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Since early years, humans are migrating to ensure their survival or to improve their socio-economic position in society. In Pakistan, internal migration has not been given proper attention in policy making. Consequently, government is facing problems in managing the challenges and opportunities posed by internal migration. The present study attempted to analyse socio-economic factors that play crucial role in a household’s decision to migrate internally by using data of Labour Force Survey 2020-21. In the questionnaire of labour force survey, there is a specific section related to migration. The migration is defined as ‘households that has moved from one district to another district or to different country’, it excludes the migration within district. The logit regression has been used to estimate the model. It has been found that more educated people particularly having professional and technical education tends to migrate. The internal migration increases with age, but after certain level it tends to start declining. It has also concluded that employment in public sector (due to job security or provision of housing facilities) motivate people to internally migrate. People belonging to middle income families are more likely to migrate in comparison to rich or very poor. Study confirms that search of better job opportunities and family compulsions are major factors in internal voluntary migration. However, law and order situations emerge as a significant factor in forced migration. As the internal migration are much higher than international migration so there is need that role of internal migration may be recognised in reducing poverty, employment and socio-economic development. Unfortunately, there exists lack of policy on internal labour flows. Most the labour force is not even registered at migration destinations. It is very crucial to calculate value of domestic remittances. It will be helpful in devising the policy to improve the status of internal migrants by providing them targeted technical and vocational education training so that they can get better job opportunities in destination places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction is an important aspect of women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can be helpful in reducing the fertility rates. This study analyzes the role of women empowerment and other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status) using the recent data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18. Study found that women's being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and role in household decision making are helpful in reducing the fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing the fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study also reveals that wealth of household, having sons and husband's education have very limited role on the fertility behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is a key to human resource development and in return Human resources are key to the growth and development in an interconnected, competitive and globalised world. On one hand, education plays a pivotal role in the growth and development prospects of a country, education, in itself, is recognized as a fundamental basic right for both male and female population of a country. Disparities in providing basic education facilities lead to many socio-economic inequalities like a) income, gender, b) region, c) economic class, d) social identity and e) health, etc. which accelerate vicious circles of poverty and inequality. This study aims at providing an analysis of inter and intra provincial educational disparities in Pakistan. The analysis has pointed out significant educational disparities which may be one of the causes in widening the gap between haves and have-nots. Inequalities in educational and economic opportunities lead to inequality of economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]