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The article analyses the economic state and prospects for the development of modern seaports in the context of the development of the transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation as a key factor in increasing the economic efficiency of public production. A review of the seaports of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation, which includes 67 ports in five marine pools is presented: the Arctic, the Baltic, the Azov-Black Sea, the Caspian and the Far East. The main stages of development of the seaports are highlighted and the characteristic features of each marine basin are noted. The analysis of the economic indicators of the activities of marine ports is carried out: cargo turnover, volume of cargo handling and bulk vessels in the seaports of the Russian Federation. The main problems of the development of seaports in Russia are revealed, the objectives of state regulation and the system of state support are considered. The directions of increasing the competitiveness of seaports in the world market are determined.

Bangladesh has a glorious history of producing jute and jute products. Adamjee jute mill was the largest jute mill in the world, established in 1950. But unfortunately, it has been shut down in 2002 due to some unavoidable and political reasons. Later government and many private entrepreneurs tried to revitalize this mill but failed, and at present only a few broken infrastructures exist as old memories. This ruined huge abandoned shade representing not only the jute culture in our country but also signifying our history. Nature changes with the time but the memory of space remains timeless if we preserve them. Rapid competition of development of our country creating threats for the survival and continuity of our heritage and culture. The purpose of this study is to point out the possibility and importance to revitalize Adamjee jute mill as a heritage site and raise awareness about the increasing demand for jute in the world market.

Este artigo analisa a importância da Ferrovia Norte-Sul (FNS) para o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios de Açailândia (MA) e Porto Nacional (TO). Assim, aborda a relevância do modal ferroviário para o país, a privatização de trechos ferroviários em funcionamento, a projeção do transporte de cargas para os próximos anos e seus impactos territoriais. Ademais, é demonstrado como os investimentos das concessionárias cumprem papel significativo nesse processo, uma vez que a construção da FNS esteve, por diversos períodos, estagnada por falta de gestão pública dos recursos. Demonstra, ainda, como a gestão pública/privada se coloca como uma alternativa para a consolidação das ferrovias brasileiras, contribuindo para interligar e intensificar a relação econômica entre municípios e regiões brasileiras com o mercado mundial. Por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais constata que houve melhorias na economia dos municípios de Açailândia (MA) e Porto Nacional (TO), locais em que se encontram os principais pátios ferroviários da FNS em funcionamento. Palavras-chave: Impactos Econômicos. Ferrovia Norte-Sul. Açailândia. Porto Nacional. Desenvolvimento Regional.

Сегодня российская система ведения внешнеэкономической деятельности является недостаточно эффективной. Она не приносит ожидаемых результатов, в следствие чего падает уровень экономического развития страны, снижается возможность выхода предприятий на международный уровень. Описанные в данной статье перспективы развития внешнеэкономической деятельности России обеспечат нахождение факторов, способных улучшить положение и повысить эффективность внешней торговли., Today, the Russian system of conducting foreign economic activity is insufficiently effective. It does not bring the expected results, as a result of which the level of economic development of the country decreases, the possibility of enterprises entering the international level decreases. The prospects for the development of Russia's foreign economic activity described in this article will ensure the finding of factors that can improve the situation and increase the efficiency of foreign trade.

Внешняя экономика является всегда главным восполнителем бюджета страны. Внешнеэкономическая сфера всегда должна развиваться, быть на высшем уровне. В основном внешняя экономика заключается в экспорте сырья в другие страны. С помощью внешней экономики произошел значительный прирост ВВП страны. В данной статье рассмотрены состояние и перспективы развития внешней экономики России., The external economy is always the main contributor to the country's budget. The foreign economic sphere should always develop and be at the highest level. Basically, the external economy consists in exporting raw materials to other countries. With the help of the external economy, there was a significant increase in the country's GDP. This article examines the state and prospects of development of the external economy of Russia.

