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International audience; Tests of labor supply models often rely on wages. However, wage variation alone generally cannot disentangle the classical time separable model and its extensions: reference dependent preferences (income targeting) and time nonseparable preferences (disutility spillovers; timing-specific preferences). We set up a novel laboratory experiment in which individuals choose their working time. We vary, independently, wages, historical income paths, and cumulative past work. We also vary the timing of experimental sessions. Statistical tests and stochastic revealed preference methods cannot reject the classical model in favor of income targeting or disutility spillovers, but the data suggest that labor supply varies by time-of-the-day.

International audience; This paper analyzes assortative mating and its contribution to inequality in France. We first provide descriptive evidence on the statistical association in several socioeconomic attributes of partners. Second, we assess the contribution of assortative mating to earnings inequality between couples. We provide a new method for assessing the contribution of assortative mating to inequality in couple's potential earnings, that accounts for selection bias arising from labor force participation. Our results indicate a strong degree of assortative mating in France. The correlation in earnings is around 0.17 for annual earnings, around 0.35 for full-time equivalent earnings and up to 0.49 when using multi-year average earnings. Assortative mating tends to increase inequality among couples. For annual earnings, the effect accounts for 3 to 9% of measured inequality. The effect of assortative mating on household potential earnings is much larger and amounts to 10 to 20% for observed inequality. JEL codes: J12, J22, D31

International audience; In 2009, a system of pay-for-performance (P4P) was offered to physicians in France via the Contrat d’Amélioration des Pratiques Individuelles (CAPI). This study assesses the causal impact of CAPI on their behaviour in terms of care provision. Based on a panel of general practitioners in private practice observed before (2005 and 2008) and after (2011) its introduction, we use an instrumental variables approach, applied to a model in first-differences in order to correct the endogeneity biases linked to the fact that signing up to CAPI is a choice. We show that, unlike other practitioners, those who have signed up to CAPI have not reduced their number of consultations per patient or the amount of prescriptions per patient. They have also increased, to a greater extent than others, the proportion of their patients who they treat as the primary care doctor(i.e. the médecin traitant). Moreover, CAPI has enabled them to increase their fees per patient with, as a consequence, a higher treatment cost for the Social Security system.

This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 645763.; The purpose of this study is to account for the increase in non-regular workers, namely, part-time and dispatched workers, in the Japanese economy from the early 2000s. Our contribution is that we use a firm-level panel dataset extracted from an administrative survey and distinguish between the short-run and long-run determinants of non-regular labor demand. Using the estimated parameters of the labor demand function, we decompose the rate of increase in the macroeconomic non-regular worker ratio into determinant factor contributions. Our major results can be summarized as follows. First, the firm-level determinants of the demand for part-time and dispatched workers significantly differ. Second, our results suggest that the non-regular job creation stimulated by the increased female labor supply plays an essential role relative to direct demand-side factors. Third, the microeconomic demand conditions for non-regular labor are widely dispersed among firms. Neither the demand factors examined in this study nor industrial differences can explain this heterogeneity.

Highlights • We look at the effect of COVID-19 and associated lockdowns on population well-being • We use Google Trends data to measure changes in well-being related topic search-terms • We find an increase in searches for boredom, loneliness, worry and sadness • We find a decrease in searches for stress, suicide and divorce • We see evidence of mean-reversion in some (but not all) of the well-being measures, The COVID-19 pandemic and government intervention such as lockdowns may severely affect people’s mental health. While lockdowns can help to contain the spread of the virus, they may result in substantial damage to population well-being. We use Google Trends data to test whether COVID-19 and the associated lockdowns implemented in Europe and America led to changes in well-being related topic search-terms. Using difference-in-differences and a regression discontinuity design, we find a substantial increase in the search intensity for boredom in Europe and the US. We also found a significant increase in searches for loneliness, worry and sadness, while searches for stress, suicide and divorce on the contrary fell. Our results suggest that people’s mental health may have been severely affected by the pandemic and lockdown.

International audience; Using spatial variation in World War I military fatalities in France, we show that the scarcity of men due to the war generated an upward shift in female labor force participation that persisted throughout the interwar period. Available data suggest that increased female labor supply accounts for this result. In particular, deteriorated marriage market conditions for single women and negative income shocks to war widows induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the war. In contrast, demand factors such as substitution toward female labor to compensate for the scarcity of male labor were of second-order importance.

