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam, 1901) en su rango histórico en Canadá, Estados Unidos y México. Estudios recientes han sugerido que la depredación del puma (Puma concolor stanleyana Goldman, 1938) tiene importantes efectos sobre la dinámica poblacional en grupos reintroducidos y nativos de borrego cimarrón en áreas donde esta especie es simpátrica con venado bura (Odocoileus hemionus crooki Mearns, 1897). Nuestra hipótesis es que, el tamaño de la población de venado bura determinará el tamaño de la población de los pumas que a la vez ejercerá presión sobre la población del borrego cimarrón. El estudio se basó en el monitoreo de 69 borregos cimarrones (28 machos, 41 hembras) capturados con una la técnica de rifle red desde un helicóptero; 43 borregos (3 machos, 40 hembras) fueron equipados con radio collares con sensores de mortalidad y liberados en 3 períodos entre los años 2009, 2012 y 2014; medimos la depredación por puma sobre borrego cimarrón instrumentados con radio collares de telemetría a través de MICROMORTS y la estimación de la densidad del venado bura a través de conteos físicos e índice de relativa abundancia de puma por medio de huella y/o signos en los años de 2009 al 2016. Analizamos las variables mediante un modelo de regresión múltiple encontrando una asociación lineal entre las variables, y la presión que ejerce sobre la población de borrego cimarrón.

Objective Estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations and related disabilities of an urban population living at high altitude in Juliaca, Puno, Peru, using the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) questionnaire and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) Disability Index. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 1095 people. In each interview, the COPCORD methodology and the HAQ were applied. The city was divided into 8 sectors. Results In all, 614 (56.1%) women were evaluated; 44% were from the Quechua community and 5.1% were Aymara. Before the final 7 days of the study, 132 people (12.05%; 95% CI 9.99–14.11) reported musculoskeletal pain. During the final 7 days of the study, 347 people (31.69%; 95% CI 28.36–35.02) who were predominately women (218; 35.5%; 95% CI 30.8–40.2) reported musculoskeletal pain. The most frequent rheumatic diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (1.27%), gout (0.64%), hand osteoarthritis (OA) (2.83%), knee OA (1.55%), hip OA (0.37%), fibromyalgia (1.09%), and soft tissue rheumatism (8.86%). The HAQ showed an incremental increase proportional to age. The HAQ average for the population was 0.18 (±0.36). Ten people (5.71%) of 175 with rheumatic disease received the services of a shaman. Conclusion It is the first COPCORD study in an urban native population living at high altitude in Peru. The population affected by chronic rheumatic disease preferred professional rather than traditional care; this population had access to limited medical services. Impaired functional capacity measured by HAQ was associated with advanced age.

This article examines the language legislation of the United States territory of Guam as stated in the Organic Act of Guam (1950) and its legal statutes. The article seeks to offer suggestions about how the quality of this language legislation might be improved. As in a few states in the United States (i.e., Hawaii, Louisiana, and New Mexico), Guam established linguistic laws with provisions that protect the language rights of Chamorro speakers, the native population of Guam, especially in the areas of education and language standardization. In spite of the impressive array of language laws enacted by Guam’s legislature to teach Chamorro language and culture in the schools for more than half a century, the use of English is increasing, while that of Chamorro continues to shrink in Guam, which may be due to a lack of buy-in by the indigenous Chamorro population with respect to the importance of expanding the use of this language for the purpose of maintaining a modern-day Chamorro identity.

Migrants are more likely, earlier and more severely affected by type 2 diabetes than the native population. Prevalence, incidence and mortality in this population group, whose proportion of the total population continues to grow, are increased by a factor of 2 – even stronger depending on ethnicity, country of origin, gender and socio-economic conditions. This makes it necessary to pay special attention to this group.

