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Residential segregation, as an expression of the socio-economic differences of the population in the territory, is a phenomenon that has been studied from different perspectives, since segregation spaces manifest themselves in different ways, depending on the socio-cultural context in which they occur. However, having tools that allow its systematic identification and characterization, facilitates its approach as public policy spaces, for the improvement of the population’s living conditions. In this paper, we present the conceptual and methodological bases to approach the phenomenon of residential segregation from a set of spatial variables that explain objectively its distribution, using a multicriteria evaluation model. Particularly, we analyzed the case of study of the border city of El Paso, Texas, and its colonias, considering basic services, accessibility and population characteristics variables, derived from 2015 census data. Results show the highest concentration of residential segregation in the so-called colonias, because of the income conditions, below the poverty line, the distance from the central business district of the city, the lack of public transportation routes, and the deficiencies in residential services. The spatially expressed segregation variables allow for a better understanding of the phenomenon in measurable terms.

Many of the six million residents of unincorporated communities in the United States depend on well-water to meet their needs. One group of unincorporated communities is the colonias, located primarily in several southwestern U.S. states. Texas is home to the largest number of these self-built communities, of mostly low-income families, lacking basic infrastructure. While some states have regulations that mandate minimum infrastructure for these communities, water and sewage systems are still lacking for many of their residents. Unprotected wells and self-built septic/cesspool systems serve as the primary infrastructure for many such colonias. This research was designed to probe how wells and septic/cesspool systems are influenced by heavy rainfall events. Such events are hypothesized to impact water quality with regard to human health. Inorganic and microbiological water quality of the wells in nine colonias located in Nueces County, Texas, were evaluated during dry and wet periods. Nueces County was selected as an example based on its flooding history and the fact that many colonias there depend entirely on well-water and septic/cesspool systems. The results demonstrate that well-water quality in these communities varies seasonally with respect to arsenic (up to 35 μg/L) and bacterial contamination (Escherichia coli), dependent on the amount of rainfall, which leaves this population vulnerable to health risks during both wet and dry periods. Microbial community analyses were also conducted on selected samples. To explore similar seasonal contamination of well-water, an analysis of unincorporated communities, flooding frequency, and arsenic contamination in wells was conducted by county throughout the United States. This nationwide analysis indicates that unincorporated communities elsewhere in the United States are likely experiencing comparable challenges for potable water access because of a confluence of socioeconomic, infrastructural, and policy realities.

Introducción: La Neutropenia Febril es una complicación potencialmente fatal del tratamiento del cáncer, relacionada con mayor morbilidad, mortalidad, disminución de dosis o retardo en los ciclos de quimioterapia, y resultados finales pobres. Estudios anteriores han demostrado el beneficio de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos en la reducción de tiempo de hospitalización, antibióticos intravenosos, fiebre y recuperación del conteo absoluto de neutrófilos. Se decide realizar el presente reporte ya que no existen datos respecto al manejo y respuesta al tratamiento en nuestro medio. Métodos: El presente estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, fue realizado en el Instituto del Cáncer SOLCA – Cuenca. Se revisaron las historias clínicas del período 2010 – 2011. Las variables analizadas fueron: número de días de hospitalización, fiebre, uso de antibióticos intravenosos, y días de recuperación de neutropenia a >500/mm3 y >1000/mm3. Resultados: La estancia hospitalaria tuvo una mediana de 6 días, los días de terapia antibiótica intravenosa fueron iguales a los días de hospitalización. 79 eventos se recuperaron a un conteo absoluto de neutrófilos >500/mm3, en una mediana de 4 días; 72 eventos se recuperaron a >1000 /mm3 en una mediana de 4 días. La mayoría de los eventos se volvieron afebriles en una mediana de 1 día. Conclusión: Los resultados de las variables estancia hospitalaria, uso de antibióticos intravenosos y la duración de la fiebre fueron similares a los ya descritos en estudios anteriores, la recuperación del conteo absoluto de neutrófilos, fue más tardía, mostrando diferencias importantes con la bibliografía.

The objective of this work was to determine the amitraz treatment effect against Varroa destructor on the population and food reserves of honeybee colonies, during the four seasons of the year in Mexico's central high plateau. 48 colonies with similar sister queens, homogeneous populations, food reserves, and Varroa infestation levels were used.12 colonies received acaricidal treatment in the summer, 12 in winter, 12 in summer and winter, and 12 were untreated. The Varroa infestation levels were determined in adult bees, worker brood, and by mites on the hives' floor for one year. The adult bee population, capped brood area, honey, pollen, and colony weight were also evaluated. There were statistical differences (P