International audience; We analyse the effects of retirement of one partner on time devoted to home production by both partners in a couple. Using longitudinal data on couples in Germany, we control for fixed household specific effects and allow for endogeneity of retirement using both a regression discontinuity approach and variation in the early and full retirement age across cohorts and with labour market history. Furthermore, we separately estimate the effect of retirement and the effect of lay-off due to an exogenous shock (i.e. plant closure) for each spouse. For both men and women, a transition from work to retirement significantly increases the amount of their own home production. Similar effects are found for other (layoff induced) exits from work. We find much smaller negative cross-effects of retirement or other exits from work on time spent on home production done by the male partner; the effect of the husband's retirement on the wife's home production is not statistically significant.

International audience; Using data in the United States, UK and Germany, we show that women whose working hours exceed those of their male partners report lower life satisfaction on average. By contrast, men do not report lower life satisfaction from working more hours than their female partners. An analysis of possible mechanisms shows that in couples where the woman works more hours than the man, women do not spend significantly less time doing household chores. Women with egalitarian ideologies are likely to perceive this unequal division of labour as unfair, ultimately reducing their life satisfaction.

This paper analyzes the link between asset bubbles, endogenous labor and capital. The question is whether endogenous labor, per se, can explain a crowding-in effect of the bubble, i.e. higher levels of capital and labor. With respect to the existing literature, our contribution is twofold. First, we explicitly and theoretically derive the conditions to have a crowding-in effect of the bubble. Second, the utility function we consider allows us to show that this result does not require an arbitrarily high elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption. Our result still holds for a unit value of this elascticity (Cobb-Douglas utility).

We study the design of child-care policies when redistribution matters. Traditional mothers provide some informal child care, whereas career mothers purchase full time formal care. The sorting of women across career paths is endogenous and shaped by a social norm about gender roles in the family. Via this social norm traditional mothers’ informal child care imposes an externality on career mothers, so that the market outcome is inefficient. Informal care is too large and the group of career mothers is too small so that inefficiency and gender inequality go hand in hand. In a first-best world redistribution across couples and efficiency are separable. Redistribution is performed via lump-sum transfers and taxes which are designed to equalize utilities across all couples. The efficient allocation of child care is obtained by subsidizing formal care at a Pigouvian rate. However, in a second-best setting, a trade-off between efficiency and redistribution emerges. The optimal uniform subsidy is lower than the “Pigouvian” level. Conversely,under a nonlinear policy the first-best “Pigouvian” rule for the (marginal) subsidy on informal care is reestablished. While the share of high career mothers continues to be distorted downward for incentive reasons, this policy is effective in reconciling the objectives of reducing the child care related inefficiency and achieving a more equal income distribution across couples. Our results continue to hold when the norm is defined within the mothers’ social group, rather than being based on the entire population.

We use quasi-random variation in graduation years during the onset of a very deep national recession to study the relationship between early labor market conditions and young females' family formation outcomes. A policy-pilot affecting the length of upper-secondary education in Swedish vocational schools allows us to compare females who graduated into the onset of the Swedish financial crisis of the 1990s to those graduating during the final phase of the preceding economic boom while netting out the main effect of the policy. We find that graduating straight into the recession had negative labor market consequences during the first few years but we find no evidence of permanent labor market scars. In contrast, graduating into the crisis had lasting effects on family formation outcomes of low-grade students in particular. Those who graduated into the recession because of the policy-pilot formed their first stable partnerships earlier and had their first children earlier. Their partners had lower grades, which we show to be a strong predictor of divorce, and worse labor market performance. Divorces were more prevalent and the ensuing increase in single motherhood was long-lasting. These negative effects on marital stability generated persistent increases in the use of welfare benefits despite the short-lived impact on labor market outcomes. The results suggest that young women respond to early labor market prospects by changing the quality threshold for entering into family formation, a process which affects the frequency of welfare-dependent single mothers during more than a decade thereafter.