This work was designed to investigate biological impacts on blue mussels (Mytilus edulis spp) after being exposed to diesel spill. On December 2013, an 180,000-litre accidental acute diesel spill was reported in a small harbour of northern Norway (Skjervoy). In order to assess the biological effects on the wild population of blue mussels, bivalves were collected at three different locations: at the oil-spill spot, at the other side of the harbour (opposite the oil-spill area), and in an uncontaminated site. Body burden and seawater samples were collected from a few days up to five months after the diesel spill. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and immunological effects were assessed in the blue mussels digestive glands. Our findings reported significant modulation of GST (detoxification), SOD (antioxidant response) and MDA (lipid peroxidation) in bivalves exposed to diesel with a similar response at two and five months after the spill. Laccase-type enzyme also highlighted an important aspect in terms of biomarker response of the immune function. Overall, our study demonstrated that some biomarkers returned to basal levels a few months after the diesel spill. Consequently, it highlighted the usefulness of normalised tools and guidelines for biomonitoring strategies after a diesel spill.

North European invasion by common ragweed is associated with earlier flowering, dominant changes in FT/TFL1 expression, and reduced seed production., During the last two centuries, the North American common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) invaded a large part of the globe. Local adaptation of this species was revealed by a common garden experiment, demonstrating that the distribution of the species in Europe could extend considerably to the North. Our study compares two populations of common ragweed (one from the native range and one from the invaded range) that differ in flowering time in the wild: the invasive population flowers earlier than the native population under non-inductive long-day photoperiods. Experiments conducted in controlled environments established that the two populations differ in their flowering time even under inductive short-day photoperiods, suggesting a change in autonomous flowering control. Genetic analysis revealed that early flowering is dominantly inherited and accompanied by the increased expression of the floral activator AaFTL1 and decreased expression of the floral repressor AaFTL2. Early flowering is also accompanied by reduced reproductive output, which is evolutionarily disadvantageous under long vegetation periods. In contrast, under short vegetation periods, only early-flowering plants can produce any viable seeds, making the higher seed set of late-flowering plants irrelevant. Thus, earlier flowering appears to be a specific adaptation to the higher latitudes of northern Europe.

The ethnic and religious compositions of Nordic populations have been projected by Eurostat (Lanzieri, 2011), the Pew Research Center (2015), and Statistics Denmark (2015). These studies are updated and complemented in this paper. Lanzieri’s consideration of the native population is supplemented by taking into account assimilation via marriages between natives and foreign-background persons. Immigration to Nordic countries increased significantly in 2015, but, on the other hand, immigration restrictions have been put in place. Therefore, there are no reliable estimates of future immigration. In this situation, the paper’s “what if” projections, incorporating the average 2012–2014 net immigration level, serve as useful reference information. The projected demographic changes are similar in the four Nordic countries. The development is fastest in Sweden; in 2065, the share of the native population is to decrease to 49%, the Western population is projected to fall to 63%, and the Muslim population increase to 25%.

In an attempt to maximize genetic diversity, species reintroductions often target numerous source groups and occur over multiple years. However, the serial introduction of individuals from disparate locations can create unique patterns of genetic structure, with potential implications for demography and population connectivity. To investigate the genetic structure and connectedness of contemporary populations of serially reintroduced American martens ( Martes americana ) in Wisconsin, we sampled the source populations of Colorado, Minnesota, and Ontario, and the two reintroduction sites within the state. In a relatively small area (~ 7000 km 2 ), we detected six distinct genetic clusters, partitioned according to the original source groups. Source groups exhibited differing degrees of success, with Minnesota and Ontario signatures persisting and Colorado disappearing from the landscape. Two of the genetic clusters had unknown sources not attributable to the reintroduced populations, potentially arising from an early reintroduction attempt or the persistence of a cryptic native population of martens. Limited admixture between clusters was detected, yet we found evidence for the occasional dispersal of martens from each site to the other. Our results suggest that reintroductions can create strong and novel patterns of genetic structure − unseen for this species elsewhere or other vertebrates in the region − across small spatial scales.

