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Adopting a holistic view of disruptive innovation, we take a broad view of disruption at the level of innovation ecosystems. By applying the lens of effectuation to disruptive innovation, we examine how firms enter into an ecosystem and contribute to disruption. Using empirical evidence from the emerging 3D printing ecosystem, we build a conceptual model that illustrates three main themes of a process model on disruption at the level of innovation ecosystems: Level of disruption, (core, peripheral and/or support); ecosystem behavior, (integration, collaboration) and means and ends (products as means, capabilities as means). Our conceptual model can guide managers in identifying factors that influence the process of disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]