This study presents new evidence on the effects of minimum age regulations obtained from a natural experiment. In 1998, a constitutional reform in Brazil changed the minimum working age from 14 to 16. The reform was the legislative counterpart of a broad set of measures taken by a government strongly committed to eliminating child labor. This article investigates the role of the minimum working age in this context. The setting allows for improvements upon past approaches based on comparing employment rates of children at different ages. A discontinuity in treatment is exploited, namely the fact that only children who turned 14 after the enactment date (mid-December 1998) are banned from work. According to regression discontinuity and difference-in-discontinuity designs, the null hypothesis of no overall effect of the ban cannot be rejected. Throughout the methods and specifications, an employment effect in a confidence interval of $[-0.06, \, 0.03]$ (in percentage points) is found. A detailed heterogeneity analysis is performed and provides suggestive evidence of diminishing child labor trends in regions characterized by higher labor inspection intensity, which is interpreted as a trace of there being a law. However, contrary to what has been claimed in recent studies, the law seems not to have produced sizeable effects overall, at least in the short run. Power calculations and extensive sensitivity checks support these conclusions.

International audience; In the classic equivalence scale estimations based on micro-econometric analysis, only the costs of market consumption are taken into account. We define the concept of full cost equivalence scales as integrating both monetary and the time use costs and measure it on matched French family budget and time use surveys. These data allow us to define full prices and to estimate equivalence scales conditional to possible substitution through prices. The results show higher full scales than the monetary for the preferred Independent of a Base specification. Relative to the cost of the second adult, the full child cost is also larger than the monetary for matching estimators and the Prais-Houthakker model. It shows households' capacity to substitute domestic production to market activities. In consequence the measures of income inequality diminish considerably using full income and full equivalence scales.

International audience; This article uses an allocation of time framework following Becker, to propose a new method to estimate the opportunity cost of time and price elasticities at a micro level. As expected, the estimate of the value of time performed by matching the INSEE Family Budget and Time Use surveys is close to the minimum wage rate and positively correlated with household wages, incomes and relative incomes, as well as with the presence of children. Using this estimate, full prices are derived, allowing the computation of cross-section data of price elasticities, elasticities with respect to time use, as well as to the opportunity cost of time.

International audience We document changes in labour supply, wage and education by gender and marital status using the British Household Panel Survey, 1991-2008, and seek to disentangle the main channels behind these changes. To this end, we use a version of Goussé, Jacquemet, and Robin (2016)'s search-matching model of the marriage market with labour supply, which does not use information on home production time inputs. We derive conditions under which the model is identified. We estimate different parameters for each year. This allows us to quantify how much of the changes in labour supply, wage and education by gender and marital status depends on changes in the preferences for leisure of men and women and how much depends on changes in homophily.

International audience; We here investigate the extent to which labour-market changes explain the decline in the time spent home cooking by married women in France between 1985 and 2010. Using time use data and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, we find that rising women’s employment and observed wages together account for about 60% of the fall in the time married women spent cooking. We then use a semi-parametric matching technique to construct an implicit wage rate, which better reflects the change in labour-market incentives that individuals face. The rise in women’s implicit wages explains no more than 20% of the decline in their cooking time, while the wage of their partner has no effect. Changing labour-market incentives are thus far from being the main driver of the decline in home-cooking. We also find evidence that home cooking continues to be structured by the gendered social norm of the “proper family meal”.

Mandatory reductions in the workweek can be used by governments to attempt to reduce unemployment, and are usually assumed to improve the well-being of workers. Nevertheless, the net impact of shorter workweeks on worker welfare is ambiguous ex ante and little empirical effort has been devoted to identify how worker satisfaction changes with mandatory reductions in working time. Using data from the European Community Household Panel, this paper evaluates the impact of the exogenous reductions in weekly working hours induced by reforms implemented in Portugal and France. Difference-in-difference estimation results suggest that reduced working hours generated significant and robust increases in job and leisure satisfaction of the workers affected in both countries, with the rise in the former mainly being explained by greater satisfaction with working hours and working conditions.

This paper investigates how private transfers from internal migration in China affect the expenditure behaviour of families left behind in rural areas. Using data from the Rural-Urban Migration in China (RUMiC) survey, we assess the impact of remittances sent to rural households on consumption-type and investment-type expenditures. We apply propensity score matching to account for the selection of households into receiving remittances, and estimate average treatment effects on the treated. We find that remittances supplement income in rural China and lead to increased consumption rather than increased investment. Moreover, we find evidence of a strong negative impact on education expenditures, which could be detrimental to sustaining investment in human capital in poor rural areas in China.