Background: Since 1990, Vital Statistics reports show a dramatic decline in the total fertility rates (TFRs) of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women in the United States. Objective: We study whether the decrease in TFRs is due to a real change in fertility for a stable population; a compositional change in who identifies as AI/AN; or a methodological issue stemming from differences in identifying race across the data systems used to calculate fertility rates. Methods: We use data from the decennial US Census to study change in AI/AN fertility from 1980-2010. Results: We find declining TFRs when fertility is calculated within a single data system. Additionally, although TFRs are relatively stable within the subgroups of married and unmarried AI/AN women, the proportion of AI/AN women who are married has declined across birth cohorts. Conclusions: The decrease in TFRs for AI/AN women is a real change in fertility patterns and is not due to differences in racial identification across data systems. Contribution: We update knowledge of AI/AN fertility to include the decline in TFRs between 1980 and 2010.

This study is one of the first to look at migrants’ attitudes towards formal childcare, and the first one to do so by means of international comparison. The social investment strategy of the EU have, among other things, focused on expanding formal childcare to improve female participation in the labor market and to include children from disadvantaged backgrounds. The strategy has received a lot of positive public response, but the success of it hinges on support from the groups it targets, which includes migrants. We therefore tested whether migrants themselves share this positive view of the strategy. Using unique data from the survey “Migrants’ Welfare State Attitudes” (MIFARE), we compared the attitudes of nine migrant groups in three countries (The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany) with those of the native populations. We analyzed data in three different dimensions of attitudes towards childcare: (1) attitudes towards the organization of childcare (formal vs. informal), (2) attitudes towards public spending on childcare and (3) satisfaction with the provision of childcare. Drawing on theories concerning the effects of self-interest, gender values and country of origin, we postulated several hypotheses as to why migrants might differ from natives in their attitudes towards childcare. We found for the Netherlands and Denmark that migrants are less in favour of formal childcare than natives, though at the same time they ask for more public childcare spending and are more satisfied with the formal childcare provided than the native population. Results for Germany were more mixed. We also found that attitudes to formal childcare in the country of origin explain most of the attitude gaps between migrants and natives. This study is one of the first to look at migrants’ attitudes towards formal childcare, and the first one to do so by means of international comparison. The social investment strategy of the EU have, among other things, focused on expanding formal childcare to improve female participation in the labor market and to include children from disadvantaged backgrounds. The strategy has received a lot of positive public response, but the success of it hinges on support from the groups it targets, which includes migrants. We therefore tested whether migrants themselves share this positive view of the strategy. Using unique data from the survey “Migrants’ Welfare State Attitudes” (MIFARE), we compared the attitudes of nine migrant groups in three countries (The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany) with those of the native populations. We analyzed data in three different dimensions of attitudes towards childcare: (1) attitudes towards the organization of childcare (formal vs. informal), (2) attitudes towards public spending on childcare and (3) satisfaction with the provision of childcare. Drawing on theories concerning the effects of self-interest, gender values and country of origin, we postulated several hypotheses as to why migrants might differ from natives in their attitudes towards childcare. We found for the Netherlands and Denmark that migrants are less in favour of formal childcare than natives, though at the same time they ask for more public childcare spending and are more satisfied with the formal childcare provided than the native population. Results for Germany were more mixed. We also found that attitudes to formal childcare in the country of origin explain most of the attitude gaps between migrants and natives.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of a range of factors on the decision of female Emirati students to join the private sector as a career choice. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritise the factors affecting Emirati students’ choice of career. The AHP model was developed with five criteria and 19 sub-criteria based on previous literature. Data were collected through interviews of 12 female Emirati students enroled in higher educational institutions in the UAE. The respondents were selected from both public and private universities on the basis of their majors and their academic performance (GPA). The data collected were interpreted and a priority vector was assigned to each criterion and sub-criterion. Findings The findings show that emotional stability for engineering students and job-skills mismatch for business students are the most important factors that influence the career choice of female Emirati students in the private sector. Research limitations/implications Authors can develop this model in their academic pursuits, and the AHP method can be used to solve employment-related decision-making problems in the private sector. Also, the findings can help policy makers and related associations to develop various policies based on the specific factors found to empower female Emirati students in the private sector in an effective manner. Originality/value The low rates of employment of the native population in the private sector is a major issue in the UAE. The study is the first of its kind to propose an AHP model that prioritises the factors which influence female Emirati students to join the private sector.