Las colonias musicales son una propuesta educativa que combina la educación musical con la pedagogía del ocio. Este artículo, a través de una metodología cuantitativa pretende describir el perfil de alumnado y analizar las competencias personales (autoestima, creatividad y pensamiento constructivo/inteligencia emocional) y sociales (empatía y liderazgo) de una muestra total de 234 alumnos de colonias musicales de dos comunidades autónomas, mediante la aplicación de los cuestionarios RSES, CREA, CTI, TECA y LID. En base a estos resultados incluimos una serie de indicaciones y actividades que permitirían el desarrollo de dichas competencias. Music camps are an educational project that combines musical education and leisure education. This article, using a quantitative methodology, pretends to describe the profile of the students and analyse personal skills (self-esteem, creativity and constructive thought/emotional intelligence) and social skills (empathy and leadership) from and extract of 234 students of music camps from two regions of Spain, using the following quizzes: RSES, CREA, CTL, TECA and LID. Based on the results, we include a series of indications and activities that could benefit the development of these competencies.

Se estimó la población de abejas, áreas con cría, miel y polen en 150 colonias de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera) establecidas en las regiones semiseca templada, subhúmeda templada y semiseca semicálida de Zacatecas, México, durante las épocas de primavera y otoño. Las colonias de la región semiseca semicálida tuvieron significativamente más abejas y cría en otoño que las colonias de las otras regiones (P50,000), por lo que se sugiere que previo a floraciones se implementen estrategias tendientes a incrementar la población y reservas de alimento que contribuyan a la sobrevivencia de las colonias en el invierno y a mejorar su productividad.

A comienzos del siglo XVIII la monarqui?a hispa?nica dio inicio a una serie de reformas aplicables para todo el imperio pero con especial impacto sobre los territorios coloniales de Ame?rica. Dichas reformas se implementaron sobre a?mbitos tan diversos como la economi?a, la poli?tica, la administracio?n territorial y la defensa y la seguridad del imperio, entre otros. El propo?sito de dichas reformas fue ejercer un mayor control sobre los territorios imperiales, buscando sacar mayor provecho de sus recursos y fortalecer las arcas de la Corona, al tiempo que se mejoraba la gobernabilidad. La ampliacio?n y aplicacio?n rigurosa de las reformas a partir del reinado de Carlos III (1759-1788) dieron lugar a una serie de tensiones entre la metro?poli y una buena parte de la poblacio?n de los territorios coloniales afectada por las medidas, tensiones que profundizaron las contradicciones de un sistema que priorizaba los intereses de una parte en detrimento de los de la otra. Este trabajo constituye una reflexio?n acerca de la manera como medidas de tipo administrativo, aplicadas muchas veces sin considerar de manera integral los intereses y particularidades de las partes implicadas, constituyeron agentes de transformacio?n a nivel poli?tico, econo?mico, cultural y social de profundas consecuencias tanto para la metro?poli como para las colonias. Palabras clave: Reformas borbo?nicas, Carlos III, Ame?rica hispa?nica, Independencias, Siglo XVIII. ABSTRACT At the beginning of the eighteenth century the Spanish monarchy began a series of reforms applicable to the entire empire but with a special impact on the colonial territories of America. These reforms were implemented on areas as diverse as the economy, politics, territorial administration and the defense and security of the empire, among others. The purpose of these reforms was to exercise greater control over the imperial territories, seeking to take greater advantage of their resources and strengthen the coffers of the Crown, while improving governance. The extension and rigorous application of the reforms from the reign of Carlos III (1759-1788) gave rise to a series of tensions between the metropolis and a good part of the population of the colonial territories affected by the measures, tensions that deepened the contradictions of a system that prioritized the interests of one party to the detriment of those of the other. This work constitutes a reflection on how administrative measures, often applied without considering in an integral manner the interests and particularities of the parties involved, constituted agents of political, economic, cultural and social transformation with profound consequences for both the metropolis as for the colonies.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar el desarrollo poblacional, peso y la producción de miel de colonias de abejas (Apis mellifera) alimentadas con tres dietas energético-proteicas a base de un sustituto elaborado con levadura de cerveza y polen, en combinación con jarabe de maíz de alta fructosa al 55% (JMAF), o jarabe de sacarosa (JA), o jarabe de sacarosa invertido (JAI). Se utilizaron 90 colonias homogeneizadas en cuanto a tamaño poblacional, reservas de alimento y origen de las reinas, todas alimentadas con el suplemento proteico, pero además, 30 de ellas recibieron JMAF, 30 JA y 30 JAI. La población de abejas adultas, área de cría operculada, peso y producción de miel de las colonias se determinó a los 27, 49 y 76 días después de haber sido establecidas. Las colonias alimentadas con JMAF fueron significativamente más pesadas que las alimentadas con JA y JAI entre las cuales no hubo diferencias. Las colonias alimentadas con JMAF produjeron significativamente más miel (35.8±3.35 kg) que las alimentadas con JA (28.2±2.65) y con JAI (24.8±2.70 kg), entre las cuales no hubo diferencias. Los resultados sugieren que el uso de JMAF en combinación con un suplemento proteico en la alimentación de estímulo de colonias de abejas melíferas representa una opción más eficiente que el uso de JA y JAI con suplemento proteico.