International audience; This paper reviews the literature on the impact of work on health. We consider work along two dimensions: (i) the intensive margin, i.e. how many hours an individual works when employed and (ii) the extensive margin, i.e. whether an individual is in employment or not. We show that most of the evidence on the negative health impact of work found in the literature is based on situations in which workers have essentially no control (no choice) over the amount of work they provide. In essence, what is detrimental to health is not so much work per se as much as the gap which may exist between the actual and the desired amount of work, both at the intensive and extensive margins.

This paper investigates the impact of a rural Ethiopian land certification program on schooling. Our hypothesis is that formal property rights facilitate land inheritance, reducing the net benefit of schooling for children who will inherit the land. Formal rights also decrease the need for activities to secure continued access to the land, reducing the cost of schooling for all children. The results suggest a positive overall effect on school enrollment. However, grade progress of oldest sons, who are most likely to inherit the land, worsens. Our complementary analysis on child labor suggests a differential impact in the two zones studied.

La réduction des inégalités face à la maladie est un des attendus majeurs du troisième Plan cancer 2014-2019, qui préconise de «diminuer l’impact du cancer sur la vie personnelle » afin d’éviter la «double peine » (maladie et exclusion du marché du travail). Dans ce contexte, nous évaluons l’impact de un à cinq ans d’un primo-enregistrement en Affection de longue durée (ALD) caractérisant le cancer sur la situation professionnelle et la durée passée en emploi, maladie et chômage de salariés du secteur privé. Nous utilisons la base de données administratives Hygie, recensant la carrière professionnelle et les épisodes de maladie d’un échantillon de salariés affiliés au Régime général de la Sécurité sociale. L’évaluation de l’impact de la survenue du cancer s’appuie sur une méthode de double différence avec appariement exact pour comparer les salariés malades aux salariés sans aucune ALD. La première année après le diagnostic correspond au temps des traitements caractérisé par une augmentation du nombre de trimestres d’arrêts de travail pour maladie de 1,7 pour les femmes et de 1,2 pour les hommes. L’âge joue également un rôle sur les absences liées à la maladie. Par ailleurs, l’employabilité des travailleurs atteints du cancer diminue avec le temps. La proportion de femmes et d’hommes employés au moins un trimestre, baisse respectivement de 8 et 7 points de pourcentage dans l’année suivant la survenue du cancer et jusqu’à 13 points de pourcentage cinq ans plus tard. Cette distance à l’emploi se renforce lorsque les salariés malades sont plus âgés. L’effet de la maladie à cinq ans est respectivement de 15 et 19 points de pourcentage pour les hommes de plus de 51 ans et pour les femmes de plus de 48 ans. Ces différences de genre et d’âge peuvent traduire des différences de localisation et de sévérité des cancers, d’une part, de séquelles des cancers et de difficultés de réinsertion sur le marché du travail plus importantes avec l’avancée en âge, d’autre part., Barnay Thomas, Ben Halima Mohamed Ali, Duguet Emmanuel, Lanfranchi Joseph, Le Clainche Christine. La survenue du cancer : effets de court et moyen termes sur l'emploi, le chômage et les arrêts maladie. In: Economie et statistique, n°475-476, 2015. La santé et les soins. pp. 157-186.