Sharpnose mullet, Liza saliens (Risso, 1810) is one of the valuable species in Caspian shoreline and it was first introduced to Caspian Sea from Black Sea between 1930 and 1934. In the present study, we used six microsatellite markers to obtain genetic information for L. saliens from four localities of southern Caspian Sea and for one native population from Greece coastline (northern Aegean Sea). Results showed lower number of alleles (Na = 5.7–6) and higher observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.74–0.83) in Caspian Sea samples, related to the native Aegean population (Na = 8, Ho = 0.68). Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations were detected in 19 out of 28 tests. Low genetic differentiation (provided Fst values) among samples was detected, but Behshahr sample was significantly differentiated from all the others. The UPGMA tree revealed three major clusters: the Behshahr sample and Greek population were clustered in two different clades, and the remaining three samples formed another cluster. The low genetic variation and spatial differentiation among Caspian Sea samples may be justified by the recent establishment.

In the 15th century, ∼900,000 Native Americans, mostly Tupí speakers, lived on the Brazilian coast. By the end of the 18th century, the coastal native populations were declared extinct. The Tupí arrived on the east coast after leaving the Amazonian basin ∼2,000 y before present; however, there is no consensus on how this migration occurred: toward the northern Amazon and then directly to the Atlantic coast, or heading south into the continent and then migrating to the coast. Here we leveraged genomic data from one of the last remaining putative representatives of the Tupí coastal branch, a small, admixed, self-reported Tupiniquim community, as well as data of a Guaraní Mbyá native population from Southern Brazil and of three other native populations from the Amazonian region. We demonstrated that the Tupiniquim Native American ancestry is not related to any extant Brazilian Native American population already studied, and thus they could be considered the only living representatives of the extinct Tupí branch that used to settle the Atlantic Coast of Brazil. Furthermore, these data show evidence of a direct migration from Amazon to the Northeast Coast in pre-Columbian time, giving rise to the Tupí Coastal populations, and a single distinct migration southward that originated the Guaraní people from Brazil and Paraguay. This study elucidates the population dynamics and diversification of the Brazilian natives at a genomic level, which was made possible by recovering data from the Brazilian coastal population through the genomes of mestizo individuals., M.A.C.e.S was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (2018/013716; 2015/26875-9) and K.N was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (PNPD/1645581); NIH (R01 GM075091).

Argentina is located in the southern cone of South America, stretching over an area of almost 2.8 million square kilometres and encompassing several very diverse geographical regions. As of 2016, the population of the country was about 44 million. Argentina is made up of 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The first Spanish settlement in the territories of what is now Argentina dates back to 1526. What was to become Argentina’s main port and city, Buenos Aires, was founded in 1536 but due to repeated attacks by the native population it was abandoned until 1580 when it was re-established. The colonization of the territory was mostly undertaken from neighbouring countries in the north.