La construcción de un corredor interoceánico de transporte multimodal en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, que se articule a los principales ejes del comercio marítimo internacional, en el contexto económico social mundial, latinoamericano y nacional, parte de la necesidad del desarrollo y consolidación del moderno mercado mundial capitalista capaz de interconectar eficientemente las principales zonas de la producción y el consumo de toda la riqueza material generada. Con base en la metodología de la crítica de la economía política, el análisis regional y la geografía de los transportes se ofrecen elementos de análisis y perspectivas sobre la viabilidad del Istmo de Tehuantepec como corredor interoceánico.

The purpose of this article is to deepen analyses of life production relations that are of central concern to the feminist global political economy frameworks around which this special issue is organized. While the original approach recognized ecological relations in its methodological synthesis of power, production, and social reproduction, most subsequent research engaging the approach focuses on areas such as household labor, health care, education, migration, and macroeconomic governance. Much less work, however, analyzes relations between capital accumulation and ecological life-producing relations that ultimately sustain human and non-human life. The article draws on elements of a ‘world-ecology’, commodity frontier perspective, to argue for the integration of primary – ecological – production of the substance of life into the power, production, and social reproduction global political economy framework. The article draws on this synthesis to conduct a long-term analysis of one of the earliest commodity frontiers in capitalist history, Newfoundland fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Through an analysis of changing patterns of ecological production, household and community reproduction, state enclosure of ocean life production, and world market shifts, the article suggests that we need to move beyond narrow consequentialist analyses of the role of capital accumulation in ecological exhaustion toward broader, integrated analyses of change that reveal dynamic and perhaps more hopeful struggles and potential for sustainable and progressive conditions of intergenerational social-ecological reproduction.

The paper examines the role of oil in the world economy and its impact on Azerbaijan economy. The reciprocal relations between factors in research were carried out by differential model of time series and times series have been checked whether they are unit root (Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) as a methodology of the research. The research focused on the econometric analysis through traditional methods and statistics like EVIEWS 9, GRETL, PASW Statistics. The results confirm that the formation of demand and supply didn’t happen in the world market during 15-20 years. The relationships between oil prices and demand and supply prove the novelty of the research. The impact of oil price fluctuations on “economic concept” was high in 2007-2009 and 2014-2016. The practical importance of the article is the employment of the income ‒ generated from “the contract of the century” ‒ for the human development.Keywords: Economic Development, Oil Prices, Econometric Analysis, Functional Dependence, Macroeconomic IndicatorsJEL Classifications: E31, F31, Q41DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8001

This paper comprehensively reviews China's openness since 1978 from three aspects: trade, foreign investment and global production sharing. We point out that the economic development of China is now standing at a historic turning point. Specifically, economic changes in China are discussed from four dimensions: (i) from China being a world assembly line to a world manufacturing powerhouse; (ii) from China being a world capital receiver to a world investor; (iii) from China being a world factory to a world market; and (iv) from the situation of “made in China†to “innovated in China.†At the same time, the global economic system has also reached a turning point. A “North America–Europe–Asia†tri†polar system has formed, in which the USA, Germany and China, respectively, serve as the regional core economies.

As an exporter of dried cassava, Indonesia ranks third worldwide; following Thailand and Vietnam. Indonesia was among the top four of dried cassava producers in the world; however, between year 2000 and 2015, by average only 0.63% of the total production was exported. Indonesia needs to improve the competitiveness performance. This study investigates the growth in exports of Indonesian Cassava in the World Market. The Constant Market Share (CMS) was used to measure the growth in exports of Indonesian Cassava. Based on result of Constant Market Share (CMS), Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam maintained their share in the world market during the Global Economic Crisis, because the growth rates of dried cassava import relative quickly during the crisis. The crisis make the import of other commodities are decreased during the crisis. But, it did not happen for dried cassava. The dried cassava export to the world survived during this crisis.