Les enfants d’enseignants sont généralement les mieux situés dans la course scolaire, y compris lorsqu’ils sont comparés aux enfants de cadres. Une des explications à cet effet «parent enseignant » est l’organisation temporelle spécifique de cette profession, et la synchronisation des temps familiaux qu’elle permet. Cet article, à partir de l’exploitation de l’enquête Emploi du Temps 2010 et du module spécifique «Enseignants » , analyse le temps parental et sa répartition sexuée chez les enseignants et les diplômés non enseignants. Trois temps ont été étudiés : le temps total consacré aux enfants, le temps consacré uniquement aux jeux et à l’instruction, et le temps consacré uniquement aux activités de soins et d’accompagnement. En comparant ces types de temps, la recherche met en évidence que les logiques de genre, de compétence et de disponibilité se combinent. En effet, les enseignants sont plus souvent et plus longtemps présents à leur domicile que les autres diplômés du supérieur, et consacrent globalement plus de temps à leurs enfants que ces derniers. Si on compare les hommes entre eux, et les femmes entre elles, le fait d’être enseignant entraîne une augmentation du temps consacré aux enfants les jours travaillés. Pour les femmes, ceci est vrai quel que soit le type de temps étudié. Pour les hommes, ceci est constaté uniquement pour le temps voué aux jeux et à l’instruction. Ces différences entre enseignants et autres diplômés du supérieur ne sont pas compensées les jours de repos. La profession d’enseignant n’apparaît cependant pas remettre en cause l’inégale répartition sexuée des tâches liées aux enfants. Les hommes enseignants sont certes plus disponibles et participent plus aux activités de jeux et d’instruction les jours de travail que les femmes diplômés non‑enseignantes, mais les femmes, enseignantes ou non, sont toujours celles qui consacrent le plus de temps aux activités de soins et d’accompagnement, quel que soit le type de jour étudié., Letrait Muriel, Salane Fanny. Le temps consacré aux enfants : les enseignantes et enseignants se distinguent-ils des autres diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur ?. In: Economie et statistique, n°478-480, 2015. pp. 243-271.

This paper investigates the role of productivity as a determinant of the worker’s retirement intentions. Using an overlapping generation framework, we analyze the retirement decision of a cohort of workers being ability heterogeneous. The labor market is endogenously segmented between workers having the required ability level to occupy jobs where the productivity is indexed to the technological state via on-the-job training (complex jobs) and the rest of workers, who are employed in positions where productivity is relatively deteriorated in case of technological change due to the absence of on-the-job training (simple jobs). In case of technological change, workers in complex jobs delay their retirement date, whereas workers in simple positions will not modify their retirement decision unless taxes change. Using data from France, we find that after a technological change, older workers who benefit from a skill upgrading training program have a higher intended retirement age. JEL J14; J22; J24; J26

International audience; Maids, household appliances and housework time are key inputs to domestic production. This study uses data from the UK and France to estimate the effects of resource prices on the demand for these inputs. We conclude that higher opportunity costs of time increase the likelihood of having maid services and appliances. Women's time costs are also positively related to his housework time and negatively related to hers. Finally, maid service appears to be a closer substitute for housework time on weekend days than weekdays, suggesting smaller labour supply effects than anticipated by earlier literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International audience; Earlier studies suggest that income taxation may affect not only labour supply but also domestic work. Here we investigate the impact of income taxation on partners' labour supply and housework, using data for France that taxes incomes of married couples jointly. We estimate a household utility model in which the marginal utilities of leisure and housework of both partners are modelled as random coefficients, depending on observed and unobserved characteristics. We conclude that both partners' market and housework hours are responsive to changes in the tax system. A policy simulation suggests that replacing joint taxation of married spouses' incomes with separate taxation would increase the husband's housework hours by 1.3% and reduce his labour supply by 0.8%. The wife's market hours would increase by 3.7%, and her housework hours would fall by 2.0%.

International audience; In Nigeria, the most populated African country, rural electrification is a critical issue because of the low household electrification rate and the poor quality of the grid. This energy poverty has harmful economic and social consequences in rural areas, such as low productivity , lack of income-generating opportunities and poor housing conditions. In this paper, we consider electrification as a technical shock that may affect household time allocation. Using the 2010-2011 General Household Survey, we investigate how electrification affects female and male labor supply decisions within rural households in Nigeria. Focusing on husband-wife data, we consider potential dependence in spouses' labor supply decisions and address the challenge of zero hours of work using a recent copula-based bivariate hurdle model (Deb et al. 2013). In addition, an instrumental variable strategy helps identify the causal effect of elec-trification. Our results underline that this dependence in spouses' labor supply decisions is critical to consider when assessing the impact of electrification on these outcomes. Electrifi-cation increases the working time of both spouses in the separate assessments, but the joint analysis emphasizes only a positive effect of electrification on husbands' working time. In line with the household labor supply approach, our findings highlight that, within the household, the labor supply decisions of one spouse significantly affect those of the other spouse. Thus, if we neglect the effect of electrification on the spouse of the individual examined, we may fail to assess how this individual has been actually affected by this common shock on both spouses. Our results suggest that these within-household relationships promote husbands' working time at the expense of wives' working time.