Presentamos algunos resultados obtenidos del estudio osteoarqueológico realizado sobre los restos exhumados en la maqbara de la Plaza del Castillo de Pamplona. De las 172 sepulturas islámicas identificadas se han recuperado 177 esqueletos en diferentes estados de conservación. Demográficamente representa una población natural, propia de sociedades prevacunales, donde casi la mitad de la población falleció antes de alcanzar la edad adulta. Los datos patológicos han permitido reconocer diferentes enfermedades de origen infeccioso, metabólico, congénito y tumoral, entre otros. Destacan las lesiones de origen violento, que en cinco casos produjeron la muerte de los individuos, todos ellos hombres. Genéticamente se reconoce una población compleja con marcadores africanos, locales y mixtos. La identificación de manipulaciones dentales intencionadas, preferentemente en mujeres, permite reconocer marcadores culturales originariamente africanos, presentes igualmente en población genéticamente local, signo claro de la aculturación de parte de la población autóctona./n We present some results obtained from the osteoarcheological study carried out on the remains exhumed in the maqbara of the Plaza del Castillo de Pamplona. Of the 172 Islamic graves identified, 177 skeletons have been recovered in different conservation states. Demographically, it represents a natural population, typical of pre vaccine societies, where almost half of the population died before reaching adulthood. The pathological data have allowed recognizing different diseases of infectious, metabolic, congenital and tumor origin, among others. Injuries of violent origin are highlights, which in five cases resulted in the death of individuals, men in all cases. A complex population with African, local and mixed markers is genetically recognized. The identification of intentional dental manipulations, preferably in women, allows us to recognize originally African cultural markers, also present in the genetically local population, a clear sign of acculturation on the part of the native population./n

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), originates from South-East Asia and is now considered as an invasive species at a worldwide scale, with populations encountered in North and South America, Africa, and Europe. Several previous studies suggested that invasive populations display different behavioral and physiological traits, leading to a better fitness than native individuals. H. axyridis sex pheromone was identified recently, but only from individuals established in Europe. In this study, we compare the composition of the female sex pheromone of H. axyridis from two populations: (i) an invasive population in North America, and (ii) a native population in South-East China. We found the females originating from both populations to release in similar proportions the same five pheromonal compounds, namely β-caryophyllene, β-elemene, methyl-eugenol, α-humulene, and α-bulnesene. However, females from the North American strain release all five compounds in larger amount than the Chinese ones. Whether invasive individuals were selected during the process of invasion through their capacity to better call and find sexual partners remains to be confirmed.

Recent reports have found a rise in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in reproductive age women in the USA. Surveillance data suggests one group that is at increased risk of HCV infection is the American Indian and Alaska Native population (AI/AN). Using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate and the Indian Health Services, Tribal, and Urban Indian (IHS) databases, we evaluated reported cases of HCV infection in pregnant women between 2003 and 2015. In the NCHS database, 38 regions consistently reported HCV infection. The percentage of mothers who were known to have HCV infection increased between 2011 and 2015 in both the AI/AN population (0.57% to 1.19%, p < 0.001) and the non-AI/AN population (0.21% to 0.36%, p < 0.001). The IHS database confirmed these results. Individuals with hepatitis B infection or intravenous drug use (IDU) had significantly higher odds of HCV infection (OR 16.4 and 17.6, respectively). In total, 62% of HCV-positive women did not have IDU recorded. This study demonstrates a significant increase in the proportion of pregnant women infected with HCV between 2003 and 2015. This increase was greater in AI/AN women than non-AI/AN women. This highlights the need for HCV screening and prevention in pregnant AI/AN women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between immigrants and the native-born population concerning estimations of the feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur, and to examine the relationship between the propensity for risk-taking and the perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur. The paper developed the renewed application of the entrepreneurial intentions model, with perceived feasibility to be an entrepreneur expressed as an assessment of opportunity to act, and risk-taking propensity derived from an assessment of opportunity to succeed. This renewed approach enabled us to explain the paradox between immigrants' high entrepreneurial motivation and low perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur based on the risk homeostasis theory. The high level of apparent immigration-related risks experienced by immigrants in the past affects their risk-taking propensity, thus decreasing their perceived feasibility of establishing businesses.