Between 1947 and 1975, Tanganyika Packers Ltd (TPL) was Tanzania’s only export-oriented slaughterhouse and beef-canning factory, a branch of UK-based Liebig’s Extract of Meat Corporation (Lemco), which originated in 1860s Uruguay. Until shortly before TPL was nationalized in 1974, it was a profitable parastatal, employing some 1200 workers, anchoring a working-class community, and providing an outlet for indigenous Tanzanian cattle from open rangelands. While nationalization aimed to capture the full value of TPL profits and expand exports into the European Economic Community, it instead severed TPL from the world market when Lemco withdrew its marketing license. Worker layoffs followed, and TPL became primarily a domestic supplier of military rations, creating precarious working conditions, until the factory was shuttered in 1993. Although technically TPL still exists, this article contends that, far from being a victim of a post-cold war neo-liberal transition, as is usually asserted, TPL’s fate...

This essay illuminates a neglected aspect of Friedrich Engels's life: his work at his family's textile firm, Ermen & Engels, in Manchester, the hub of the cotton industry in the mid-nineteenth century. We argue that Engels was a merchant and an intelligencer with a detailed, comprehensive understanding of products and the movements of goods, orders, and prices in the global cotton trade. The statistical insights Engels gleaned on matters such as machinery depreciation and reinvestment, his contextualization of capitalism within a unified world market, and his recognition of the tendencies toward overproduction that threatened economic crisis, all contributed to shaping key ideas and themes of Karl Marx's Capital Volumes I and II, leaving a lasting imprint on Marxist political economy.

The global economic crisis is an event in which all economic sectors world market collapse or degresi and affect other sectors around the world. The global economic crisis originated from the United States (US), and then spread to almost all countries of the world. In the view of Islam, in fact the economic crisis that the world can not be separated from economic practice at practices or economic activities done contrary to Islamic law. In Islam there are three ways to minimize the economic crisis, namely: Equal distribution of wealth to charity, developing banking with Sharîa’ah system, and a system using the currency dinâr and dirhâm. If three ways really implemented in one country, will likely impact the country can improve the global economic crisis in the country.

With positive trends in the hotel industry in Russia, a number of problems remain that require prompt and high-quality solutions. The current level and prospects of development of the world and Russian hotel market are considered, graphical materials and practical examples from world and European hotel business practices are presented, recommendations are given to solve problems that impede the development of tourism and hotel business in the Russian Federation. It is proposed to create a single portal for foreign tourists and create a register of Russian and foreign tour operators who can offer tours in Russia, their accreditation.

During the early 21st century, the world market prices for minerals increased dramatically. As a consequence of this development, large investments were made in mining all around the world. Increas ...

The article focuses on the Bolivian port of Cobija, during its brief operation in the historical context of South America. Its role as a link between the world market and the urban and mercantile centers of the interior of the continent, which in turn distributed the goods in the interior of the South-Andean space is highlighted. The construction of mercantile networks and the commercial practices of the port of Lamar are dealt with and the mercantile sectors are identified and qualified according to the amounts of the transactions carried out with overseas goods entered to the customs. The research uses new sources on topics already addressed. El artículo se centra en el puerto boliviano de Cobija, durante su breve operación en el contexto histórico de América de Sur. Se releva su papel de enlace entre el mercado mundial y los centros urbanos y mercantiles del interior del continente, los que a su vez distribuían las mercancías en el interior del espacio surandino. Se aborda la construcción de las redes mercantiles y las prácticas comerciales del puerto de Lamar y se identifican y califican a los sectores mercantiles según los montos de las transacciones realizadas con bienes de ultramar ingresados a la aduana. La investigación usa nuevas fuentes sobre temas ya abordados.