El ácaro Varroa destructor es el principal problema de sanidad animal al que se enfrenta nuestra apicultura. La cuantificación de la población de este ácaro es un factor de gran importancia para la inspección veterinaria y los apicultores, además determina la necesidad de realizar o no realizar tratamientos. En este trabajo se evalúan diferentes métodos de diagnóstico: i) ácaros desprendidos con azúcar en polvo o etanol del cuerpo de abejas adultas barridas de cuadros de alimento y cría, ii) ácaros obtenidos de celdillas de cría de abejas obreras y iii) ácaros caídos a los fondos de las colmenas en un período de 4 días. El número de ácaros recogidos de los fondos de las colonias presenta una correlación positiva con el número total de ácaros presentes en las colonias. La cuantificación del número de ácaros presentes en las abejas adultas o en la cría de obrera solo puede ser utilizada de forma indicativa para el diagnóstico. El uso del azúcar en polvo solo desprende un tercio de los ácaros presentes en el cuerpo de las obreras adultas.

Resumen: El artículo examina un tópico clásico de la historiografía jurídica del siglo XIX, la afirmación de que la Monarquía Hispánica mantenía a los reinos americanos, sus supuestas colonias, en la ignorancia y el analfabetismo, impidiendo la difusión de libros, a fin de volverles dóciles y obedientes al absolutismo. Se abordan las principales iniciativas culturales de la Monarquía en relación con la difusión de las letras entre sus vasallos americanos. Y se exponen los orígenes liberales del anacronismo colonia que Claudio Gay y sus contemporáneos y continuadores emplearon para denominar al periodo indiano. Abstract: This article examines a classic topic of XIX legal historiography, the assertion that the Hispanic Monarchy kept the American kingdoms, their “colonies”, in ignorance and illiteracy, preventing the spreading of books, in order to make them docile and compliant to absolutism. The main cultural initiatives of the Monarchy in relation to the dissemination of letters among their American vassals are addressed. Besides, the liberal origins of the colony anachronism, that Claude Gay and his contemporaries and followers used to describe the Indian period, are exposed.

This study examines literacies practiced in bilingual households located in emerging communities along the Texas–Mexico border known as border colonias. Drawing on theoretical notions of space as geographic and temporal, the simultaneity of global and local forces at work in colonias, and expressions of agency that are ‘in between’ accommodation and resistance, we focus on the forms and practices of literacy that bilingual families are engaging in to satisfy financial and religious needs in Spanish and English. Through interviews and home visits with parents in two colonias, this qualitative study found diverse and interesting uses of written Spanish that can support children's biliteracy development even as the use of written Spanish is discouraged in schools and parents are ambivalent about the use of Spanish literacy for academic purposes. We identify four themes – what children learn through Spanish; child language socialization; biliteracy and human capital; and demographic and economic chan...

El artículo argumenta que en el norte de Coahuila, a lo largo del siglo xix, algunos nuevos centros de población estuvieron influenciados –en sus trazados y organización espacial– por los reglamentos para establecer colonias militares. Mediante una revisión del carácter doctrinario de sus medidas y disposiciones, y con el estudio del caso de El Remolino –entre otras colonias para civiles y repatriados, referidas con mero fin ilustrativo–, es posible corroborar una conocida idea según la cual las utopías mexicanas abrevaron de una tradición formada por breves resúmenes de ideales colectivos y no fueron ejercicios creativos de imaginación o fábulas ociosas. El empleo recurrente del damero, a decir del trazado de calles y manzanas en cuadros, permite avanzar en la definición de rasgos de un tipo de ciudad ideal que es necesario incorporar –por su larga persistencia en el tiempo– a la historia del urbanismo y de la planificación en el noreste de México, pues asoció una conciencia sobre las necesidades de la población con una concepción de la unidad artística.

La producción de miel en Uruguay se realiza fundamentalmente durante la primavera y el verano. Sin embargo, en la costa este los apicultores pueden extender su producción al otoño e invierno. Para analizar esta situación, se escogió un apiario en esa zona en el cual se registraron parámetros poblacionales, y se determinó el origen botánico de muestras de néctar y polen corbicular durante un año. Las colonias mantuvieron tamaños poblacionales relativamente altos. El polen de Eucalyptus spp. se destacó como dominante en la mayoría de las muestras tanto de néctar como de polen. Otras especies relevantes fueron Baccharis spp., Trifolium repens, Acacia longifolia, Lotus sp. y Eryngium spp.

