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This chapter sets up the context and objectives of the book. First, a review of the various definitions used for the cultural and creative industries at the European level is provided highlighting some of the challenges and definitional issues encountered over the last 20 years. Second, some data on the importance of the cultural and creative industries in Europe are presented as well as some European national specificities. The chapter then discusses some of the remaining gaps in understanding that exist with regard to the sectoral and spatial dynamics of the creative industries in Western and Central and Eastern Europe in light of the various policies and agendas pushed forwards by the European Commission. Finally, we conclude by detailing the objectives of the book and the various chapters it includes.

In the last 10 years, there has been a shift from a focus on the direct economic contribution of the creative industries to their innovation capacities and indirect economic contribution. Two main strands of literature have tried to capture this. The first strand looks at innovation characteristics and processes in the arts and the creative industries (sectoral perspective). The second strand concentrates on the way these industries cluster and directly contribute to local and regional economies (spatial perspective). However, there is little work focusing on the innovation outputs of creative industries and on how clustering really impacts their innovation performance and dynamic at the local and regional levels. This chapter tries to fill this gap by combining both sectoral and spatial perspectives. By using original data, the chapter discusses the Soho film cluster in London in order to examine the innovation dynamic of the film industry in a particular place. Innovations in the creative industries often differ from those in manufacturing or other sectors. As such, the particular nature of innovation in film industry is presented. The film industry can be highly innovative, both producing and adapting innovations. Our analysis of the Soho film cluster documents the impact of clustering on the innovation performance of firms in the sector and demonstrates the impact of geographical proximity on innovation performance through a high degree of embeddedness of the film industry in local and regional labour markets and in favouring local and international innovation linkages.

Andres L. and Chapain C. The integration of cultural and creative industries into local and regional development strategies in Birmingham and Marseille: towards an inclusive and collaborative governance?, Regional Studies. This paper explores the nature of the integration mechanisms of cultural and creative industries (CCI) into local and regional strategies and policies in Birmingham (UK) and Marseille (France) over the last thirty years. Using the typology developed by Smith and Warfield in 2008 with regard to CCI local policies and drawing on the collaborative governance model of Ansell and Gash in 2007, the paper compares the private CCI actors involved in local policies based on culture-centric versus econo-centric approaches. It demonstrates that the culture-centric approach is more exclusive than the econo-centric approach, and tends to lead to restrictive governance arrangements. Andres L. and Chapain C. 伯明翰和马赛地区文化与创意产业与地方及区域发展战略的相互整合：迈向包容与协作性的管治？区域研究。本文探讨了过去三十多年在伯明翰（英国）和马赛（法国）地区文化创意产业（CCI）与地方及区域战...

Summary: Images of cities play an ever-increasing role in urban competitiveness. The image of a place is an essential element in the attraction of new economic activities. If the image is good, policy-makers of cities and city-regions may decide to support and maintain, perhaps even strengthen, that image by continuous branding campaigns, even though they are not absolutely required in the short run. However, when the image is not optimal, robust branding campaigns seem to be indispensable. The aim of this chapter is to identify and evaluate the main aspects that contribute to a successful city branding exercise - taking into consideration the difficulties associated with measuring the 'success' of this type of strategy - as well as the challenges that this type of exercise may encounter.

Chapain C. and Comunian R. Enabling and inhibiting the creative economy: the role of the local and regional dimensions in England, Regional Studies. Integrating findings from two separate research projects in Birmingham and Newcastle–Gateshead in England, this paper explores factors that enable or inhibit the development of creative and cultural industries in English regions outside London. The findings question current creative and cultural industries policies and their understanding of the local and regional dimensions as being limited to the idea of geographical clusters. Instead, the paper calls for a wider approach that also takes into account the importance of the regional infrastructure and the ‘knowledge pool’ necessary to the development of creative and cultural industries, but also personal and operational connections of the creative and cultural industries within and outside their region. Chapain C. et Comunian R. Promouvoir ou inhiber l'economie creative: le role de la dynamique locale et regi...