La navegación ultramarina ha sido el mecanismo que permitió la conformación de un mercado mundial ecuménico. Desde las flotas de galeones del período colonial en las américas, hasta la difusión del vapor y la hegemonía del motor a explosión luego, ningún sistema de transporte ha logrado desplazar a la navegación de su posición dominante. La navegación se ha perfeccionado hasta niveles increíbles e incrementado hasta superar la cifra de 100.000buque mercantes inmensos circunnavegando el mundo. En el presente trabajo analizamos las dos transiciones más recientes en los modos de propulsión, es decir de la vela al vapor y de éste al motor a explosión, a partir de la presencia de buques en los puertos de Argentina; país que ha sido históricamente dependiente de la navegación en su comercio exterior. Las fuentes de información utilizadas se integran con textos especializados, estadísticas nacionalespublicadas y una serie construida para Puerto Quequén, un importante puerto cerealero de Argentina. Se han podido verificar tanto los inicios como el final de las transiciones, más lentas que lo supuesto, y los períodos de convivencia de diferentes sistemas de propulsión. Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos; Argentina

La presente propuesta discute el modelo neoliberal y extractivo que se ha implementado en los países latinoamericanos por efecto del desarrollo de la economía de mercado mundial, tomando el caso del capitalismo verde y la utilización estratégica de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de discursos argumentativos sobre la RSE de ENDESA, en el contexto de un conflicto hidroeléctrico en la comuna de Panguipulli al sur de Chile, para lo cual se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores gubernamentales y locales. Finalmente, se discuten las relaciones discursivas para proponer que las estrategias empresariales buscan introducir y socializar este tipo de inversiones, a través de la gestión de un neoextractivismo y de una determinada función estatal.

Zusammenfassung Die 179 deutschen Winzergenossenschaften haben eine lange Tradition und große Bedeutung auf dem Weltmarkt. Rund ein Drittel der deutschen Weinproduktion stammt von Winzergenossenschaften, die bezüglich Struktur und Größe sehr heterogen sind. Zusätzlich zur Konkurrenz mit lokalen, nationalen und europäischen Weinbaubetrieben stehen sie vermehrt auch im Wettbewerb mit internationalen Anbietern aus Australien, Südafrika sowie Nord- und Südamerika. Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die gegenwärtige Wettbewerbssituation am Beispiel der Bergsträsser Winzer eG (BWeg).

Turkish carpet making and marketing, a rapidly expanding niche in the world market in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, offers an excellent case study for modernity in a major Ottoman provincial urban center such as Izmir and its hinterland in western Anatolia. Representative of the changes that the city’s economy was undergoing was the Amalgamated Oriental Carpet Manufacturers Limited (ocm), which included multiethnic and multiconfessional actors similar to the city’s business sector and general population, as well as dual nodes of administration in London and Izmir. This case study of ocm (and of its emulators) reveals the degree of modernity that Izmir’s business circles were capable of at the turn of the century, and their ability to put together a trust and strategize accordingly along similar lines as the trusts in Europe or the us.

When, after years of geological and geophysical exploration, a phosphate mine was discovered at Bu-Craa in 1964, Western Sahara received renewed geopolitical attention. Several countries competing for the control of the world fertilizer market, including Morocco, Spain, France, and the United States, developed diverging strategies to gain control of the mineral. After intense negotiations revolving around the materiality of mining technologies and involving reserve estimations, sabotage, and flexing of diplomatic muscles, Morocco took over the Spanish colony in 1975. While this secured Morocco's place in the world market, it condemned the local population to exile and domination. This article explores three technological stages of the exploitation of phosphate in Western Sahara that underpin the geopolitical history. This perspective yields new visions of cold war technology and postcolonial markets.

The spirit produced in Parana Coast has relevant recognition in the world scenario since the period of the Portuguese colony. Although it is important, information on this productive chain is little or scarce. In this context and in order to promote the analysis of the production and the trade of this beverage on the Porter taxonomy approach, it was carried out between August and November 2016, a descriptive exploratory study with six managers of alembic places. It was observed that the production of artisanal sugar cane spirit is characterized by the use of its own raw material and a system of spirit production that aims the production of nobler drinks in order to facilitate market insertion. The strategies adopted by the companies and that generated competitive advantage over their competitors, were the quality of the drink and the marketing system, directly to the consumer. The main implications of the activity are the excessive demands of the supervisory institutions and the high taxation practiced by the government. The perspectives of sector on entrepreneurs' view is that the segment has a favorable growth trend, due to the enduring competitive advantages that these industries have in relation to the current market, and by the perspective of growing the artisanal beverage in the Brazilian and world market. Regarding the Porter taxonomy, the predominant strategies among managers were leadership in total cost (n = 50%) and focus (n = 35%).