Applying the concept of microlending to housing is gaining momentum as a practical alternative for those who are on the margin of mainstream financial services. Microlending has been widely researched in the context of developing countries, but less is known about how – and if – it works on marginalized groups in developed countries, specifically in relation to housing. Using the case of South Texas colonias, this paper explores a microlending program for home improvements and its capacity to impact the local economy. Basic data comes from the Nuestra Casa lending program database (609 clients) and from face to face interviews with a randomly selected sample of 138 clients. Our findings show that this program targets and serves clients from the unbanked population, who do not have access to other lending alternatives; further, 70% of the current clients are living below the poverty threshold; defaults rates are found to be low, indicating a capacity to pay loans based on income-to-debt instead of loan-to-debt ratios; and finally, it positively impacts the local economy, since labor and materials necessary to implement the improvements, are purchased locally. These findings should give us policy guidelines to evaluate lending programs that attached to local economies and are suited to serve the target populations.

In this article, we compare colonias in Texas and California and evaluate the federal policy relating to them. In Texas, designated colonias are recently subdivided but unregulated housing settlements that lack infrastructure. California's designated colonias are old communities, with varying demographics, infrastructure needs, and jurisdictional authority. Because subdivisions are strongly regulated in California, we did not expect to find designated colonias there. In actuality, there are over 30. However, federal policy is based on Texas colonias, and we argue that it is too broad because it fails to distinguish between inherently distinct areas and investment needs. Paradoxically, the federal criteria for defining colonias are also too narrow. Many locally designated colonias in California do not qualify for funding because they are not close to the Mexican border or exceed the population ceiling. Ironically, some of the colonias that fail to qualify have the worst housing conditions.

Tesis para obtener el grado de Magister Scientiae en Educación y Desarrollo Rural, de la Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, en noviembre de 2016 La construcción social del desarrollo rural, en un determinado tiempo y espacio , es el resultado o consecuencia de los sujetos sociales que conforman su territorio. Son ellos quienes constituyen el entramado social con el aporte de sus visiones, sus maneras de pensar y hacer, por los vínculos que entablan y, también por el posicionamiento que adoptan frente a las normas y prácticas sociales instituidas, sustentado en la capacidad reflexiva y el grado de participación en cuanto a lo comunitario o colectivo. EEA Valle Inferior Fil: Stiglauer, Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Valle Inferior; Argentina

The sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata inhabits tropical waters of all oceans. IUCN considers this species to be critically endangered and its populations are affected by illegal international shell traffic. We present a pioneer research for Colombia and the Tropical Eastern Pacific, since populations located in 1) Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, 2) Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo, and 3) Cabo de la Vela (Guajira) were genetically characterized using mtDNA control region sequences. Two new haplotypes for the Eastern Pacific were found, although with low diversity indexes (h: 0.2857 ± 0.1964; π: 0.0009 ± 0.0008). Five haplotypes were found for Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo’s populations, with high diversity indexes (h: 0.9333 ± 0.1217; π: 0.0089 ± 0.0056). Finally, Cabo de la Vela population presented relatively high diversity indexes (h: 0.6429 ± 0.0539; π: 0.0076 ± 0.0041). The genetic distance analysis revealed no significant differentiation between the Colombian Caribbean rookeries (Φst = 0.002, p > 0.05; Fst = 0.083, p > 0.05). However, significant differences were found between Cabo de la Vela nesting rookery and eight nesting rookeries along the Caribbean Sea, which is a genetic pattern characteristic of sea turtles on a global scale. Our phylogeographic analysis revealed a deep split between the Atlantic and the Pacific-Indian Ocean. For Atlantic phylogroup no clear clustering between haplotypes was perceived, while in the Pacific-Indian phylogroup a possible distribution of isolation by distance was observed. The divergence time reported in this study between the Atlantic and Pacific-Indian lineages suggests a separation that may have occurred between the Pliocene and Pleistocene (7 Ma), possibly influenced by the rise of the Panama Isthmus.