“Kill the Indian in the Child.” On cultural genocide and transitional justice in Canada. Kate Korycki in an interview by Anna ZawadzkaThis is an interview with Kate Korycki on the reparations for the native population in Canada for what the Canadian government defined as “cultural genocide.” Kate Korycki was born in Warsaw and has lived in Toronto for 25 years. Until 2006 she worked for the Canadian Government in a ministry delivering federal social programs, like unemployment insurance and pensions. Her last job involved the implementation of the Common Experience Payment. This was the largest government program to offer reparations for the wrongs suffered by the indigenous population in Canada in residential schools, which were run for 150 years by the Catholic and Unitarian Churches. The schools have recently been characterized as sites of cultural genocide.Kate Korycki is completing her doctorate in political science at the University of Toronto. She holds an MA in Political Science from McGill University. Her broad research agenda concerns the politics of identity, belonging, and conflict. In her doctoral work she is concentrating on the politics of identity in time of transition. „Zabić Indianina w dziecku”. O kulturowym ludobójstwie w Kanadzie i sprawiedliwości tranzycyjnej z Kate Korycki rozmawia Anna ZawadzkaAnna Zawadzka przeprowadza wywiad z Kate Korycki na temat odszkodowań przyznanychrdzennym mieszkańcom w Kanadzie za to, co rząd kanadyjski określił mianem „kulturowego ludobójstwa”. Kate Korycki urodziła się w Warszawie i mieszka w Toronto od 25 lat. Do 2006 roku pracowała dla rządu kanadyjskiego, w ministerstwie spraw społecznych, takich jak bezrobocie czy emerytury. Jej ostatnia funkcja polegała na wdrożeniu „Zadośćuczynienia Wspólnego Doświadczania” (Common Experience Payment). Ten program był najszerszym gestem władz federalnych w postaci rządowych reparacji za krzywdy wyrządzone w szkołach rezydencyjnych wobec rdzennych mieszkańców w Kanadzie. Szkoły te były prowadzone przez 150 lat przez Kościół katolicki i unitariański. To właśnie działalność tych szkół została określona mianem kulturowego ludobójstwa.Kate Korycki pisze doktorat z nauk politycznych na Uniwersytecie w Toronto, po magisterium na Uniwersytecie Mcgill. Jej zainteresowania skupiają się na polityce tożsamości, przynależności i konflikcie.

The article investigates the question of continuity of ethnocultural development of native population of Ovruch region since the 10th–13th centuries. Genetic connection of autochtons of the Ovruch ridge with the Rus population of the region of princely times is a convincing argument in favour of the early medieval version of origin of Ukrainians.

Castilla y León es la comunidad autónoma de la que más jóvenes han salido, en términos relativos, hacia otras regiones del territorio español, con un balance especialmente deficitario entre la población con estudios universitarios. El elevado nivel de instrucción de la población local y un mercado de trabajo donde escasean los empleos cualificados, se traducen en la fuga del talento allende los límites regionales. A partir de los microdatos del Censo de 2011, estudiamos la posición de Castilla y León como región exportadora de personas con estudios superiores en el contexto nacional, el balance con otras comunidades autónomas, el grado de sobrecualificación en origen y destino y, mediante la aplicación de un modelo de regresión logística, los factores sociodemográficos que explican la emigración. Castile and León hold among all the regions the highest proportion of young adults living in other areas of Spain. The negative balance is higher in the case of people with university studies. The high level of education of the native population and a labor market where the qualified jobs scarce, are the main reasons explaining the region's brain drain. We use the microdata from the 2011 Census to analyze the status of Castile and León as a region exporting highly educated population to other areas in Spain, the migratory relation with other Autonomous Communities and the degree of overqualification in origin and in destination. In addition, we use a logistic regression model to capture the sociodemographic factors explaining internal migration.

We study the impact of the recent migration crisis on entrepreneurship in transit countries using a unique locality-level panel from the 2010 and 2016 rounds of the Life in Transition Survey for 18 European countries. To capture the exogenous variation in exposure to transit migration, we construct an instrument that exploits the distance of each locality to the optimal routes that minimise travelling time between the main origin and destination countries. We find that the entrepreneurial activity of natives falls considerably in localities that are more exposed to mass migration, compared to those located further away. We rule out mechanisms related to the outmigration of the local population and changes in local labour market conditions. Instead, our analysis suggests that increases in risk aversion and perceived political instability, accompanied by a decrease in governmental trust are the main mechanisms explaining the fall in entrepreneurial activity. Consistent with these results, we also document an increase in the anti-migrant sentiment while attitudes towards other population groups remained unchanged.