The object of research is a tourist region. Theoretical and methodological basis of research is the methods of scientific cognition, statistical and mathematical analysis. The author suggests the interpretation of the mega-region, in terms of an integrated approach. Theoretical basis of territorial organization of world market of tourist services are generalized, the modern tendencies of international tourism are analyzed, evaluation of structural changes of basic indicators of development of world market of tourist services is given. The perspectives of development of regional tourist markets is marked. The practical value of research results allows to predict the perspectives of development of the world market of tourist services in the context of regionalization. Conducted research testifies the positive dynamics of international tourism of structural changes of export of tourist services in the regions of the world (with prevailing of European and Asian — Pacific region), substantial changes in the regional structure of income as for relatively international arrival. Predictions for all of them indicate positive tendencies to the increase of international arrival.

The article terminates the author's series of publications on the impact of system of stereotypes of behaviour – "success formula" - on the development of phases of the life cycle of the socio-economic systems [7-11]. The author argues in favor of the view that lifecycle of any object of management is a complex spiral consisting of 10 phases, each of which, in turn, can be regarded as a separate life cycle. Because of the stereotypes of behaviour, prevailing during previous lifecycle phases, a change of lifecycle phases often leads to a crisis and is accompanied by painful correction of exchange proportions. The author motivates his conclusion that the modern economic crisis is caused by the distortion of exchange proportions. The indexes of changes in exchange proportions are proposed to use as an indicator of stability of the world market. Proposals on overcoming the crisis are made.

Since the Phoenicians inhabited the land of Canaan (the modern Lebanon), wine earned historical, cultural, social and economic dimensions in the life of its population. Through their trade network, evidence shows that the Phoenicians distributed wine, wine grapes and the winemaking technology that they had acquired from the east, throughout the Mediterranean region. However, the Lebanese wine sector did not take the required attention of the scientific community. Thus, this study gathers agri-food trade data, from national and international sources to analyse the Lebanese wine sector and evaluate its competitiveness in the international market using the revealed trade advantage and the revealed competitiveness indicators. Both indicators show that Lebanese wine has average competitiveness in the world market. This level of competitiveness can fluctuate depending on the political situation and the trade region and is highest for America and Asia. Finally, the study urges a long-term, general political fram...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the future role of emerging economies in the global marketplace. The paper highlights current trends in the global market and the changing role of emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses various perspectives on the role of emerging economies in a globalized world. The paper relies on recent debates on the state of the global economy and the changing positions of emerging economies in the world market. Findings – The paper devises six categories for today’s emerging economies: advancing player, reluctant player, repositioning player, the defender, the chained player and the retreating player. These classifications set the stage for a thoughtful discussion on the potential roles of emerging economies in a world that is characterized by constant changes and alternating positions of major players. Originality/value – The paper provides unique perspectives on emerging economies, while refuting those who attempt to marginalize their...

The inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) are important for a country's economic development, but the world market for FDI has become more competitive. This paper empirically analyses the exchange rate movements and foreign direct investment (FDI) relationship using annual data on ASEAN economies, that is, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore. By employing ARDL bounds test approach, the empirical results show the existence of significant long-run cointegration between exchange rate and FDI for the case of Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines with all countries recording negative coefficient implying that the appreciation of Singapore dollar, Malaysian ringgit, and the Philippine peso has a positive impact on FDI inflows. Using the ECM based ARDL approach for causality test, both Singapore and the Philippines show long-run bidirectional causality between exchange rate and FDI whereas long-run unidirectional causality running from the exchange rate to FDI in Malaysia. Furthermore, this study also found that short-run unidirectional causality running from the exchange rate to FDI exists in Singapore.