Resumen:El artículo presenta reflexiones y resultados de una investigación bibliográfica de carácter exploratorio realizada en el Máster en Educación Física, con el objetivo de buscar en la literatura, particularmente en las obras de Paulo Freire, subsidios teóricos y metodológicos que pudieran fundamentar la proposición de “Colonia Temática de Vacaciones”, sistematizada por la autora en estudios anteriores. El levantamiento bibliográfico fue hecho en la base de datos de la Universidad Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), en la Universidad Metodista de Piracicaba (UNIMEP) y en sitios web científicos, desde las palabras clave “ocio, educación, infancia, colonia de vacaciones”. Con respecto al método como trayectoria de raciocinio, el estudio tiene un enfoque filosófico, usando la dialéctica como opción en oposición a la lógica formal (Lefèbvre, 1983) y siendo impulsado por las ideas de Paulo Freire, particularmente, los conceptos de praxis, autonomía y temas generadores. Las consideraciones finales apuntan a supuestos que pueden contribuir a la actuación del animador en Colonia Temática de Vacaciones desde una perspectiva crítica, creativa y emancipadora en la cual la niñez es posicionada como el centro del proceso.Abstract: This article presents the reflections and results of an exploratory literature review conducted in the Postgraduate course in Physical Education. The objective was to search literature, especially the works by Paulo Freire, for the theoretical framework to support the author‟s proposal of a Thematic Vacation Camp, systematized in previous studies. The literature survey was conducted in the data-base of the State University of Campinas and the Methodist University of Piracicaba, and in scientific websites, such as Google Scholar with keywords: leisure, education, childhood, and vacation camp. As to the method, the study has a philosophical focus, chosing dialectics in opposition to the formal logic (Lefèbvre, 1983) and accompanied by the ideas of Paulo Freire, especially the concepts of praxis, autonomy, and generating themes. The final considerations point to assumptions that may contribute to the entertainer‟s work in Thematic Vacation Camps with a critical, creative, and emancipating perspective in which children are at the center of the process.

The history of the Salt River Valley is often characterized as a boomtown narrative that highlights the exploding Anglo population and rapid suburban sprawl that followed World War II. Frequently o...

In Texas, there are some 1500 so-called colonias housing an estimated 400,000 people mostly in peri-urban areas of the border region with Mexico. At the outset colonias are unserviced or poorly serviced low-income housing settlements in which lots have been sold by developers upon which residents place trailers, construct manufactured homes, or engage in self-build. Recent research is beginning to identify similar types of semi-formal homestead sub-divisions elsewhere in the United States, suggesting that this is a widespread and growing phenomenon. However, while many such sub-divisions are sold out, the proportion of lots actually occupied varies greatly, with anywhere between 15 and 80 percent of lots being left vacant. This creates multiplex problems for effective provision and cost recovery of physical and social infrastructure, as well as for effective formation of social capital necessary for active community participation and mutual aid in local development projects. Sometimes, the land allocation process also has led to confused occupancy and to conflict about rightful lot ownership. Although recent research has led to a better understanding about the nature of these sub-divisions, it is often difficult to trace the ownership of individual lots. This is especially the case with absentee owners. As the first step towards data collection about non-owners and about “clouded” land titles, this paper identifies and tests the effectiveness of various methods that can be used to trace this “invisible” population. Working in 20 such colonias in Texas, we show that property tax records offer the most complete and effective method of tracing absentee owners to their current address. The paper also offers suggestions about the possible effectiveness of different types of survey method to gather data about lot ownership and land market performance in homestead subdivisions. As an example of the application of this methodology, survey data are presented comparing colonia residents with absentee owners. The broader application of the methodology elsewhere in the United States as well as in some less developed county contexts is discussed.

This study examined stressors experienced by a group of Mexican‐American women living in rural areas along the Texas/Mexico border, as well as the methods employed to cope with the identified stressors. Major stressors were related to financial issues, with primary coping mechanisms including: involvement with others, spiritual involvement, as well as various activities (physical, creative, soothing). Implications for allied health professionals working with this population and intervention strategies are also discussed.

Mexican-origin older adults who live along the Texas-Mexico border experience high rates of poverty, food insecurity and hunger, and health disparities. Among this hard-to-reach population, promoto...

Colonias are communities along the US-Mexico border located in rural and peri-urban spaces along the US-Mexico border. This chapter discusses contemporary policies and local actions that have influenced the population within colonias in the border region, such as the passing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, which had a direct consequence on the displacement of textile workers in El Paso, Texas. Colonias are buffers between political economic factors tying Mexico and the United States. They are spaces that shelter people who are displaced by global trade policies including changes in farming, manufacturing, and the narcotic industries. This chapter focuses on how colonia residents challenge the daily challenges of the socioeconomic and environmental injustice caused by rural isolation, limited transportation, and political apathy while seeking to build their homes and their communities. Also highlighted are recent self-help efforts that have been critical in the building of horizontal and vertical community development processes that encourage colonia residents to engage one another as well as nonprofit and government entities in the construction of their homes and communities. The chapter concludes with recommendations for community-building priorities for colonias, calling for the development of private-public partnerships that support the creation of housing that is affordable, high quality, and flexible enough to grow with the needs and priorities of colonia families.