Background: Racial/ethnic residential segregation has been studied extensively, but few studies have focused on the growing population of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs). An examination of the group's residential patterns will contribute to an understanding of the social position of AIANs and the overall pattern of racial/ethnic residential segregation in the United States. Objective: What is the average level of residential segregation in 2010 across metropolitan and micropolitan areas with a substantial AIAN presence? What are the most and least segregated areas for this group? What are the causes and correlates of residential segregation for this group? Methods: I use the index of dissimilarity to measure the residential segregation of single-race and multiracial AIANs from non-Hispanic whites in 264 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, using data from the 2010 census. I also use data from the 2010 census and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey to estimate OLS regression models examining the possible causes and correlates of segregation levels across metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Results: The index of dissimilarity for single-race AIANs is 31.8, while for multiracial AIANs it is 23.6. For both single-race and multiracial AIANs, higher segregation levels are found in metropolitan areas with larger populations, a higher proportion of AIANs, more female-headed households, and a lower relative education level for AIANs. Conclusions: Relative to other racial/ethnic groups, AIANs - especially multiracial AIANs - experience low levels of residential segregation from non-Hispanic whites. Contribution: This is the first study that reports and examines residential segregation levels for AIANs using 2010 census data.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder caused by a structural abnormality of hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Clinical manifestations of SCD are mainly characterized by chronic hemolysis and acute vaso-occlusive crisis, which are responsible for severe acute and chronic organ damage. SCD is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, in the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and some Mediterranean regions. With voluntary population migrations, people harboring the HbS gene have spread globally. In 2006, the World Health Organization recognized hemoglobinopathies, including SCD, as a global public health problem and urged national health systems worldwide to design and establish programs for the prevention and management of SCD. Herein we describe the historical experience of the network of hemoglobinopathy centers and their approach to SCD in Italy, a country where hemoglobinopathies have a high prevalence and where SCD, associated with different genotypes including ß-thalassemia, is present in the native population.

Background Higher prevalence of selected birth defects has been reported among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) newborns. We examine whether known risk factors for birth defects explain the higher prevalence observed for selected birth defects among this population. Methods Data from 12 population-based birth defects surveillance systems, covering a birth population of 11 million from 1999 to 2007, were used to examine prevalence of birth defects that have previously been reported to have elevated prevalence among AI/ANs. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated for non-Hispanic AI/ANs and any AI/ANs (regardless of Hispanic ethnicity), adjusting for maternal age, education, diabetes, and smoking, as well as type of case-finding ascertainment surveillance system. Results After adjustment, the birth prevalence of two of seven birth defects remained significantly elevated among AI/ANs compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHWs): anotia/microtia was almost threefold higher, and cleft lip +/- cleft palate was almost 70% higher compared to NHWs. Excluding AI/AN subjects who were also Hispanic had only a negligible impact on adjusted PRs. Conclusions Additional covariates accounted for some of the elevated birth defect prevalences among AI/ANs compared to NHWs. Exclusion of Hispanic ethnicity from the AI/AN category had little impact on birth defects prevalences in AI/ANs. NHWs serve as a viable comparison group for analysis. Birth defects among AI/ANs require additional scrutiny to identify modifiable risk and protective factors.

Background: Migration is a very important and powerful factor of population dynamics. It can lead to evident genetic consequences, like allele frequency change, as well to non-direct effects by creating new environment for migrant genes to be realized, and different personality and somatic traits, governed by these genes, to be expressed, accordingly. Aim: The aim of this research was to assess the impact of migration on the level of empathy and aggression among native population and migrants of the Ukrainian megapolis. Subjects and methods: Altogether 444 males and 597 females – permanent residents of Kharkov aged 45–65 years passed a test for the level of aggression by Assinger's questionnaire and for the level of empathy by Mehrabian-Epstein's questionnaire. Results: Place of birth of both subjects and their parents was taken into account. The migration and the “alien” genes appear to increase the level of aggression and reduce the level of empathy. Combined action of these factors resulted in an average level of empathy by 15–16% and aggression by 5–6%. Conclusion: Variation in the level of aggression is much more dependent on the genetic factor (4%) rather than on the environmental (1.8%). The rate of the environmental factor in the empathy variation is 9%, when the genetic − 7%. Keywords: Migration, Ukraine, Aggression, Empathy