La internacionalización de la economía Colombia es un elemento clave para el crecimiento y desarrollo de la sociedad. Es decir, la internacionalización es el discurso dominante; que caracteriza la globalización económica administrada por el modelo de acumulación. A pesar de que Colombia ha hecho avances en esta materia de internacionalización, aún le falta mucho por mejorar en este proceso de apertura económica ; ya que presenta una participación muy marginal en el comercio mundial. El presente ensayo hace énfasis fundamentalmente en analizar los rezagos del aparato productivo; como la principal causa estructural que no permite que la economía nacional inserte eficientemente al mercado mundial. Es decir. que si se aumenta la producción económica colombiana tendrá un mejor desenvolvimiento en el mercado mundial.

The adjustments being made in China’s economic growth model have national, regional, and local dimensions for the progress, specifics, and results of the adjustments made in the economic growth model to be followed and analyzed by the central government on the scale of the country’s economy in general and in particular regions. In this context, the experience of economic development of Shenzhen in recent years is of considerable interest. From 2011 to 2013, Shenzhen’s economy developed under constraints, the most painful of which were brought about by the worsening world market and growing labor costs in China. These circumstances forced the municipal authorities to start looking for hidden internal forces to drive the economy on. As a result, Shenzhen’s economic growth and the economic growth model implemented on the ground in the city between 2011 and 2013 look similar to the developments and trends recognizable across China and, in a way, are different. The author follows the significant developmental trends in manufacturing and services in Shenzhen over the last few years.

This article deals with the importance of corporate communication for the international success of medium-sized world market leaders (Hidden Champions) from Austria. These companies, which are largely unknown to the general public, position themselves in their markets as technology and quality leaders and thereby usually achieve higher prices and significantly better returns than their competitors.

Tanto la globalizacion como el mercado mundial unificado han sido cuestionados por las severas crisis financieras, la recesion y el desempleo masivo a escala internacional. Ante la fragilidad del orden global y de los regimenes politico-economicos que lo sostuvieron, se requiere encontrar nuevas opciones y formular otras estrategias y politicas que permitan una recuperacion economica sostenible y un orden democratico duradero, donde la igualdad sea el objetivo central de las acciones del Estado. Recuperar la cuestion social como una empresa politica que integre tanto la politica economica como la social y asi propiciar un desarrollo sustentado en el abatimiento de la desigualdad, con plena capacidad de construir buenos gobiernos y mejores formas de entendernos y cooperar, es una tarea inaplazable. Para ello se revisan las bases que ha seguido el proceso historico del desarrollo, el cambio de paradigmas y de enfasis en sus objetivos a lo largo del tiempo, en particular, se profundiza en el caso mexicano. Globalization and the unified world market have been challenged by severe financial crises, recession and mass unemployment on an international scale. In view of the fragility of the global order and the political and economic regimes that supported it, new options and other strategies and policies are needed to achieve a sustainable economic recovery and a lasting democratic order, where equality is the central objective of the actions of the State. Recover the social issue as a political enterprise that integrates economic and social policy and thus foster sustained development in the abating of inequality, with full capacity to build good governments and better ways to understand and cooperate is an irrevocable task. To that end, the bases of the historical process of development, the change of paradigms and the emphasis on its objectives over time are reviewed, in particular, the mexican case