Nowhere is the scarcity of water more evident than in the Rio Grande Valley shared by Las Cruces, New Mexico, El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. The battle for control over water has already strained relations between the three cities, the three states and two national governments. The controversy brings out many of the fundamental questions that arise when the utilization of a valuable and relatively scarce resource is discussed. In this article we will analyze the way in which water has been allocated in El Paso County. We will address specifically the issue of El Paso County's colonias (the unincorporated rural settlements without basic water and sewage services). Neither governmental nor private entities (developers) have provided water or sewage service to the colonias . This, compounded with poor housing conditions, becomes a threat to all, as disease spreads rapidly in the unsanitary conditions present in many colonias . Why has the population in the colonias grown so rapidly? Why do the colonias have such poor infrastructure and lack so many services? What are the politics behind water apportionment in the county? These are some of the questions that this aricle will address. Section I will review the causes for the development of the colonias . Section II will describe the water resources available in the El Paso-Juarez region. In Section III, the politics of water allocation in the county will be discussed. Section IV describes efforts by Mexican Americans and the grassroots organization EPISO to bring water and waste treatment facilities into the colonias . Finally, in the conclusion, we review the lessons that can be learned about water disputes and Lagino empowerment.

Background Trends of increasing obesity are especially pronounced among Mexican-origin women. There is little understanding of dietary patterns among U.S.- and Mexico-born Mexican-origin individuals residing in new-destination immigrant communities in the United States, especially behaviors related to obesity, such as consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and fast-food meals (FFM). Methods The study used survey data of 599 adult Mexican-origin women from the 610 women who completed the 2009 Colonia Household and Community Food Resource Assessment (C-HCFRA), which was completed in person by trained promotora-researchers in 44 colonias near the Texas border towns of Progreso and La Feria. Data included demographic characteristics (age, education, nativity or country of birth, household income, household composition, and employment status), access to transportation, self-reported height and weight, food and nutrition assistance program participation, and consumption of SSB and FFM. Descriptive statistics were calculated by nativity (U.S.-born vs. Mexico-born); multivariable linear regression models were estimated for correlates of consumption of SSB and FFM. Results There are three major findings related to nativity. First, U.S.-born women consumed more SSB and FFM than Mexican-born counterparts in the same areas of colonias. Second, in the combined sample and controlling for other population characteristics, being born in Mexico was independently associated with FFM (fewer FFM), but not with SSB. Third, in analyses stratified by nativity, FFM and SSB were associated with each other among both nativity groups. Among Mexico-born women only, age, presence of a child, or being a lone parent was significantly associated with SSB; full-time employment, being a lone parent, and SSB consumption were each independently associated with increased frequency of FFM. Conclusions Our analyses revealed differences in prevalence and correlates of SSB and FFM based on country of birth. Nativity, as a proxy for acculturation, may indicate the extent that immigrants have adopted behaviors from their new environment. However, nativity could also indicate limited accessibility to resources such as food/nutrition assistance programs, transportation, and proper documentation. Additionally, future research should focus on expanding our understanding of the meaning of nativity among individuals who share common contextual factors, but may have different life course experiences and resources needed to transition into a new place. Additional measures should be considered such as educational and occupational background, migration history, documentation status, and dietary acculturation, which may better explain heterogeneity within Hispanic subgroups.

I. Introduction About thirty-eight million people live under what is considered poverty in the United States (USCB 2009), which is equivalent to 13 percent of the nation's population. This system, however, is a limited way to define poverty. Other authors have proposed different methods of approaching disadvantaged groups in terms of "exclusion" and "access" (Besharov and Germanis 2004; Bhalla and Lapeyre 1997), involving quality of life indicators from housing, health, and education to socialization and political participation. In this paper, I concentrate on two dimensions of a broad definition of poverty--the built environment and financial exclusion--and argue that they are the foundation of social justice. This paper speaks to these concepts through Texas colonias on the United States-Mexico border region. The thought path is based on our field work there since 2001, exploring various aspects of housing, economic activity and financial access, land tenure, and planning and development. Colonias are poor settlements, usually located in semirural areas on the outskirts of cities, along the border region with Mexico. Estimates suggest that in Texas, around half a million people live in over sixteen hundred colonias, where living conditions resemble those in developing countries. Colonia residents in Texas are mainly of Latino origin, although more than half are born in the United States. This paper focuses on poverty and exclusion in the context of these colonias. I first discuss poverty and how it is defined in the United States. Next I concentrate on two dimensions of poverty, the built environment and financial access, which become the core of the discussion on poverty and social justice. The following section focuses on Texas colonias and how the built environment and financial exclusion actually happen in these settlements. I present one successful microloan program that addresses these two aspects of poverty. Finally I draw some general conclusions and make a few policy recommendations. II. Poverty, Immigration, and the Unbanked According to the U.S. Census Bureau (USCB), thirty-eight million people are defined as living in poverty in the United States. The USCB uses a set of income thresholds varying by family size and composition to determine poverty in the country (USCB 2009). If the family or individual has an overall income less than a predefined threshold, then the family or individual is considered to be living in poverty. Income thresholds are updated yearly for inflation,. The 2008 poverty threshold for an individual under sixty-five years of age was $11,201. Poverty is highly concentrated in the United States, spatially, racially, and socially (Partridge and Rickman 2005). Figure 1 shows poverty rates by ethnic groups for the latest year official statistics are available with this level of detail (USCB 2009). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The highest poverty concentration is in minorities, mainly African Americans and Hispanics, and in recent immigrants. The bar graph shows that the poverty rate for all races was 12.5 percent. Comparing other races with this overall percentage, poverty rates for non-Hispanic whites (8.2 percent) and for Asians (10.2 percent) are relatively low, yet they are relatively high for African Americans (24.5 percent) and Hispanics (21.5 percent). A high proportion of the Hispanic population includes new immigrants, who are more likely to be classified as poor. Gender disparities are also prevalent. More females (14.5 percent) than males (11.6 percent) are poor (USBC 2009), due to the fact that the women/men earnings ratio is less than 1. A ratio higher than 1 would mean that women earn more than men, while a ratio of 1 would mean men and women have equal earnings. In 2007 this ratio was 0.775 at the national level. A ratio less than 1 is found in all fifty states, ranging from the lowest (0.63) in Wyoming to the highest (0. …

