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Supervisor of postgraduate research and education must ensure that scholars are professionally developed and made competent not only in their respective fields but also come out as graduates out of the institutions as useful members of the society and role-models. So far, a supervision that ensures mutual respect and the observing of office hours for learning, meetings, seminars and work has been considered useful and important. The current Covid-19 outbreak in the entire globe has disrupted all educational activities to happen in the educational institutions and research laboratories. The declaration, as public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO), of the Covid-19, has required all governments and communities to contain, prevent and control this dreadful virus and infection. In this regard, people including students and teachers at all levels, have been forced to observe social distancing and establish working from their homes. This unique working situation has created the need to use alternative approaches to teaching and monitoring of learning and research activities. This writing aims to elaborate upon some aspects of remote teaching and supervision of graduate students. It is hoped that it will provide useful guidance both for supervisors and their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audio Visual Aids (A.V. Aids) are devices, which are used in teaching to make the learning experience more effective and dynamic. A.V. Aids have made improvements in learning process through involving the sense of hearing and/or sense of sight. The history of the A.V aids can be traced back to the Greek period, however, the technological advancement brought new innovations in the form of computer assisted programs and accessories. In comparison with developed countries, the developing countries including Pakistan experience the lack of modern A.V. Aids as well as the required technical know-how for their effective use. The aim of this paper is to explore the use of A.V. Aids, their type, teachers' training for their effective use, policy imperatives and role of private public schools in adoption of A.V. Aids in education in private schools in district Peshawar, KP province. To achieve objectives of the study, data was collected from teachers of private schools through close and open ended questionnaire. Information was also collected from books, government's reports, published research and internet. The findings show that A.V. Aids are used in all private schools in some form. However, there is no system to give formal training to teachers about the proper and effective use of A.V. Aids. The major A.V Aids used in schools are chalk board and white board, while about 60 % schools were found using pictures, maps, models charts and multimedia. The paper gives practicable suggestions to widen the use of A.V. Aids and enhance their effectiveness in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is a sustained march of human society towards high pedestals of civilization, and determines true destiny of a nation, striving amid hard pursuits for survival. Education is of different types depending upon the needs and demands, and resources available in a country. Owing to meager resources, and, the growing demands for education, especially in the developing countries; the governments alone are unable to fulfill the educational needs of the whole population adequately. Therefore, the private sector has entered in the education sector to help achieve the national targets set in a country. Although, private schools were nationalized in 1972 in Pakistan, the subsequent National Education Policies adopted in 1979, 1992-2002 and 1998-2010 have provisions to involving private sector in the educational development and delivery system in the country. This paper describes the temporal expansion of private public schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan and evaluates the same in Peshawar, the capital city as a case study, in terms of selected variables vis a vis the existing education policy. Data for the study was obtained from field survey using questionnaires, EMIS office of the Education Department, KP, research reports, books and internet. The study shows mushrooming growth of private public schools and greater increase in number of students in the province in general, and Peshawar in particular during 1998-2010. Despite progressive contribution in education, a high proportion of private schools were found without the essential infrastructure for students' entertainment and recreation. The policy imperatives provided to regulate activities and functioning of the private sector need urgent implementation to improve education quality and control the tendency of exploitation by the private education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]