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[Display omitted] • Climate change is emerging as a major driver of change for biodiversity in the HKH. • The increasing trend of research on climate change and biodiversity is influenced by global discourses and realisation. • The research priorities changed over the period from climate science to vulnerability and adaptation. • Multidisciplinary and collaborative research are emerging with 56 countries collaborating in the HKH. • Large portion of research is from Tibetan plateau and less attention on link to biodiversity. Climate change has emerged as one of the major threats to biodiversity and the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) is facing the challenges due to a higher rate of elevation dependent warming and erratic rainfall. The rich biodiversity and bounty of ecosystem services provided by this 'water tower' and the 'Third Pole' are under higher risk. Though there is scattered and sectoral knowledge available, comprehensive understanding on climate change and its impact on biodiversity is lacking in the HKH. To fill this gap, a systematic literature review using search, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis (SALSA) was undertaken to look at temporal and spatial trends of research focusing on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The increasing trend and evolution of research from sectoral to multidisciplinarity approach with increasing focus on impacts suggested a strong influence from regional priority and global discourse. There is a clear pattern of biophysical and environmental focused research in the early phase of the 1990s to societal concerns highlighting vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation measures at the later phases. The review also revealed an increasing trend in multidisciplinary, networking and bringing innovative tools in research linking climate change and biodiversity. However, the research showed greater focus in the Tibetan plateau and alpine ecosystem with decreasing interest in the forest ecosystems, and a very negligible focus on wetlands. Studies on impact assessments are increasing but at a relatively low rate. Better representation of investments based on vulnerable ecosystems, underrepresented countries and collaborative regional research on emerging priority areas such as restoration and larger scale nature-based solutions could contribute to climate resilience in the HKH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Valuation research has received less attention in the transboundary Far Eastern Himalaya. • This is a systematic review of valuation research to understand what ecosystem services are valued. • We investigated how ecosystem services values relate to conservation and development decisions. • Most methods estimated economic value and a few discussed biophysical and sociocultural values. • We recommend integrated valuation to specify regional and global values of transboundary landscape. There has been an increasing focus on the valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in global research, which has improved our understanding of how nature benefits humanity and what actions can help sustain ecosystem services. This, however, is not true for the transboundary Far Eastern Himalaya – a landscape shared by China, India, and Myanmar – even though the three countries have a significant amount of research on ecosystem services valuation. We conducted a systematic review of ecosystem services valuation research in these three countries to: i) understand what ecosystem services have been valued, ii) what valuation methods and tools have been used, and iii) how valuation studies have been linked with conservation and development decision making. In our analysis of 195 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2021, we found a progressive trend in valuation research, especially in China. About 77% of the literature focused on economic valuation of ecosystem services related to recreation, water regulation, provisions from forest ecosystems, and carbon sequestration, while 13% focused on biophysical and socio-cultural valuation. Given that the environmental degradation and economic development challenges in the landscapes are governed by diverse stakeholder values and perspectives, we recommend that valuation exercises consider a full range of ecosystem services covering both tangible and intangible values. More importantly, we propose that valuation of ecosystem services that are a shared priority, or those of global and regional value, could strengthen regional cooperation among countries in the Far Eastern Himalayan Landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]