Este artículo se enmarca en un proceso de investigación que pretende explorar las posibilidades de las fotografías como fuente para la historia de la educación. La historiografía positivista del siglo XIX aportó un inmenso utillaje metodológico para analizar y someter a crítica las fuentes escritas. Por el contrario no tenemos suficientemente desarrolladas ni las técnicas ni los principios teóricos que nos permitan utilizar con soltura las fotografías como fuentes en historia. En este artículo se pretende un doble objetivo: avanzar en la exploración de los recursos y métodos que nos permitan mejorar el tratamiento de las fotografías como fuente histórica y hacerlo mediante el estudio concreto de una colección de fotografías de unas colonias de verano. La exploración de las fotografías como fuentes históricas se fundamenta en las aportaciones ciencias sociales como la etnografía, la sociología o la semiótica. La conclusión a la que se llega es que las fotografías nos pueden aportar información que difícilmente podemos obtener de otras fuentes pero, a su vez, es necesario que esta información sea comparada y contrastada con otras evidencias. En este caso se percibe la transición que se produce a finales del franquismo y en los primeros años de la democracia, desde una pedagogía del ocio que se fundamenta en modelos muy formalizados a otros más flexibles y basados en la espontaneidad, en la libertad y las actividades lúdicas., Este artigo é parte de um processo de pesquisa que visa explorar as possibilidades das fotografias como uma fonte para a história da educação. A historiografia positivista do século XIX trouxe imensas ferramentas metodológicas para analisar e criticar as fontes escritas. Apesar disso, não temos suficientemente desenvolvidos os princípios e as técnicas que nos permitem usar fluentemente as fotografias como fontes históricas. Este artigo visa dois objetivos: avançar na exploração de recursos e métodos que nos permitam melhorar o tratamento de fotografias como fonte histórica e fazê-lo através do estudo concreto de uma coleção de fotografias de um acampamento de verão. A exploração das fotografias como fontes históricas é baseada nas contribuições das ciências sociais, tais como a etnografia, a sociologia e a semiótica. A conclusão é que as fotografias podem fornecer informações que dificilmente se podem obter a partir de outras fontes, mas, por sua vez, é necessário que esta informação seja comparada e contrastada com outras evidências. Neste caso, podemos notar a transição que ocorre no final do franquismo e nos primeiros anos de democracia, entre uma pedagogia de lazer assente em modelos altamente formalizados e outros mais flexívels baseados na espontaneidade, liberdade e atividades recreativas., The background context for this paper is a research study aimed at exploring the potential of photographs as a source in the history of education. 19th century positivist historiography provided a huge number of methodological tools for reviewing and analysing written sources. In contrast, techniques and theoretical principles have not been sufficiently developed to facilitate the use of photographs as historical sources. This paper has a dual purpose: to make headway in exploring resources and methods that can improve the way in which photographs are used as historical sources and to do so by studying a collection of photographs of summer camps. Our examination of photographs as a historical source is based on contributions in the field of different social sciences. The conclusion we reach is that photographs can provide information that is hard to obtain from other sources, but this information must be compared and contrasted with other evidence. In this case, the transition that occurred in the final years of the Franco dictatorship and early years of democracy is perceptible, with a shift from a very formal model of leisure education to other more flexible ones based on spontaneity.