This article deals with an analysis of the world sugar market, and specifically focuses on the supply and demand of refined sugar and their main determinants. The article first identifies the main determinants of the world supply of and demand for sugar, and further, their effect on such variables is quantified. Further, the component correlations on the selected market are analyzed. This consists of the identification of the factors affecting the production of refined sugar, as one of the main elements of the supply of sugar, as well as an analysis of the world price of sugar, as one of the significant factors affecting the world sugar market. The said correlations are quantified with the utilization of regression analysis on the basis of time series of the individual variables within the years 1980-2010. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the main determinants of the sugar supply on the world market within the analyzed period, for which an effect has been established both from an economic viewpoint, as well as from a statistical viewpoint, can be considered to be sugar reserves, its price and the acreage of sugarcane. The main determinant of the demand for sugar is, according to the conducted analysis, the global GDP on a new value level, as well as converted to one inhabitant. Further, the analysis also established the effect of the price of sugar and its reserves on the world production of refined sugar, and, last but not least, also the long-term tendency in the development of the world price of sugar. The analysis has proven significant influence of refined sugar supply, reserves of refined sugar, its price and area of sugar cane on sugar supply. Then, the analysis detected GDP as the main determinant of the sugar demand and the long memory in sugar prices. Finally, the influence of delayed price, reserves and delayed reserves on production has been proven.

With the rise of single origin chocolate—made with beans from one country, region, or plantation—today many bars name the source of their cocoa. Based on historical and statistical analyses, interviews with artisans, and examination of product packaging, this article discusses the limited visibility of West Africa among single origin bars. Although the region generates about 70% of cocoa traded on the world market, a comprehensive database of “premium bar chocolate” shows just 3.8% made with West African beans. This discrepancy is due to a complex imbrication of trade logistics, bean strain, and representational politics. U.S.-based artisans cite flavor limitations of the predominant Amelonado strain and difficulties procuring superior cocoa from the region. However, U.S. media representations of West Africa as a place of “trouble” (for example, of conflict, HIV/AIDS, and poverty), and especially allegations of slavery on Ivorian plantations, also make it difficult to source from West Africa. As product packaging often shows exotic and implicitly erotic origin sites, persistent negative stereotypes surrounding West Africa pose a challenge for quality-conscious makers committed to ethical sourcing.

Este artigo analisa alguns elementos estruturais com os quais se defronta a luta pelo pleno direito à saúde no Brasil, particularmente após a constituição do SUS em 1988. Dois elementos são fundamentais: as condições internas determinadas pelos pactos intraelites que cristalizaram no sistema político brasileiro seu poder de classe e as condições externas condicionadas pela dominância do capital financeiro e da fração de classe que impõe seu domínio ao sistema de mercados mundial: a finança capitalista. Entender esses elementos se faz fundamental para a compreensão da conformação do que se chama frente única contra o SUS, sintetizada hoje na figura do atual ministro interino da Saúde e nos anseios de mercado que sua agenda começa a atender.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the performance and competitiveness of Brazilian export according to Pavitt’s taxonomy, highlighting the behavior of higher technological level sectors in the period between 2001 and 2010. We sought to examine both if there was any change in the Brazilian export specialization pattern in the recent period, and in which industries has Brazil increased its market parcels, through “Market Share” indicator, and also ensured Revealed Comparative Advantages, through RCA indicator. The empirical analysis showed that Brazil remains more competitive in the export of goods which demand abundant factors in natural resources. However, some sectors the selected categories revealed that there is an innovative effort to obtain competitiveness gains in the world market for high-tech products.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desempenho e a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de acordo com a taxonomia de Pavitt, enfatizando o comportamento de setores com maior grau tecnológico no período entre 2001 e 2010. Buscou-se observar se houve mudança do padrão de especialização das exportações brasileiras no período recente, em quais indústrias o Brasil tem ampliado suas parcelas de mercado, por meio do indicador “market share”, e quais estão garantindo Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, a partir do indicador VCR. A análise empírica demonstrou que o Brasil continua sendo mais competitivo nas exportações de bens que demandam fatores abundantes em recursos naturais. No entanto, alguns setores das categorias selecionadas revelaram que há um esforço inovativo para obter ganhos de competitividade no mercado mundial de produtos de alta tecnologia.

