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AimThere is promising evidence for the use of Peer-Mediated Interventions (PMI) to facilitate pupil-peer relationships for pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study aimed to evaluate an innovative PMI developed and delivered in collaboration with school staff, for a Year 3 male pupil with ASD, and their typically developing peers.Method/RationaleThe intervention included whole class awareness raising sessions and small group peer network sessions. The mixed method evaluation measured the process and outcomes of the intervention. Data collection included; interviews with the target pupil and school staff and a peer focus group to gain an understanding of participants’ experiences. Structured playground observations of pupil-peer interaction were also undertaken at three time points.FindingsFindings indicate that this small-scale PMI had a positive impact at the level of the target pupil and peers. An increase in appropriate initiations and responses by peers and the pupil were apparent. Increased peer acceptance and skills in interacting with the target pupil were reported by school staff. Staff and peers also reported positive changes in the target pupil’s social skills and enjoyment of working within a group. LimitationsPotential drawbacks included the ‘exclusive’ nature of the peer network group and wider school staff’s knowledge of the intervention. Generalisation of the skills learnt to outside the network sessions and transference of skills to pupils within the wider class were also limited.ConclusionsKey factors facilitating the implementation of this intervention within a school context were also identified and future implications are discussed.

Few studies have evaluated the impact of mindfulness programmes on aspects of positive functioning amongst mainstream children and problems in design, sample size, and measurement are commonplace. The present study sought to address this and rigorously evaluate the impact of a 6-hour manualised mindfulness programme called 'Paws .b' on mainstream Primary School aged pupils' suppressing and sustaining attention skills, and their academic proxy measures.Two classes of Year-4 pupils (n = 30), their class teachers (n = 3), and a mindfulnessteacher (n = 1) were recruited from a mixed comprehensive Primary School.A quasi-mixed methods Randomised Control Trial (RCT) design with a quasi-experimentalintervention cross-lag was used. There were four data collection time-points 6- to 8-weeks apart. Pupils and class teachers were randomly assigned to the experimental group or the waitlist control group. Experimental pupils received a 1-hour Paws .b lesson per week for 6-weeks between baseline and Time-1; waitlist control pupils received Paws .b between Time-1 and Time-2. The remaining time-points acted as the 6- to 8-week and 14-week follow-ups. Quantitative data were gathered using teacher-reported and standardised attention measures, and teacher-reported academic proxy measures. Qualitative data were gathered using post-intervention pupil focus groups (FGs) and teacher semi-structured interviews.Within-condition comparisons revealed several significant pre- vs. post-intervention effects within the attention measures, the majority of which were maintained at one or both of the follow-ups, whereby several large estimated effect sizes were noted. Between-condition comparisons revealed a number of significant partial condition × time-point interactions within the attention measures. However, no significant effects were noted within the academic proxy measures. Positive and critically constructive evaluative themes were identified within the qualitative data.Findings were discussed relative to mindfulness and attention literature, and further implications for school implementation and future research were outlined.

Teachers in classrooms use a vast of array of language to support children in their educational development. Previous research with teachers and children in secondary schools has identified that, when supporting children to prepare for important tests, teachers use supportive statements as well as statements stressing the negative outcomes associated with poor performance. However, in the primary school context, research has not identified the specific language that is being used by teachers for test preparation. In this explorative mixed methods study, eight teachers completed communication diaries and were interviewed to identify the types of communication they were using in the classroom towards children aged 6-11 in order to support their test preparations. Two focus groups were also held with children to determine their awareness of teachers’ communicative messages. The final phase of the study gathered data from a questionnaire distributed to a large sample of 112 primary school teachers allowing broader exploration of test-related language use in the classroom. Results identified various forms of communication being used by primary school teachers when preparing children for important tests, with children also aware of these statements. This included informative communication about test arrangements, outcome based statements, efficacious statements, reassuring and calming messages, language statements that related to the importance of tests, and test reminders. The findings further suggested that efficacious communication was the most frequent form of communication that was employed in primary classrooms, though use of language varied amongst teachers. Furthermore, the research identified that teachers were combining particular forms of communication, and it is likely that this communication fluctuated over the academic year. Teachers were also judicious in their use of communication towards children, where statements were chosen to have maximum effect on children based on teachers’ assessments of children’s characteristics. Additional factors such as teacher control, teacher philosophy, a view of children as dependent, views about testing, and teacher-held beliefs about particular forms of communication were also explored to judge their impact on the language used by teachers. The findings of this study provide a preliminary foundation for future research to explore teacher communication and its effects on children’s test preparations in primary schools.