Colonias are nonincorporated communities located on the rims of larger urban centers throughout the U.S.-Mexico border. They are significant for understanding the inequities associated with elements of globalization such as free trade, industrialization, urbanization, and migration, for it is in specific places where the global becomes local. The analysis of cities adds to the “analysis of economic globalization,” which allows us to “reconceptualize processes of economic globalization as concrete economic complexes situated in specific places” (Sassen, 1998: xix). In Globalization and Its Discontents (1998), Saskia Sassen refers to places bound to each other by the dynamics of economic globalization as a “new geography of centrality.” Specifically, analyzing colonias offers scholars an opportunity to make the periphery the center of analysis in examining global phenomena, such as transnational migration and population settlement processes of immigrant enclaves within regions of the world that are critical to the transformation of capital, labor, and human interactions.

Colonias are rural, “squatter‐like” settlements of mostly substandard housing that develop along the U.S. border with Mexico. In Texas there are two major concentrations of colonias; one near El Paso in west Texas and the second along the Lower Rio Grande Valley, from McAllen to Brownsville in South Texas. This study develops remote sensing techniques for estimating the population of colonias in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The house count method is used in this study as it works best on small settlements and housing clustered on the rural landscape, places for which it is often difficult to gather accurate population data.The technique employs relatively large scale air photographs of individual colonias as a base for counting dwelling units. The number of dwelling units is then multiplied by the average number of residents per dwelling unit to provide an estimated total population for the colonia. The average number of residents per dwelling unit was determined by field interviews. The techniqu...

The small-sized rural colonias can be appropri ately termed villages. The category "village" has not been used previously in the literature on Chicano community history. Yet for countless southwestern Mexican settlements, village is a fitting description. It is particularly appropriate when surveying the his tory of southern California Chicano communities between 1910 and 1950, the formative years in twen tieth-century Chicano history. Various forms of vil lage-like settlements formed an integral part of that widely dispersed settlement pattern known as the "colonia complex." This analysis is intended as a historical sketch emphasizing the activities of women within one vil lage form: the numerous southern California citrus worker villages established between 1910 and 1930 that were home to as many as 35,000 laborers and their families, with a total population of roughly 75,000. Given the wide geographic dispersion of the many villages, it is impossible to examine each in detail. I have therefore chosen as a case study the fourteen citrus-worker settlements in Orange County, a major agricultural region. Ranging in population from three hundred to one thousand, the fourteen settlements are numerically significant, yet man ageable enough for drawing out those qualities that distinguished citrus villages.2 Conditions of life in the villages varied from merely poor to extremely poor. Few, if any, residents reached the lower rungs of middle-class status, and those who did so were invariably merchants. Pick ing and packing were the principal (and many vil lagers would say the only) occupations open to Mexican residents.3 With yearly family incomes ranging from $600 to $800 (when combining the incomes of all adults and working children), it was virtually impossible to rise far above the subsistence level.4 Yet, substantial numbers of families were purchasing homes in the tracts. One 1931 survey found that half the families in Placentia "and prac tically all in Atwood and La Jolla were buying their own homes."5 Similar figures were reported for La Habra's Campo Corona and Alta Vista6 and the Stan ton and Independencia villages.7 Making ends meet on meager salaries required inventiveness, creativity, and adaptability on the part of the settlers. Examples ranged from the construc tion of their own homes to the tending of small live stock for food. One observer noted that the Mexican

Understanding influences on health-related quality of life (HRQL) is critical in order to track and improve the health of poor, vulnerable populations and reduce health disparities. However, studies assessing HRQL of minorities are relatively scarce. The purpose of this study was to document personal and socioenvironmental correlates to HRQL. The study population is Mexican Americans in the Texas-Mexico border region living in colonias - unincorporated, impoverished settlements with substandard living conditions along the U.S.-Mexico border. Mexican Americans living in colonias are one of the most disadvantaged, hard-to-reach minority groups in the United States. We used data from the Integrated Health Outreach System Project collected in 2002 and 2003. Our sample included 386 participants randomly selected and interviewed face-to-face with a structured survey. We measured HRQL and examined personal and socioenvironmental correlates. Unadjusted and adjusted (multivariate) logistic regression models were used for data analyses. We found that border Mexican Americans living in colonias were of similar mental health status compared to the general population of the United States, but worse off in terms of physical health. Poor education and long-term residency in colonias were predictors of lower physical health. Women reported worse mental health than men. Length of time living in a colonia, co-morbidity status, and perceived problems with access to healthcare was associated with poorer mental health status. This study provides information for health professionals and policymakers and underscores the need to provide better preventive and medical services for underserved populations. Major findings indicate the need for additional research centered on further exploration of the impact of economic, cultural, and social influences on HRQL among severely disadvantaged populations.