China's increased participation in the global market for iron ore has had tremendous impacts of various kinds. The ore has changed routes and destinations. In 2010, China had reached a point at whi ...

Of all the assumptions pervading the conventional wisdom about Russian foreign policy few have been more universally accepted than Russia's supposed opposition to NATO expansion. Because Russia's principal source of profit has come from rental value of natural resources from the world market, Russia's foreign policy has largely been conducted in the interests of the exporters of those resources. Compliance with NATO expansion, Moscow's decision-makers apparently believe, can only promote the pecuniary interests of that group. Given this dynamic, and confirmed by an examination of the historical record, I conclude that Moscow's leaders have acquiesced to and even supported NATO expansion.

World demand for aromatic and medicinal plants (AMP), as well as the essential oils and extracts from these plants have been expanding because of their diversified and extensive usage. Demand for essential oils and plant extracts is driven by food flavoring industries, cosmetic and fragrance industries, and demand for industrial solvents. The principal consumers of all market classes of essential oils are the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. There are ten essential oil crops that account for 80% of the world market for essential oils. Based on the global AMP market demand, this article mainly addresses the “constraints on” and “opportunities for” expansion of this sector, which were ascertained through meetings with Tunisian AMP exporters and processors, literature reviews, and by collating responses to the Tunisian Exporter Marketing Survey. Based on these inputs, recommendations have been formulated to help capitalize Tunisia's comparative advantages to overcome the constraints and maximize opp...

The aim of this paper is to analyse the political, demographic and market centralities of the world through distance-type models. The concept of world centralities to be used is based on the theory of central places. The explanatory variables of the political model are the physical distances between countries. The explanatory variables of the demographic model are the physical distances between countries and the population. The explanatory variables of the market model are the physical distances between countries, their incomes, and an indicator of closeness. The empirical findings have been quite expressive in each case. Interestingly, the world political centre is located between Rome and Athens, the world demographic centre is in the Middle East (mainly its eastern part), and the world market centre is still in the USA, although big emergent countries seem to be closing the gap. The paper shows the potential of the analytical instruments of spatial theory when applied to the world level.

The integration of China into the world oil market is an important issue for at least two reasons. First, the influence of the country on the world oil market is dependent on the level of the integration. Second, integration into the world oil market means that China is opening itself up to potential disturbances in the world market and this leads to significant energy security concerns for the country. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether or not China is an integral part of the world oil market. By reviewing the relevant trade and pricing policies of the Chinese government as well as the behavior of the Chinese national oil companies, we find that China is actively engaging itself in the world oil market. Our time-series results show that the Chinese oil price is cointegrated with the major oil prices in the world and a high degree of co-movement between the prices is found. Causality between the price pairs is found to be bi-directional in most cases. The empirical results suggest that China is now an integral part of the world oil market.

Chemical industry plays an important role in the development of the domestic economy as one of the basic facilities of Russia's economy, laying the foundation for its long-term and stable development. As a major supplier of raw materials, intermediates, and products of various materials (plastics, chemical fibers, tires, paints and varnishes, dyes, fertilizers, feed additives, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment etc.) in almost all sectors of industry, agriculture, health care, human services, commerce, science, culture and education, defense industry, chemical complex has direct impact on the efficiency of their operation and development in these new directions. Therefore, the condition and development of domestic chemistry determines the level of national competitiveness, economic growth and Russia's wealth. However, like most industries in Russia today, chemical industry is going through a difficult period. The presence of a set of common economic problems (identified by technological backwardness and high depreciation, low innovation activity of domestic enterprises of the chemical complex, a lack of effectiveness of the investment process, infrastructure and resource constraints etc.), as well as internal management problems causes the rapid growth of interest of uncompetitive Russian chemical products on the world market. Under these conditions, not only a radical adjustment of the internal control systems and chemical plants, but also a significant organizational and economic change is required. Thus, unless we take measures to improve the domestic chemical industry in the coming years, almost all of it grow back and may get into the situation of struggle for survival.