The mental health of children and young people is a significant concern and recent research points to the key role that schools can play in supporting this area. There is a growing interest in school based mental health interventions and at the time of embarking on this study the Targeted Mental Health in Schools (TaMHS) project was a new three year pilot project which aimed to assist Local Authorities (LAs) to develop their own innovative models of mental health support in schools for pupils at risk of, or experiencing mental health problems. The LA in which the study took place was one of 25 wave one ‘pathfinders’. The key aim of the TaMHS project in this LA was to improve emotional well-being in nine project schools. The local model sought to achieve this through building capacity at school level via both the provision of a universal / whole school approach and by incorporating targeted interventions for young people who were at risk of, or experiencing mental health problems.The importance of involving young people in the evaluation of mental health services is an increasingly accepted phenomenon and there are a number of benefits of including children in shaping their own mental health provision. This thesis is an evaluative study of practice in the real world which explores young peoples’ perceptions of TaMHS after one year of the project being operational within one LA. The study obtains the views of targeted young people in order to investigate some of the perceived successful and unsuccessful factors associated with the project’s implementation and to appraise the initial impact of the project. It also examines targeted young people’s perspectives with regard to the future development of the project and reviews the utility of pupil voice in helping to improve school based mental health provision. Qualitative data was obtained from 45 targeted young people who had some involvement with TaMHS using nine focus groups which took place in each project school. Thematic analysis was used to enable the predominant key themes to be reported. The findings serve to highlight that the voice of the child can be used to increase understanding of the initial impact of the TaMHS project in one LA, as well as illustrating positive and negative aspects which in turn can lead to suggestions for improvements to school based mental health provision. Predominant areas that young people felt that the project had impacted on included social skills; interpersonal skills; relationships; behaviour; emotional well-being; and access to activities. Key themes which highlight factors that young people viewed as good about TaMHS incorporated learning; behaviour; interpersonal skills; emotional well-being; enjoyment; and activities. Examples of key themes which reflect how young people felt the project could be improved included environment; extending the project; more of the same; and activities. In light of the findings, recommendations for the development of TaMHS and for school based mental health provision in general are offered.

In 2005, twenty four Lindale schools implemented the DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) framework “Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning” (SEAL). The framework was initially introduced for primary aged children with the aim of developing their social and emotional skills, through the domains of self awareness, managing feelings, motivation, empathy and social skills. However, research around the development of children’s social and emotional skills had also suggested that this could improve attainments, attendance and reduce exclusions. This research explores the impact of the DCSF SEAL curriculum on the distal measures of Key Stage 2 SATs (Standardised Attainments Test) results, attendance, exclusions and pupil referrals for social, emotional and behavioural outreach support. It is longitudinal and compares the data for Lindale primary schools implementing SEAL with those who were not implementing the framework. The impact is measured between 2005, when SEAL was first delivered in twenty four Lindale primary schools, to 2009 when all primary schools had received training in this area. In 2007, semi structured interviews were carried out with a sample of the 2005 cohort of schools. Responses are presented from head teachers, SENCos (Special Educational Needs Coordinators), children and other colleagues in the authority regarding the impact of SEAL in these schools. The study also considers, in more detail, the impact of SEAL on five schools from the original cohort, who were considered to be examples of “Best Practice” in this area. The research indicates no association between the implementation of SEAL and improvements in Key Stage 2 SATs results, attendance or exclusions. These findings were replicated in the more in depth consideration of five schools. However, there has been a gradual decrease, year on year, in the number of pupils referred for social, emotional and behavioural outreach support as an increasing number of schools have implemented SEAL. The views of professionals and children, involved in the original cohort of schools implementing SEAL, are positive about the framework’s impact, particularly in terms of pupils’ behaviour.

This thesis explores the relationship between motor difficulties and wider educational, social and emotional outcomes. The first two sections have been prepared in accordance with author guidelines of the journals proposed for submission. The first paper presents a systematic review of the literature examining the effects of poor motor skills on self-esteem (global and/or domain specific) in children and adolescents. Four databases were searched for articles focusing on motor skills and self-esteem in children and adolescents. 26 potentially relevant studies were identified and from the 26, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. A synthesis of the studies reveals that there appears to be a relationship between motor skills and self-esteem, however this relationship is complex and likely to vary depending on age, gender and co-morbidity. Implications for EP practice are discussed. The second paper is an exploratory product evaluation of the Manchester Motor Skills Programme (MMSP). A mixed methodology was used to explore outcomes for four KS2 children with motor skills difficulties who participated in the MMSP. The children’s motor skills, social skills, academic outcomes and self-esteem were assessed using standardized measures pre and post intervention and at follow up. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group were used to elicit the views of pupils, the class teacher and the group leader. Results indicated improvements in some motor skill domains which were sustained at follow up. Qualitative data highlights perceived improvement in children’s social skills, confidence, and use of meta-cognitive strategies. Further research is needed into outcomes of the MMSP on children’s social skills and self-esteem. The third paper discusses the dissemination of the research, providing a summary of the research development implications from the research at, the research site and at a wider Local Authority level. A strategy for promoting the dissemination and impact of the research will be discussed.

This research explores the link between pupils’ perceived control and their level of attendance in school. Whilst there is research into the link between perceived control and disaffection in pupils it has not been possible to identify any research which links school non-attendance to perceived control. Research into pupils’ reasons for non-attendance identified a range of different factors, many of which the author felt could be attributed to perceived control. Forty-one participants took part in the study. Participants were male and female year nine pupils at two secondary schools in the north west of England. Participants were grouped according to their levels of attendance as high (98%+) attenders, mid-range attenders (90-94%) and low (below 80%) levels of attendance. Participants’ levels of perceived control were measured using the Multi-dimensional Measure of Children’s Perceptions of Control (MMCPC) (Connell 1985). This research also explored the pupils’ experiences of school using appreciative inquiry. Responses on the MMCPC were analysed using a one way ANOVA and descriptive statistics. No significant differences were found between scores for each of the attendance groups and the reasons for this are discussed. Thematic analysis of focus groups with an appreciative inquiry structure identified key themes raised by pupils in regard to positive experiences in school. The findings for both parts of the research are discussed and suggestions for the implications for future research and the practice of teachers and educational psychologists supporting attendance in school are made.