The objective of the study was to identify cowpea lines with protein and minerals high content, from one native population. Cowpea bean is an important nutritional alternative in the Colombian Caribbean. Thirty nine cowpea lines and five controls, including the parental population, under completely randomized design with five replications were evaluated. The analysis of variance revealed genetic variability between genotypes, suggesting the possibility of obtaining cultivars with nutritional benefits for consumers. The lines L-047, L-042, L-026, L-029, L-019 and L-002, whose protein content exceeded the parental Criollo-Cordoba between 6.28% and 8.42%, were identified. These promising lines could be used in the short term, as varieties or as a source of genes in breeding programs oriented to biofortification of cultivars of the same species.

The peculiar demographic situation in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states is assumed to have arisen as a consequence of the unique economic forces prevailing in this sub-region, where large stocks of temporary migrants are active in the overall labor market, and in three states foreigners outnumber the native population. The common understanding is that the influx of migrants to the Gulf countries has been driven by the transformative effect of oil and gas revenue. Gulf demography is considered a natural result of de facto economic conditions, where a paucity of local labor has come up against a region-wide booming, oil-driven development agenda. While accepting the primacy of economic forces in shaping the regional reliance on foreign labor, this paper suggests that the GCC's peculiar demography is also reflective of particular political choices made by the states. This paper examines two particular policymaking tools used widely across the region, namely — the kafāla (worker-sponsorship) s...

Invasive species are often able to establish and spread with the help of diseases they bring that can infect native competitors. But sometimes, seemingly successful invasions, in which the invasive species may reach high densities, suddenly collapse, with abrupt decline and extinction of the invader. Diseases have been implicated in invasion collapses, though the underlying mechanism accounting for the entire invasion arc is unresolved. In this study, we simulated a disease-mediated invasion (DMI) by constructing a susceptible-infected-susceptible model for infection and population dynamics of a native and an invasive species. We found that when a competitively dominant native species became an inferior competitor due to infection with the invader’s disease, the native population could often withstand replacement and could sometimes reverse the invasion by evolving an effective disease defense—a resistance-driven evolutionary rebound leading to invasion collapse. The collapse pattern depended on a lag between the disease advance and the invader advance, creating a region of time and space in which the native populations contended only with the disease, evolving disease resistance before confronting the competing invader. We determined the biological conditions and spatial scale in which a DMI may end in evolutionary rebound and collapse, and we present testable predictions for DMI community dynamics.

The relative importance of socio-economic factors on risk for suicide in the immigrant population may differ from that for the native population; however, few studies have addressed this issue on a national basis. With a nested case-control design and data from Norwegian population registers we identified 11,409 suicide cases in the years 1992-2012 and 191,785 sex-birthdate-matched controls. The influence of socio-economic factors on the risk for completed suicide was assessed through conditional logistic regression. Among 11,409 suicides, 1139 (10%) were individuals with an immigration background of either themselves or their parent(s). Suicide cases, as well as the controls, with an immigration background differed in several aspects of their socio-economic status from those without such a background. Being single or separated, divorced or widowed, was, however, associated with an increased risk of suicide regardless to the subjects' immigration background. Low level of education and low annual income significantly increased the risk for suicide in almost all the study subgroups. Living in the capital area was associated with a reduced risk of suicide in first-generation immigrants but an increased risk in native Norwegians. In conclusion, persons with an immigration background, as well as native Norwegians, shared most common risk factors for suicide, but the strength of associations between socio-economic factors and risk for suicide can differ by immigration background.