Earlier literature has investigated the drop in household consumption upon retirement of the head of the household, the so-called "retirement consumption puzzle". Here, we expand on these studies by considering also retirement of the wife, thus distinguishing households in which the wife is a "housewife" from 'dual-earners'. We use a regression discontinuity approach to estimate the effect of each partner's retirement on household consumption. We use for the analysis data drawn from the French Consumer Budget Survey 2001 that collected two-week expenditure diaries. We find a significant and sizable drop in food and clothes expenditure upon retirement of the male partner. However, the drop in food expenditure is not robust to specification checks and it becomes statistically insignificant when dropping from the sample couples in which the wife is a housewife., De nombreuses études ont documenté un effet du départ à la retraite de l'homme sur la consommation du ménage. Dans cet article, nous prenons aussi en compte le départ à la retraite des femmes. La grande majorité des ménages est en effet constituée de couples bi-actifs dans les pays de l'OCDE. Il est important d'autoriser les choix de consommation à dépendre du choix d'activité des deux conjoints à l'âge de la retraite. Pour ce faire, nous mettons en oeuvre une approche de régression par discontinuité qui repose sur l'utilisation de l'âge légal du départ à la retraite en France. Nous utilisons l'enquête "Budget de Famille" qui recueille les dépenses des ménages sur une période de 14 jours. Nous trouvons que la probabilité du départ à la retraite augmente fortement pour les individus en couple âgés de soixante ans et plus, ce qui conforte notre stratégie d'identification. Le passage à la retraite de l'homme a un effet négatif sur les dépenses alimentaires et en habillement du ménage. Cet effet négatif sur les dépenses alimentaires n'est pas statistiquement significatif lorsque les couples où la femme est une femme au foyer sont éliminés de l'échantillon, ce qui suggère que l'emploi de la femme contribue à préserver le niveau de consommation du ménage. Le passage à la retraite des femmes n'a pas d'effet sur la consommation du ménage.

Time-diary data from 27 countries show a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and female-male differences in total work time—work for pay and work at home. In rich non-Catholic countries on four continents men and women do about the same average amount of total work. Survey results demonstrate, however, that labor economists, macroeconomists, sociologists and the general public believe that women work more. The widespread average equality does not arise from gender differences in the price of time, from intra-family bargaining or from spousal complementarity. Several theories, including ones based on social norms, might explain these findings and are consistent with cross-national evidence from the World Values Surveys and sets of microeconomic data from Australia and Germany.

International audience; How do within-couples' time use interactions generate welfare in the family? In this paper we model economies of scale in time use. Following Browning [2013], we allow intra-household bargaining power to affect the distribution of welfare gains in the family. We estimate the model by means of the UK Time Use Survey (2000). Results suggest that two singles living apart need about 2h15 more spare time a day to achieve the same utility level as when living in a couple. A single woman requires on average 55% of a couple's time resources to be as well-of as when she lived in a couple. The time-poverty threshold is on average 15 hours per individual each day.; Comment l'utilisation du temps dans une interaction de couple peut-elle générer des gains de bien-être ? Ce modèle estime les économies d'échelle et les échelles d'équivalence en termes de temps. En nous inspirant de Browning et al. [2013], nous considérons que la répartition intra-familiale des pouvoirs de négociation affecte la répartition des gains de bien-être au sein du ménage. Utilisant l'enquête sur l'utilisation du temps au Royaume-Uni en 2000, les résultats suggèrent que deux célibataires ont besoin de 2h15 supplémentaires par jour pour atteindre le niveau d'utilité qu'ils auraient en vivant en couple. Ainsi, une femme a besoin en moyenne de 55 % du temps libre du couple pour atteindre le même niveau de bien-être. Le seuil de pauvreté en termes de temps est de 15h par jour et par individu.

We estimate the responses of gross labor income with respect to marginal and average net-of-tax rates in France over the period 2003–2006. We exploit a series of reforms to the income-tax and payroll-tax schedules affecting individuals who earn less than twice the minimum wage. Our estimate for the elasticity of gross labor income with respect to the marginal net-of-income-tax rate is around 0.2, while we find no response to the marginal net-of-payroll-tax rate. The elasticity with respect to the average net-of-tax rate is not significant for the income-tax schedule, while it is close to − 1 for the payroll-tax schedule. A plausible explanation is the existence of significant labor supply responses to the income-tax schedule, combined with sticky posted wages (i.e., the gross labor income minus payroll taxes divided by hours worked). Finally, the effect of the net-of-income-tax rate seems to be driven by participation decisions, in particular those of married women.

International audience; This article presents an adaptation of the labour supply model applied to the independent medical sector. First, we model simultaneous General Practitioner (GP) decisions on both the leisure time and the consultation length for two payment schemes: fixed fees and unregulated fees. The objective of this econometric study is to validate the theoretical prediction that doctors under unregulated fees may make choices about the length of patient consultations independent of their personal leisure decision. Indeed, according to our empirical results, the bidirectional link between leisure choice and consultation length - verified with fixed fees - does not hold any longer under unregulated fees. Our findings can be seen as a necessary but not a sufficient condition to legitimize unregulated fees in general practice.

Household models estimated on labour supplies alone generally assume non-market time to be pure leisure. Previous work on collective household decision-making is extended here by taking domestic work into account in the Chiappori et al. (J Polit Econ 110(1):37–72, 2002) model. Derivatives of the household “sharing rule” can then be estimated in a similar way. Using the 1998 French Time-Use Survey, we compare estimates of labour supply functions assuming first that non-market time is pure leisure and then taking household production into account. The results are similar but more robust when household production is included. Collective rationality is rejected when domestic work is omitted.

This paper develops a theory of optimal fertility behavior under mortality shocks. In an OLG model, young adults determine their optimal fertility, labor supply and life-cycle consumption with both exogenous child and adult mortality risks. We show that a rise in adult mortality exerts an ambiguous effect on both net and total fertility in a general equilibrium framework, while child mortality shocks unambiguously lead to a rise in total fertility, leaving net fertility unchanged. We complement our theory with an empirical analysis using a sample of 39 Sub-Saharan (SSA) countries over the 1980-2004 period, examining the overall effects of the child and adult mortality channels on both total and net fertility. We find child mortality to exert a robust, positive impact on total fertility but no impact on net fertility, whereas a rise in adult mortality is found to negatively influence both total and net fertility, whereas a rise in adult mortality is found to negatively influence both total and net fertility. Given the particular demographic profile of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (killing essentially young, active adults), we then conclude in favor of an ambiguous negative effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on net fertility in SSA.

In this paper, we adopt the usual assumptions of the collective approach, i.e. individualism and efficiency, to study household labor supply. The theoretical innovation is twofold. First, we incorporate the decision to participate in the labor market in the initial setting. Second, we abandon the assumption of linearity of the budget constraint. We show that (i) structural elements such as preferences or the outcome of the decision process can be recovered, and (ii) testable restrictions are generated from the observation of the household labor supplies. We also examine, for this model, how to simulate the incidence of fiscal reforms. Dans cet article, nous adoptons les hypothèses habituelles de l'approche collective, à savoir, l'individualisme et l'efficacité, pour étudier l'offre de travail du ménage. L'innovation théorique est double. D'une part, nous incorporons dans le cadre initial la décision de participer au marché du travail. D'autre part, nous abandonnons l'hypothèse de linéarité de la contrainte budgetaire. Nous montrons alors que (i) des éléments structurels du processus de décision peuvent être retrouvés, et (ii) des restrictions testables sont générées de l'observation des offres de travail du ménage. Nous examinons également, pour ce modèle, comment faire des simulations de réformes fiscales.

International audience; This study evaluates the determinants of Palestinian migration from the West Bank and Gaza. Data are employed for the post-1967 period of Israeli rule to specify and test competing models as well as the structure of expectations in the migration decision. Results of the analysis support a simple static expectation formulation, as is consistent with much of the short-term, low mobility cost migration between the West Bank and Jordan. Findings further point to the importance of various Israeli-Palestinian economic and political economic interactions in the determination of this controversial movement of population, including those associated with employment opportunity for Palestinian labour in Israel, elements of Israeli West Bank settlement policy and changes in local standard of living. Various policy implications of the research are indicated.